英语国家概况,课件(三)chapter2 history (2).docx

Chapter II History2.2 Transition to the Modern Age(England under the Tudor)2.2.1 Religious Reformation1. ReasonRoot Reason: v (1) The serious corruption in the Church.-The Church was hindering the social and political progress of England.v (2) Conflict between the Roman Catholic Church and the King of England. Immediate Cause:v King Henry VIII attempted to divorce his wife , Catherine of Aragon.2. Process(1) Henry VIII (1509-1547) v He carried out a wholesale suppression(镇压) of the monasteries and confiscated the property of the Church.v In 1534, he issued the Act of Supremacy (最高治权法案)- declared himself the “only supreme head of the church of England.”(2) Edward VI (1547-1553): Protestant(3) Mary I (1553-1558): Catholics(4) Elizabeth I (1558-1603)Mary I (1553-1558)v She was a firm believer of Catholicism.v She re-established Catholicism.v She married a Spanish king.v During her reign, she persecuted nearly 300 famous Protestants.v For that, she earned a name “Bloody Mary” （血腥玛丽）. 3. Resultsv Religiously: Protestantism was over Catholicism in England.v Economically: New-born bourgeoisie won over the feudalists. v Politically: The Tudors reign was consolidated by the power of the sovereign. 2.2.2 The Civil War - The Bourgeois Revolution 1. Reasonv Charles I granted monopolies (垄断) on certain commodities to his favorites.v Conflict between King Charles I and the Parliament (1625-1649).The king dissolved the Parliament twice.2. Processv In 1642, the war broke out between Royalists(Cavaliers保王党人) and Roundheads(圆颅党人)v In 1645, Oliver Cromwell, a Puritan and a natural military genius, became the leader of the parliamentary forces and organized the New Model Army (新模范军), which fought bravely against the Kings army.3. Resultsv In 1646, Charles I surrendered and was executed in 1649.v The monarchy was abolished and England was declared a Commonwealth and governed as a republic in May, 1649.v Cromwell became the head of the Commonwealth (1649-1660).Oliver Cromwellv He was conservative in social reforms and was committed to protecting the interests of the property owners.v He named himself Lord Protector (1653-1658) (护国公).v After his death of 1658, his son succeeded the title until 1660 when Parliament decided to restore Charles II to the throne of England.v 1. Restoration of the Stuarts v 2. The Glorious Revolution (1688)2.2.3 Restoration and the Glorious Revolutionv 1. Restoration of the Stuartsv Charles II was crowned and tried to restore the old order.v James II (1685-1688) tried to reestablish Catholicism in England2. The Glorious Revolution Time: Nov. 5, 1688 Figures: a. James IIfled to France b. William III and Mary II (James son-in-law and daughter)were appointed the joint sovereigns. Documents: The Bill of Rights (1689)人权法案Results In 1688, William and Mary accepted the Bill of Rights which limited the power of the monarch and guaranteed the authority of Parliament. Glorious Revolution was complete. The political systom of Constitutional Monarchy (君主立宪制) was established.Constitutional Monarchyv A constitutional monarchy is a form of political systom where the monarch is the head of state,who was legally bound by the constitution and parliamentary system with prime minister as the head of government. v Other countries with constitutional monarchy: Australia, Belgium, Cambodia, Canada, Denmark, Japan, Malaysia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, United Kingdom.v 英国的君主立宪制是英国“光荣革命”后建立起来的国家体制，是资产阶级民主制政体类型。大约在13世纪中期，贵族在同英王亨利三世的斗争中获胜，成立议会。13世纪末以后，议会经常召开，议员由贵族、市民和骑士组成，由于各个阶层的利益不同，常常不在一起开会，14世纪以后，议会逐渐分成上下两院。此后，下院的权力不断扩大，15世纪末，下院已经有提出财政议案权和法律议案权。但是，这一时期议会仍然是封建性质的等级代议机构。英国资产阶级革命前后，议会成为资产阶级同代表封建势力的斯图亚特王朝斗争的政治中心。光荣革命以后，议会相继通过权利法案和王位继承法，从法律上确认“议会主权”原则，进一步限制王权。未经议会同意，国王不得擅自批准法律、废除法律或中止法律的实施；并规定，国王必须信奉英国国教，天主教徒或同天主教徒结婚者不得继承王位。英国议会制君主立宪政体初步确立。(3) Significances n A success