2015年职称英语考试卫生类新(史上最全) (2).doc

2015年卫生类职称英语教材新增文章的对比目录如下：2015年职称英语教材卫生类的变动比较小，一共只有5篇新增文章。分布在阅读判断、阅读理解和补全短文：阅读判断综合A新增一篇文章;阅读理解卫生C新增一篇文章;补全短文卫生A、B和C各新增一篇文章。完形填空卫生类整体都没有新增文章旧文章新增文章卫生C阅读理解第五篇：U.S. Eats Too Much Salt第五篇：Tracking Down HIV补全短文第二篇：Bedwetting第二篇：The Hope Childrens Hospice卫生B补全短文第七篇：Reinventing the Table第七篇：Powering Napping is Good for the I.Q卫生A阅读判断第十二篇：First Self-contained Heart Implanted第十二篇：Inquest told of hospital error补全短文第十二篇 More Efforts Urged to Empower Women at AIDSConference第十二篇：The enemy WithinPower Napping is Good for the I.Q.Today we hear more and more about the importance of getting enough sleepabout eight hours a night. Sleep can help heal and give energy to both the body and the brain. 1_ Medical experts now believe that sleep is even more important for health than diet or exercise. It seems almost certain that the third of our lives that we spend asleep has a great effect on the two-thirds that we are awake. Sleep affects our emotions, memory, focus, and behavior.Studies show that people in developed countries spend less time asleep and more time at work or commuting. Dr. Karine Spiegel, at the University of Chicago, has found that the average length of sleep has gone down from nine hours a night in 1910 to seven-and-a-half hours a night today. However, our bodies cannot function well without enough sleep. 2_ Losing just one or two hours of sleep a night, over a long period of time, can cause serious health problems. According to Canadian scientist Dr. Stanley Coren, every hour of lost sleep at night causes us to lose one I.Q. point the next day. For example, when someone gets only five or six hours of sleep each night for a week, the persons I.Q. could go down 15 points or more. 3_ Thats why, without enough sleep, a normally intelligent person may start to have difficulty doing daily tasks.Most sleep experts say that humans need at least eight hours of sleep every day, but it should be in two stages: a long sleep at night and a shorter nap in the afternoon. Some companies help their employees follow this advice. 4_ They allow them to “power nap” in the afternoon, if only for 20 minutes. They say this makes the workers much more efficient.To study sleep deprivation (not getting enough sleep), scientists use a test called the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT). During the test, a person stays in a darkened, quiet room during the daytime. Scientists believe that a sleep-deprived person will fall asleep quickly. If it takes ten minutes or longer to fall asleep, the person is probably getting enough sleep.Scientists have also found that the time of year seems to affect how much sleep we need. 5_ People usually sleep longer in the winter, sometimes as much as 14 hours a night. However, in the summer, people sometimes sleep as little as six hours, without having any problems.Tracking Down HIVIn the summer of 1980, a patient had a strange purplish spot removed from below his ear. It was Kaposis sarcoma, a rare form of skin cancer. This patient also had lymph node swelling and exhaustion. In November 1980, a Los Angeles immunologist examined a young man who had diseases linked to immune system malfunctions. The doctor had a T-cell count taken of the patients blood. T-cells are a type of white blood cell that plays a key role1in immune responses. The patient had no helper T-cells.By the end of 1980, 55 Americans were diagnosed with infections related to immune system breakdown; four had died. A year later the death toll was 74. Intravenous drug users had T-cell abnormalities. People who had received blood transfusions showed symptoms of immune system breakdown. By July 1982, 471 cases of the disease, now called Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), had been reported; 184 people had died.In April 1984, American virologist Dr. Robert Gallo isolated the pathogen, or disease producer, responsible for2AIDS. He called it HTLV-III. In Paris, Dr. Luc Montagnier identified a virus he called LAV. An international panel of scientists determined that both men had found the same virus. It became known as Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Blood banks began screening for HTV in 1985, but by then about 29,000 people had been infected through blood transfusions. Some 12,000 hemophiliacs had contracted HIV through blood-clotting products. By 1995, 477,900 Americans had AIDS; 295,500 had died.In 1996, researchers announced drugs that reduced HIV in infected people. Today scientists are testing vaccines and believe that if HIV can be suppressed, then perhaps it can beeradicated3, but it is still a race against time.练习：1This passage is mainly about _A_.Athe spreading of the disease known as HIVBthe work of Dr. Robert GalloCinfectious diseasesDthe symptoms of HIV2A T-cell is a _C_.Apatients bloodBdeadly strain of tuberculosisCwhite blood cell important in providing immunity to diseaseDred blood cell3The final paragraph leads the reader to see that scientists _B_.Ahave no hope in ever finding a cure for HIVBhave hope that a cure for HIV will be foundChave run out of time to find a cure for HIVDare in a contest against each other to find a cure for HIV4The basic pattern used to develop this passage is _A_.Achronological orderBpersonal narrativeCcomparison and contrastDquestion and answer5The word u eradicated the last paragraph means _D_.Amade extremeBcelebratedCremove by rubbingDgotten rid of entirelyThe Hope Childrens HospiceThe Hope Childrens Hospice provides free specialist care for children with life-limiting conditions who are not expected to live into adulthood. It cares for up to eight terminally-ill children at one time, and aims to care for them in the same way their families would care for them at home. 1_ When families prefer to do the caring themselves, a hospice carer will go to their home and help them. Life-limiting conditions present many long-term medical and emotional problems-not only for the child, but for parents and siblings too. So the hospice offers respite care-short stays for the child alone or for the whole family together. 