对外贸易.doc

进入21世纪以来，全球多边贸易体制和低碳经济已经成为新的经济增长点，关税壁垒等一系列传统的贸易保护措施的作用已经被大大削弱，而非关税壁垒作为一些更为隐蔽的手段开始被大多数国家所采用，并对我国的对外贸易产生了巨大的影响。Enter since twenty-first Century, the global multilateral trading system and low carbon economy has become a new economic growth point, tariff barriers and a series of traditional role of trade protection measures have been greatly weakened, and non-tariff barriers as some of the more subtle techniques began to be adopted by most countries, and our countrys foreign trade had a enormous influence.In the 21 century, the global multilateral trading system and a low carbon economy has become a new economic growth point, tariff barriers and so on a series of traditional trade protection measures role has been greatly weakened, and non-tariff barriers as some more covert means begins to be used by most of the countries, and on Chinas foreign trade has had a huge impact.国际际贸易摩擦表现形式多样化，且数量不断增加。摩擦手段由过去传统贸易壁垒转向新贸易壁垒。除传统的反倾销、反补贴和保障措施( 包括特别保障措施) 外,技术性贸易壁垒、知识产权调查、安全标准、环保标准以及社会责任认证调查等形式。International trade friction and diversification of forms, and the number is increasing. Friction by means of traditional trade barriers to new trade barriers. In addition to the traditional anti-dumping, countervailing and safeguard measures ( including the special safeguard measures ), technical barriers to trade, intellectual property rights investigations, safety standards, environmental standards and certification survey and other forms of social responsibility.The international border trade friction forms diversification, and the amount is increasing. Friction means from the past traditional trade barriers to new trade barriers. In addition to the traditional anti-dumping, anti-subsidy and safeguard measures, including special security measures) outside, technical barriers to trade, intellectual property rights investigation, safety standards and environmental standards and social responsibility the authentication survey form. A, traditional trade protection means weakening 一、 传统贸易保护手段弱化贸易自由化是国际贸易发展的趋势，符合世界各国的根本利益，有利于全人类的共同发展。当今世界经济正处于全球化的进程中, 自由贸易己成为各国政府的共识。继续公开使用关税和传统的非关税壁垒( 如数量限制、许可证制度、外汇管制等) , 必定会引起其他国家的不满和报复。在这种情况下, 贸易保护主义需要寻求一种更具隐蔽性、合理性、灵活性的手段。A, traditional trade protection means weakening Trade liberalization is the trend of the development of the international trade, accord with the fundamental interests of all countries in the world, to the common development of all mankind. In todays world economy is in the process of globalization, free trade has become the consensus of governments. Continue to open the use tariffs and traditional non-tariff barriers (such as quantitative restrictions and permit system, foreign exchange control, etc.), will lead to other countries of discontent and revenge. In this case, the trade protectionism need to seek a more concealment, rationality, flexibility means. 贸易保护的手段经历了从关税到传统非关税手段，再到新型非关税手段的变化过程。从GATT第六轮谈判开始，各国把侧重点转移到传统的非关税壁垒的问题上，在东京回合的谈判中，各缔约方就传统的非关税壁垒达成了协议，如进口许可证手续协议、倾销与反倾销协议、补贴与反补贴协议等Trade protection means experienced from tariffs to traditional non-tariff means, and then to new nontariff change process. From the first round negotiations began to GATT, the emphasis on all countries to the traditional non-tariff transfer On the issue of barriers, in Tokyo round of negotiations, the contracting party is the traditional non-tariff Barriers reached an agreement, such as the import licence formalities agreement , the dumping and anti-dumping association Discussion , the subsidies and countervailing agreement, etc二、 消费者消费观念的变化和保护意识的增强随着社会经济的发展，人们的生活水平日益提高，消费行为也随之发生了巨大的变化，消费者对质量要求日益严格，对产品的选择性增强，对款式变化更趋敏感，对卫生、安全指标的要求提高，并且自我保护意识增强Second, consumer spending is the change of the idea and protection consciousness enhancement With the development of social economy, the living standard of people growing consumption behavior also will have changed dramatically, consumers increasingly strict requirements on quality of product, enhance the selectivity, to design change is more sensitive to the health and safety of the index for higher, and ego to protect consciousness enhancement 三、技术和经济发展的不平衡性随着人类社会经济的发展，科学技术的突破，使得很多商品的生产、加工过程中涉及的技术因素日益增多，加之检验检测技术的发展，给各国限制进口设置标准壁垒提供了一定的条件。由于科学技术和经济发展的不平衡性，导致工业发达国家技术标准、环保标准、检验和检疫标准、包装和标签要求等的制定水平和内容居于领先地位Three, technology and economy of the imbalance in development With human society economy development, the science and technology breakthrough, make a lot of the production of goods and machining process of technical factors involved in increasing, together with the examination of the development of the technology, for countries import restrictions set standards barriers provides certain conditions. Because of science and technology and the imbalance of economic development, leading to developed countries technical standard, the environmental protection standards, inspection and quarantine standards, packaging and labeling requirements, etc of formulation level and content is in a leading position. 四、世贸组织协议中的例外规定留下了灰色空间WTO 的规则体系是个多边的规则体系，每个成员国不仅是缔约国，有遵守规则的义务，同时又是拥有各自利益的单个主体，每个国家的情况不同，WTO 在规则制定上不可能一刀切，必然有柔性的迂回空间发展中国家与发达国家在环境标准上的差异也是标准壁垒产生的重要因素。