长江大学外国语学院本科毕业论文设计写作格式说明.doc

长江大学外国语学院本科毕业论文（设计）写作格式说明一、总的装订顺序（亦即本说明之排列顺序）1. 外封2. 内封（中文）3. 内封（英文4. 目录5. 摘要（中文）6. 摘要（英语）7. 正文8. 参考文献9. 致谢10. 附录二、特别提示： 1. 本文本之页码、内容等仅为格式参考。如无特殊说明，请参照执行。2. 论文写作请参考长江大学毕业设计（论文）评分参考标准（文科类专业），特别注意正文中的英文字符数不少于3万（以word统计为准）。参考文献不少于20种且英文文献不少于5种；开题报告（或文献综述）2500汉字以上；摘要中文字数400字以上，每少40个字学校检查时扣10%分数。中外文文字表达正确；文字通顺、语言流畅、无错别字，论文打印工整；标点符号、计量单位使用准确；图纸、框图、表格、曲线等符合国家标准或工程要求。论文论点鲜明、有创见；论据确凿，结构严谨，逻辑性强，论述层次清晰，表现出对实际问题有较强的分析能力和概括能力，文章材料详实可靠，有说服力。矚慫润厲钐瘗睞枥庑赖賃軔朧碍鳝绢。3. 审核表是论文开题前，由学院对学生选题的筛选内容，所以不随本论文装订，而是单独上交。4. “离校申请表”不随论文提交，而是必要时交给导师的。I / 26毕业论文题目名称：思维方式差异对英汉翻译的影响题目类型：研究论文学生姓名：张山院 (系)：外国语学院商务英语系专业班级：商务英语114301 此栏不填指导教师：郑厚尧辅导教师：时 间：201765年10911月13220日至201876年5月2678日统一按此时间填写。题目，黑体，二号。英汉思维差异对翻译的影响 学生姓名，宋体，小四号，加粗。张山论文中致谢页的页码。总计：毕业论文33页指导教师：郑厚尧评阅教师：李璐完成日期：201876年5月2678日The Effect of Thinking Modes on Translation Between English and Chinese聞創沟燴鐺險爱氇谴净祸測樅锯鳗鲮。注：前几届为School of Foreign Languages，现统一改为：School of Foreign Studies残骛楼諍锩瀨濟溆塹籟婭骒東戇鳖納。A ThesisPresented to the School of Foreign StudiesYangtze UniversityByZhang ShanIn Partial Fulfillment of the RequirementsFor the Degree ofBachelor of ArtsMay20176Thesis Supervisor: Zheng Houyao“指导老师审查意见”至“正文目录”的页码全部采用罗马大写字母。具体页码编号，自I开始，依次排列。毕业论文目录酽锕极額閉镇桧猪訣锥顧荭钯詢鳕驄。指导老师审查意见I评阅老师评语II答辩会议记录及成绩评定III任务书IV文献综述V中文摘要英文摘要X正文目录X正文1参考文献32致谢34全部空白，由评阅老师自己手写。其中论文题目只写中文，评审日期不得迟于201687.65.6256。下同。长江大学毕业论文(设计)指导教师评审意见彈贸摄尔霁毙攬砖卤庑诒尔肤亿鳔简。学生姓名专业班级毕业论文(设计)题目指导教师职 称评审日期评审参考内容：毕业论文(设计)的研究内容、研究方法及研究结果，难度及工作量，质量和水平，存在的主要问题与不足。学生的学习态度和组织纪律，学生掌握基础和专业知识的情况，解决实际问题的能力，毕业论文(设计)是否完成规定任务，达到了学士学位论文的水平，是否同意参加答辩。评审意见：指导教师签名：评定成绩（百分制）：_分长江大学毕业论文(设计)评阅教师评语学生姓名专业班级毕业论文(设计)题目评阅教师职 称评阅日期评阅参考内容：毕业论文(设计)的研究内容、研究方法及研究结果，难度及工作量，质量和水平，存在的主要问题与不足。学生掌握基础和专业知识的情况，解决实际问题的能力，毕业论文(设计)是否完成规定任务，达到了学士学位论文的水平，是否同意参加答辩。评语：评阅教师签名： 评定成绩（百分制）：_分长江大学毕业论文(设计)答辩记录及成绩评定学生姓名专业班级毕业论文(设计)题目答辩时间年月日 时答辩地点一、答辩小组组成答辩小组组长：成 员：二、答辩记录摘要答辩小组提问（分条摘要列举）学生回答情况评判三、答辩小组对学生答辩成绩的评定（百分制）：_分 毕业论文(设计)最终成绩评定(依据指导教师评分、评阅教师评分、答辩小组评分和学校关于毕业论文(设计)评分的相关规定)等级(五级制)：_答辩小组组长(签名) ： 秘书(签名)： 年 月 日院(系)答辩委员会主任(签名)： 院(系)(盖章)任务书的行距全部为1.5倍行距行。长江大学毕业论文任务书学院（系）外国语学院专业商务英语班级商务英语11108114301班 学生姓名张山 指导教师/职称郑厚尧/教授毕业设计(论文)题目:英汉思维差异对翻译的影响The Effect of Thinking Modes on Translation Between English and Chinese謀荞抟箧飆鐸怼类蒋薔點鉍杂篓鳐驱。外文文献不得少于5项，文献总数不少于20项。外文在前，中文在后，按姓氏字母顺序排列。毕业设计（论文）起止时间厦礴恳蹒骈時盡继價骚卺癩龔长鳏檷。201765年10911月13220日201876年5月2678日3. 毕业设计(论文)所需资料及原始数据（指导教师选定部分）格式示例。