2_ They become confused about time, place, and who people are. Short stays give terminally-ill children an opportunity to meet others with similar conditions.Each child at the hospice has their own carer and their own care plan. A normal day might start with a jacuzzi bath followed by a massage from a complementary therapist. 3_ Some children go to school, while others play with hospice play specialists. The hospice has a multi-sensory room. 4_ This is a special room which stimulates the childrens senses with lights, music, touch, and smell. It has touch-screen computers, video games, paddling pools, anti space for wheelchair dancing. Children have music therapy and can record their own music, not only as a way to express their feelings, but to leave something for their family and friends to listen to in the years to come.The hospice has a number of quiet moms where we care for children during and after death. 5_ These are places where families and friends can say goodbye. Our support does not end with death. We help not just grieving parents, but also siblings who are experiencing bereavement. We give everyone opportunities to discuss their fears about death and dying.Inquest told of hospital errorA HOSPITAL error left a dying man on the wrong ward for two days as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) ravaged his body, an inquest heard. Stephen Melvin Newbold suffered massive brain damage when a blood clot formed in his veins. Now his families are considering legal action against York Hospital, saying that his death was “untimely and unnecessary”.Mr Newbold, a 52-year-old maintenance worker, went to York Hospital on November 3 complaining of a swollen right foot. He should have been sent to a surgical ward where he would have been treated with1Fragmin, a drug which counters the effects of DVT. However, hospital staff wrongly admitted him to2an orthopedic ward, where he stayed for two days, before finally being transferred to the care of a consultant vascular surgeon. Twenty-four hours later, on November 6, doctors decided they would have to operate to remove his leg below the knee.The operation went ahead on November 10, but two days later Mr Newbold suffered a cardiac arrest. A scan revealed he had had a pulmonary embolism, a condition related to DVT. Mr Newbold suffered brain damage and died in the hospital on November 16.Giving evidence, the surgeon said he could not explain why Mr Newbold had been admitted to an orthopedic ward where it was not policy to administer Fragmin. He did not know why his medical team had not given Mr Newbold the drug later.York coroner Donald Coverdale said, “From November 3 until the day of the operation, no Fragmin was given to Mr Newbold. If he had been admitted to a consultant vascular surgeons care from day one, it is clear that Fragmin would have been prescribed. Fragmin reduces the risk of DVT, but does not eliminate it. It is impossible to say whether Mr Newbold would have suffered this DVT if he had received the Fragmin.” He recorded a verdict of death by misadventure.Kim Daniells, Mr Newbolds familys lawyer, said, “The family hope that the hospital will learn from the errors, and that no other families will have to suffer in the future.”A spokeswoman for York Hospitals NHS Trust said, “We would like to extend our sincere sympathies to the family of Stephen Newbold during this difficult time.”练习：1The patient was admitted with an injured foot.A2The patient was admitted to the surgical ward.B3The patient did not get the correct medication.A4The patient died before he could be operated on.B5The patient died of brain damage.A6It was decided that the patients death had been an accident.B7Mr Newbolds familys lawyer was not qualified.C补全短文The Enemy WithinAllergy has become more and more common over the last 30 years. Now one-third of us are affected by allergy at some point in our lives and half of these sufferers are children. In the UK, three million people suffer from asthma, and five per cent of children suffer from food allergy.Allergy is a reaction that occurs when the immune system has a strange and unnecessary reaction to a substance which is normally harmless, such as pollen or peanuts. 1_ The immune system is there to protect the body against outside attackers, including viruses, bacteria and parasites. To defend your body against an attacker, the immune system remembers these dangerous micro-organisms and attacks them if it meets them again. This work is done by antibodies. The immune system in allergy sufferers makes antibodies against harmless substances, because it mistakenly believes them to be dangerous.An allergic reaction may not happen the first time a sufferer meets an allergen (the substance causing the reaction, such as pollen, milk or strawberries). Sometimes people can eat nuts for years and then suddenly become allergic to them. What has happened is that the immune system has now decided the substance is dangerous and has made an allergy antibody. This antibody then attaches itself to cells, which contain histamine. 2_ When the antibodies meet the allergen the next time, they attempt to destroy it. As they do that, the surface of the cells is broken, and histamine is released. The histamine and other chemicals inflame the tissues. This leads to the symptoms of allergy, such as swelling, rashes, sneezing, sore eyes and breathlessness. Anaphylaxis is the most severe allergic reaction of all and is most often triggered by wasp or bee stings or pe