由于各国经科技水平不同，在环境保护资金投入和环保技术上存在差异，各国环境标参差不齐，难以协调。Four, the world trade organization agreement provisions of exception left gray space The WTO rule system is a multilateral system of rules, each member state parties is not only, have the obligation to abide by the rules and, at the same time have their respective interests of individual subject, each countrys situation is different, the WTO rule in that one size fits all, there must be flexible circuitous space between developing countries and developed countries in environmental standards differences is also an important factor in standard barriers. Due to the different level of economy, science and technology, environmental protection in money and ring technology differences, the various countries environment standard is uneven, difficult to coordinate. 绿色贸易壁垒, 又称环境壁垒或绿色壁垒, 是指在国际贸易活动中, 一国或区域组织以保护自然资源、生态环境, 保护人类、动植物健康和安全为由, 通过制定严格的环保技术标准或采用绿色环境标志、绿色包装制度、绿色卫生检疫制度和绿色补贴制度等, 以阻止某些外国商品进口或在进口时受到一定的限制, 从而达到保护本国产品、市场和环境的目的。由于其具有表象上的合理性, 方式上的隐蔽性和实施上的歧视性, 越来越受到各贸易国的青睐。 The green trade barriers, and calls the environment barriers or green barriers, it is to point to in international trade activities, one country or regional organizations to protect natural resources, ecological environment, protect human, animal and plant health and safety grounds, by formulating strict environmental protection technology standard or use green environment mark, green packaging system, green health and quarantine system and green subsidies system etc, in order to prevent certain foreign goods imported or when imported in certain limits, so as to protect domestic products, market and the purpose of the environment. Since it has apparent the rationality of the way the concealment of the and implementation Of discriminatory, more and more get the favour of the major trading nations. 1我国绿色经济观念滞后, 国家环保法规不完善改革开放以来, 我国虽然初步建立了环境保护法体系,但现行的经济政策和会计法规未将环境资源纳入核算范围。以破坏环境为代价而生产的产品, 由于未向社会支付必要的环境成本而具有价格竞争的优势。China green economic concept lags behind, the state environmental protection laws and regulations do not improve the reform and open policy, our country although set up the environment protection law system, but the current economic policy and accounting regulations will not environmental resources into accounting scope. To damage the cost of the environment and the production of products, to pay for not necessary social environment cost price competition and has the advantage. 2我国的出口地区分布高度集中于发达国家和地区美国、欧盟和日本一直是我国前3 位贸易出口市场, 我国在这几个市场的出口总和连续多年占我国总出口的二分之一, 而这三个地区正是绿色贸易壁垒最为泛滥的地方, 我国出口产品遭遇绿色贸易壁垒的情况由此不难想象2 our country export area of high concentration distribution in developed countries and regions in the United States, the European Union and Japan has been the top three export market, China in this several market export sum for many years one half of Chinas total exports, while the three areas is the most green trade barriers the flood of place, of our country export products in the green trade barriers which it is not difficult to imagine 3我国的技术标准与检测手段落后于发达国家3 our technical standards and testing means lags behind that of developed countries 4. 企业标准意识缺乏, 技术水平落后, 且信息闭塞4. Lack of awareness of the enterprise standard, technical level backward, and information block 1. 发挥 环境外交的营销作用建立既符合国际规范又符合本国国情的环境与贸易政策是政府 环境外交的重要任务。对于我国政府而言, 一方面要积极参与国际环境公约和国际多边协定中环境条款的谈判。1. The play environmental diplomacy marketing function Build not only conforms to the international standard and accordant with the environment and trade policy is the government environmental diplomacy an important task. For our country in the government, on the one hand, should take an active part in the international environmental conventions and international multilateral environmental agreements to the terms of the negotiations. 2. 建立和完善我国的环境经济核算体系长期以来, 我国产品的价格未将环境成本计入在内, 资源也成了可以廉价出口的商品, 这不仅导致出口贸易容易受到环境贸易壁垒的羁绊, 而且也损害了国家的长远发展利益, 造成生态环境的严重失调。因此, 要借鉴国外经验, 建立适合我国国情的环境经济分析方法和政策体系, 加强对环境变化与资源、人体健康、社会经济影响的定量化研究, 把不可再生资源的损耗、可更新再生资源的消耗、环境的破坏与修复改善、污染的治理作为社会成本列入核算体系, 逐步做到资源与环境的商品化、价格的合理化和消耗资源与破坏环境的有偿化, 实现资源的集约使用和有效管理,2. Establish and perfect the economic environment of accounting system Long-term since, our country products price will not cost into the environment, including resources can also became cheap export goods, it not only results in export trade vulnerable to environment the fetters of trade barriers, and also harm the interests of the long-term development of the country, in the ecological environment of serious disorder. Therefore, using foreign experience, establish suitable for Chinas national conditions of environmental economic analysis methods and policy system, strengthen environmental change and resources, the human body health, social economic impact quantitative research, the nonrenewable resources loss, can update the renewable resources consumption, the destruction of the environment and improve the pollution repair, as a social cost in accounting system, gradually do resources and environment, t