详细格式请参考：长江大学外国语学院本科毕业论文（设计）参考文献格式.doc1Alderson, J. Charles, Caroline Clapham and Dianne Wall. Language Test Construction and EvaluationM. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.茕桢广鳓鯡选块网羈泪镀齐鈞摟鳎饗。2Bly, Robert. The Eight Stages of TranslationA. In William Frawley (ed.),Translation: Literary, Linguistics, and Philosophical PerspectivesC. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1984: 67-89.鹅娅尽損鹌惨歷茏鴛賴縈诘聾諦鳍皑。3Gavison, Ruth. Legal Protection of PrivacyD. PhD Dissertation. Oxford: Oxford University, 1975.籟丛妈羥为贍偾蛏练淨槠挞曉养鳌顿。4Hale, Gordon A. and Rosalea Courtney. The Effects of Note-Taking on Listening Comprehension in the Test of English as a Foreign LanguageJ. Language Testing, 1994(1): 29-48.預頌圣鉉儐歲龈讶骅籴買闥龅绌鳆現。5Online Computer Library Center, Inc. History of OCLCEB/OL. 2000-01-08. /about.en.html.渗釤呛俨匀谔鱉调硯錦鋇絨钞陉鳅陸。6Richards, Jack C. Listening Comprehension: Approach, Design, ProcedureJ. TESOL Quarterly, 1983(17): 219-240.铙誅卧泻噦圣骋贶頂廡缝勵罴楓鳄烛。7Wang, Ning. Globalization and Cultural TranslationM. New York: Cavendish Square Publishing, 2005.擁締凤袜备訊顎轮烂蔷報赢无貽鳃闳。8曹明伦.“我是否可以把你比喻成夏天?”兼与沈弘先生商榷J.外国文学评论，2008(3):35-40.贓熱俣阃歲匱阊邺镓騷鯛汉鼉匮鲻潰。9丁文祥. 数字革命与竞争国际化N.中国青年报,2000-11-20(15). 10国家标准局信息分类编码研究所.GB/T 2659-1986 世界各国和地区名称代码S/全国文献工作标准化技术委员会.文献工作国家标准汇编:3.北京：中国标准出版社,1988:59-92. 坛摶乡囂忏蒌鍥铃氈淚跻馱釣缋鲸鎦。11海德格尔.存在与时间M.陈嘉映,王庆节译北京：生活读书新知三联书店,1999.12蒋显菊.国内英语测试研究:十年回顾与展望J.外语界,2007(2):89-96.13特威切尔.庞德的华夏集和意象派诗J.张子清译.外国文学评论，1992(1):86-91.蜡變黲癟報伥铉锚鈰赘籜葦繯颓鲷洁。要求以大纲形式呈现论文应完成的主要内容，也就是目录。不可用两三句话陈述。 19钟玲.王红公英诗里的中国风味A.郑树森,周英雄和袁鹤翔合编.中西比较文学论集C.台北：时报文化出版事业有限公司,1980:103-134.買鲷鴯譖昙膚遙闫撷凄届嬌擻歿鲶锖。20邹申.语言测试M. 上海：上海外语教育出版社,2005.4.毕业设计(论文)应完成的主要内容（一）语言与思维的关系1.1 从心理学角度分析中西方的思维差异1.2 从语言学角度分析中西方的思维差异1.3 从心理学及语言学两方面探讨语言与思维的关系（二）英汉思维差异对翻译的影响 2.1 思维方式差异对翻译的影响 2.2 翻译实践中如何避免思维方式差异导致的翻译问题5.毕业设计(论文)的目标及具体要求1）在学校图书馆查阅相关的文献,为论文的写作做准备；2）拟订粗线条的论文大纲，指导教师认可后撰写详细的论文大纲；3）论文大纲获得指导教师的认可后，开始准备任务书和开题报告；4）按照规定的时间上交任务书和开题报告；5）开题报告获得通过后，进入论文的写作阶段。在论文的写作阶段要与指导教师经常联系，并定期向指导教师汇报论文的写作情况及进展；綾镝鯛駕櫬鹕踪韦辚糴飙钪麦蹣鲵殘。6）按时提交论文的初稿和修改稿，并做好论文答辩的准备；靠底部对齐。必须由师生亲笔签名，不可打印替代。7）通过对以上任务的完成，对翻译的策略有了进一步认识。6、完成毕业设计(论文)所需的条件及上机时数要求1) 查阅一定的与本论文有关的中英文资料；2) 在校内图书馆，校外图书馆查阅大量相关的资料；3) 至少200小时的上机时间。任务书批准日期 201765年 101月2615270日 教研室(系)主任(签字)任务书下达日期 201765年11101月27156日 指导教师(签字)完成任务日期 201876年5月2678日 学生（签名）长江大学毕业论文文献综述仅供格式参考。题 目 名 称：浅谈商务谈判中的提问策略 学 院（系）：外国语学院商务英语系 专 业 班 级：商务英语10801114301班 此栏不填。学 生 姓 名：张山 指 导 教 师：郑厚尧 辅 导 教 师：完 成 日 期：201520176年12月31日 文献综述学生：张山，外国语学院商务英语系指导教师：郑厚尧，外国语学院商务英语系各级大小标题均用黑体字，并加粗。1. 前言 （简要说明写作本文的目的和涉及的范围，必要时简介本课题的历史背景、发展现状和争论焦点。字数一般在300字左右。）驅踬髏彦浃绥譎饴憂锦諑琼针咙鲲鏵。随着经济全球化的不断深入，商务谈判已成为商业人士工作的重要一部分，尤其是国际商务谈判，其玄机无限。商务谈判的实质是谈判者运用语言彼此沟通、协商、谋求一致、达成协议的过程。在商务谈判中如何提问对谈判者来说是至关重要的。当然，谈判策略的配合使用，掌握常见的谈判策略这是前提。掌握了谈判中提问的策略与语言技巧,也就抓住谈判的主动权,因此本文谈谈商务谈判中提问策略。另外，语言在谈判中的中心地位不可忽视。在谈判中准确运用语言非常关键。因此，商务人员在谈判过程中应注重谈判的语言技巧。商务谈判中通过精妙的提问可以了解对方的想法和意图，掌握更多的信息，同时“问”也是表达自己情感的手段，促进双方的沟通。如何“问”是很有讲究的。选择正确的提问策略，不仅可以引起双方的讨论，还可以控制谈判的方向，掌握谈判的主动权。本文就如上这些问题，在总结前人的成果和自己的思考下，浅谈一下自己的认识。猫虿驢绘燈鮒诛髅貺庑献鵬缩职鲱样。2. 有关商务谈判的研究及其主要论点（主体是综述的基础和核心部分。主要通过提出问题，分析问题，综合前人文献中提出的理论和事实，比较各种学术观点，阐明所提问题的历史、现状及发展方向等。一般可以按照题目大小，内容多少及逻辑关系，安排不同层次的大小标题。按论点和论据组织材料。从不同角度阐明主体中心内容。主体部分所引用的资料应注意以下问题：能说明问题，并且具有一定的理论和实践意义；资料真实可靠，既新颖又具有代表性；能反映问题的发展阶段以及阶段性成果。主体字数一般在2500字左右。）锹籁饗迳琐筆襖鸥娅薔嗚訝摈馍鲰钵。2.1 常见的商务谈判策略2.1.1国际商务谈判的基本原则对外商务谈判是指国际商务活动中不同的利益主体为了达成协议或交易，而就其各项条件进行协商的过程。谈判人员必须掌握相应的技巧和策略才能谈判中追求利益最大化，达到事半功倍的成效。首先就要遵守一定的国际商务谈判的基本原则。（刘园，1999：页码）構氽頑黉碩饨荠龈话骛門戲鷯瀏鲮晝。（1）平等互利原则。平等互利是当代国际商务谈判中最基本的原则，谈判的目的在于寻求一种双赢。（Harry Mills, 1999：页码）輒峄陽檉簖疖網儂號泶蛴镧釃邊鲫釓。2.1.2 国际商务谈判策略应用从不同的角度和不同的侧重点情况下，国际商务谈判策略的分类和描述是不同的。不过值得统一的就是，无论应用那种谈判策略，过程基本是一致的。谈判之前拟订谈判目标，明确谈判最终目的，并制定谈判策略。每一次谈判都有其特点，因此必须制订特殊策略和相应战术。因此，在谈判中采取合作与竞争相结合的策略会促使谈判顺利结束。这就要求我们在谈判前制定多种策略方案，以便随机应变。（刘园，1999：页码）尧侧閆繭絳闕绚勵蜆贅瀝纰縭垦鲩换。（1） 把商务谈判看作一种竞争（丁志明，2008：页码）a. 投石问路, 主动出击发问在谈判中扮演着十分重要的角色。发问有助于信息的搜集, 引导谈判走势, 诱导对方思考,同时对方的回答也可相对地形成有效的刺激。识饒鎂錕缢灩筧嚌俨淒侬减攙苏鲨运。b.绵里藏针, 出奇制胜c. 激将法。激将法实质就是针对项目主要负责人或者主谈, 让对方主将激动而丧失理智。（2） 把商务谈判看作一种合作3. 结论 （概括主体的主要内容，总结主体的情报资料，并对上述研究成果和论点进行简单的评论，指出当前存在的问题及今后发展趋势和方向。如有必要，也可以提出作者的观点、倾向和建议。总结一般以100-200字为宜。）凍鈹鋨劳臘锴痫婦胫籴铍賄鹗骥鲧戲。参考文献1Alderson, J. Charles, Caroline Clapham and Dianne Wall. Language Test Construction and EvaluationM. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1995.恥諤銪灭萦欢煬鞏鹜錦聰櫻郐燈鲦軫。2Bly, Robert. The Eight Stages of TranslationA. In William Frawley (ed.),Translation: Literary, Linguistics, and Philosophical PerspectivesC. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1984: 67-89.鯊腎鑰诎褳鉀沩懼統庫摇饬缗釷鲤怃。20邹申.语言测试M. 上海：上海外语教育出版社,2005.详见：长江大学外国语学院本科毕业论文（设计）参考文献格式注意页眉变化。页脚不变，续前页，继续用罗马数字。摘要和关键词应充分反映和概括论文的精神，并与英文摘要相对应。摘 要硕癘鄴颃诌攆檸攜驤蔹鸶胶据实鲣赢。 思维、语言与文化有着紧密的联系。语言是思维的载体，思维是语言的内容，这一切都统一在文化的总框架内。中西思维方式的差异一直是国内外学术界关注的重点研究课题。国内贾德江、刘宓庆，西方的R. Kaplan等学者对此课题进行了深入的研究，并取得了令人瞩目的成果。中英思维方式的差异可以从很多方面进行分类。中国人的思维总的来说是如重意象的直观性，对事物规律的归纳总结和重视主体的感受和内在逻辑性联系的意合，体现为主螺旋型上升趋势，具有明显的模糊性。而英国人的思维方式则重理性与分析性，注重对客体的临摹与再现，所以其思维呈直线状态，具有精确性的特点，强调严谨的外在形式的融合等。当然不同的学者也从其他方面进行了分类。这些思维方式在两个民族的语言上也有充分的体现，从词汇、句法、语义、语法和文体上分别呈现了明显的差异。对这些差异的忽视往往导致中英翻译中出现各种错误，如过于拘泥于原文的字面，忽略两种语言的句法特征，忽略不同的视角和文体特色，或者由于句法差异而导致在目的语的累赘表述等。阌擻輳嬪諫迁择楨秘騖輛埙鵜蔹鲢幟。 为了避免上述问题，通常要有充分的文化背景知识，然后采取转换翻译策略，包括词类，词义，句法结构等的转换，同时也可以采取临摹翻译法和反向翻译法等策略。由此可见，思维方式的差异对翻译质量的影响不容忽视，必须采取相应的策略，以提高翻译质量。(400-450字)氬嚕躑竄贸恳彈瀘颔澩纷釓鄧鳌鲡貼。关键词中英思维方式；差异；语言表现；翻译策略关键词3-5个，反映论文的精髓。词与词之间用分号分开。最后无任何标点。AbstractThought, language and culture are closely interrelated. Language embodies thoughts and thoughtsdominate language, but both under the general framework of culture. Different thinking modes of the Chinese and the Westerners have always been atopacademic issues. Such academic celebrity as Jia Dejiang, Liu Miqing, R. Scholar and Kaplan have conducted systematic studies on it and have yielded amazing results. Differences in Chinese and English thinking modes can be classified in various aspects.Chinese thinking modes tend to focus on visual effects, to generalize, be subject-oriented, tortuous and fuzzy, and above all be paratactic. The English thinking modes on the other hand are generally rational, analytical, object-targeted and straight forward and tend to by accurate and above all focus on hypotaxis. Of course other scholars may classify them from some other aspects. These special features in thinking modes are fully manifested in the two languages, lexically, syntactically, semantically, grammatically and contextually. Ignorance of these features may cause negative effects on translation such as stubborn rendering resulting from ignorance of different syntactic preferences, misleading rendering due to differences in viewpoints, awkward transferring for ignorance of rhetoric preference, inaccurate translation caused by improper diction or wordy diction regardless of the syntactic structural differences.釷鹆資贏車贖孙滅獅赘慶獷緞瑋鲟将。In order to avoid the above problems, sufficient cultural background information will be helpful and strategies such as shifting translation, graphic translation, backward translation shall be adopted. It can be thus concluded that translation cannot afford to neglect differences in thinking modes and that the corresponding strategy may greatly help improve the translation quality. （中文摘要的对应译文）怂阐譜鯪迳導嘯畫長凉馴鸨撟鉍鲞谣。关键词与中文对应, 3-5个，词与词之间用分号分开，除专有名词外，其他单词首字母不大写。最后无任何标点。Keywords Chineseand English thinking modes; differences; linguistic embodiment; translation strategies谚辞調担鈧谄动禪泻類谨觋鸾帧鲜奧。目录不列出四级标题Contents1 Introduction.12 Literature Review.22.1 Aristotelian schoolSchool: Metaphor as a device Device of rhetoricRhetoric.2嘰觐詿缧铴嗫偽純铪锩癱恳迹见鲛請。2.2 The platonic Platonic schoolSchool: Language is metaphoricalMetaphorical. 5熒绐譏钲鏌觶鷹緇機库圆鍰缄鹗鲚圆。2.3 The study Study of metaphor Metaphor from the 20thcentury Century to the presentPresent.6鶼渍螻偉阅劍鲰腎邏蘞阕簣择睜鲔诌。3 On Similarity73.1 Similarity: AfFundamental criterion Criterion for the classification Classification of metaphorMetaphor.7纣忧蔣氳頑莶驅藥悯骛覲僨鴛鋅鲒嗚。3.2 Similarity and cultureCulture.9颖刍莖蛺饽亿顿裊赔泷涨负這恻鲑觶。3.3 Similarity and categoryCategory.10濫驂膽閉驟羥闈詔寢賻減栖綜诉鲐卺。3.4 The relationship Relationship between Between similarity Similarity and knowledgeKnowledge.13銚銻縵哜鳗鸿锓謎諏涼鏗穎報嚴鲍蝇。4 On the Mechanism of Metaphor.15挤貼綬电麥结鈺贖哓类芈罷鸨竇鲋鑿。4.1 Blacks interaction Interaction theoryTheory.15赔荊紳谘侖驟辽輩袜錈極嚕辫鏢鲈蕆。4.1.1 An introduction Introduction to the interaction Interaction theoryTheory.15塤礙籟馐决穩賽釙冊庫麩适绲挝鲅偬。4.1.2 Some defects Defects of the interaction Interaction theoryTheory16裊樣祕廬廂颤谚鍘羋蔺递灿扰谂鲂茎。4.2 Lakoffian conceptual Conceptual mMetaphor theoryTheory.19仓嫗盤紲嘱珑詁鍬齊驁絛鯛鱧俁鱿親。4.2.1 The philosophical Philosophical basis Basis of Lakoffian theoryTheory.19绽萬璉轆娛閬蛏鬮绾瀧恒蟬轅紗鱼臚。4.2.2 Lakoffian theory Theory on the mechanism Mechanism of metaphorMetaphor21骁顾燁鶚巯瀆蕪領鲡赙骠弒綈閶魉齠。4.2.3The deficiencies Feficiencies of Lakoffian theory Theory in expounding Expounding the creation Creation of similaritySimilarity.26瑣钋濺暧惲锟缟馭篩凉貿锕戧晋魇缫。4.3 Conceptual integration Integration theoryTheory.29鎦诗涇艳损楼紲鯗餳類碍穑鳓责髌鹊。4.3.1An introduction Introduction to the conceptual Conceptual integration Integration theoryTheory.29栉缏歐锄棗鈕种鵑瑶锬奧伛辊刪髋綠。 Four mental spaces.29辔烨棟剛殓攬瑤丽阄应頁諳绞綽髅鱉。 Three processes of BT.33峴扬斕滾澗辐滠兴渙藺诈機愦頇骧经。 Optimality principles of BT.34詩叁撻訥烬忧毀厉鋨骜靈韬鰍椟骥鲚。4.3.2 The advantages Advantages of BT in solving Solving the paradox Paradox of the former Former theoriesTheories.34则鯤愜韋瘓賈晖园栋泷华缙輅赞骣紆。 The generic mental space.34胀鏝彈奥秘孫戶孪钇賻锵咏繞敘骢驗。 The blending space and emergent structure.35鳃躋峽祷紉诵帮废掃減萵輳慘纈骡窥。 The other advantages of BT.40稟虛嬪赈维哜妝扩踴粜椤灣鲳飫骠馁。5 Conclusion.42Works Cited.45Acknowledgements.46一级标题小二号字1 Introduction 正文小四号字，行距1.5倍Language by nature is the embodiment of human thoughts and thoughts in turn is the mental reflection of the world around us on basis of some analysis, generalization, judgment and reasoning. Animals have thoughts as well, but their awkward sounds for communication are far from being language. Language is therefore closely related to and supported by human thoughts. That is to say, language has no basis for its existence if there is no thought. But thoughts, though accessible by various means, are best represented in language and can thus best fulfill its obligations to the speakers by such means. Language as an arbitrary, phonetic and morphologic semiotic and audio system of communication, has long defined as human and is thus the most convincing distinctive features of human beings from animals. 陽簍埡鲑罷規呜旧岿錟麗鲍轸沩骞硨。 The thinking patterns are one of the most important cues in culture. It is closely related to cultures and embodies the characteristics of cultural psychology. Besides, the modes of thinking also are closely related to language. Different modes of thinking are embodied in language.沩氣嘮戇苌鑿鑿槠谔應釵蔼绋较骝額。(i) The relationship among language, culture and thought钡嵐縣緱虜荣产涛團蔺缔嵛恽囂骜疯。Language is part of culture. Such as Chinese language is part of Chinese culture. Each country has its own language in a specific culture. However, their relationship is not just between part and whole. Language is the carrier and contained of culture, as many aspects of culture can be expressed in language. As a mirror of culture, language is strongly influenced and shaped by culture. In all, language and culture are closely related; each influences and shapes the other.懨俠劑鈍触乐鹇烬觶騮揚銥鯊臘骛韦。Language is an instrument used in the communication of thought. It is closely related to thought, too. It represents thought and is influenced by thought. In turn, thought is influenced by language. In addition, thought is determined by cultural value. Their relationships with each other seem more complex. In a word, each of them influences and shapes others. They are seen as three parts of a whole.謾饱兗争詣繚鮐癞别瀘鯽礎輪駭骚獅。(ii) Different ways of thinking between Chinese and Western呙铉們欤谦鸪饺竞荡赚趱為練溅骗閻。此符号ibid.意为同上，引文出处与上相同。本例为整段引用， 前后空一行 )“The ways of thinking is quite different, actually, people live in certain area havetheir own way of thinking. It connects to various kinds of factors, such as geography, history, nation and so on. The ways of thinking are the important reason of cultural difference. It includes knowledge, concepts, methods, language and custom and so 文中注明出处时，顺序为（作者姓，文献出版年份：引文页码范围）。中文作者写姓名的拼音。on.” (Deng Yanchang,1997: 483) These factors influence each other, which led to different ways of thinking. Therefore, the ways of thinking have their own characteristics, like geography characteristics, social characteristics and national characteristics, etc. According to geography characteristics, it can be divided into Han nation, English and American nation, etc. Here we will make a comparison on 三行（含）以上的引文：前缩进10个字符、后不缩进，上下各空1行。Chinese and Western ways of thinking.莹谐龌蕲賞组靄绉嚴减籩诹戀邻骖灏。ibid, 表示此处所引文字与上一处所引出处相同，页码另行标注。The different ways of thinking in fact are the reflection of cultural difference. People who live in different areas for a long time have differentcultural characteristics; therefore, their ways of thinking are different.(ibid.: 484)麸肃鹏镟轿騍镣缚縟糶尔摊鲟嫗骓镭。Under the influence of different geography environments, life styles, customs and different cultural values; the East and West are different from ways of thinking. Let us examine some phenomena:納畴鳗吶鄖禎銣腻鰲锬颤階躜萵骒潤。In the college, a foreign teacher is teaching in a class, he is talkative and expressive. Everyone listens to him interestingly. Suddenly, he stops and asks them a question. However, the students dont know how to answer, they dont tell the answers. The teacher got a little angry but he had no idea on their behavior. This scene often happens in Chinese classroom. In the foreigners eyes, they consider that keeping silent is not a good way when we contact with others. Even you dont understand, you should say something instead of keeping silent, as it often is regarded as rude and impolite.風撵鲔貓铁频钙蓟纠庙誑繃纸鯉骐鍔。The reason lies in that the East and the West have a different way of thinking. The Eastern people are conservative, introvert and inactive, they put more emphasis on harmony, and they like common and stable life; while the Western people are more open-minded, extrovert and active, they like changeable life and thus they emphasize on competition. In this way, their different ways of t