浅析生物可降解高分子材料的开发利用中英文对照.doc

/ /浅析生物可降解高分子材料的开发利用中英文对照Development and use of biodegradable polymer materials in English 我国目前的高分子材料生产和使用已跃居世界前列，每年产生几百万吨废旧物。如此多的高聚物迫切需要进行生物可降解，以尽量减少对人类及环境的污染。生物可降解材料，是指在自然界微生物，如细菌、霉菌及藻类作用下，可完全降解为低分子的材料。这类材料储存方便，只要保持干燥，不需避光，应用范围广，可用于地膜、包装袋、医药等领域。生物可降解的机理大致有以下3 种方式： 生物的细胞增长使物质发生机械性破坏； 微生物对聚合物作用产生新的物质；酶的直接作用，即微生物侵蚀高聚物从而导致裂解。按照上述机理，现将目前研究的几种主要的可生物可降解的高分子材料介绍如下。 Chinas current polymer materials production and use has leapt to the forefront of the world, millions of tons of waste materials generated each year. So many of the urgent need for biodegradable polymers, in order to reduce the pollution to human and environment. Biodegradable materials, refers to the natural microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi and algae function, can be completely degraded into low molecular materials. This kind of material storage is convenient, as long as keep dry, without dark, wide application range, can be used for plastic film, packaging bags, medicine and other fields. Biodegradable mechanism can be summarized in the following 3 ways: biological cell growth of material mechanical damage; microorganism to produce new substances on the polymer; direct role in enzyme, namely microbial attack polymers resulting in cracking. According to the mechanism, the present study several main can be biodegradable polymer materials is introduced as follows. 1、生物可降解高分子材料概念及降解机理 1, the concept and the degradation mechanism of biodegradable polymer materials 生物可降解高分子材料是指在一定的时间和一定的条件下，能被微生物或其分泌物在酶或化学分解作用下发生降解的高分子材料。 Biodegradable polymer materials refers to a certain time and certain conditions, can be high polymer material or its secretion in microbial degradation enzymatic or chemical decomposition. 生物可降解的机理大致有以下3种方式：生物的细胞增长使物质发生机械性破坏；微生物对聚合物作用产生新的物质；酶的直接作用，即微生物侵蚀高聚物从而导致裂解。一般认为，高分子材料的生物可降解是经过两个过程进行的。首先，微生物向体外分泌水解酶和材料表面结合，通过水解切断高分子链，生成分子量小于500的小分子量的化合物；然后，降解的生成物被微生物摄入人体内，经过种种的代谢路线，合成为微生物体物或转化为微生物活动的能量，最终都转化为水和二氧化碳。 Biodegradable mechanism can be summarized in the following 3 ways: biological cell growth of material mechanical damage; microorganism to produce new substances on the polymer; direct role in enzyme, namely microbial attack polymers resulting in cracking. Generally, biodegradable polymer materials is through two process. First of all, microorganism to secretion in vitro hydrolase and material surface binding, by hydrolytic cleavage of polymer chain, small molecular weight compounds molecular weight less than 500; and then, the resultant degradation by microorganism in intake in the human body, through various metabolic route, for the synthesis of microorganisms or microbial activities into energy, eventually transformed water and carbon dioxide. 因此，生物可降解并非单一机理，而是一个复杂的生物物理、生物化学协同作用，相互促进的物理化学过程。到目前为止，有关生物可降解的机理尚未完全阐述清楚。除了生物可降解外，高分子材料在机体内的降解还被描述为生物吸收、生物侵蚀及生物劣化等。生物可降解高分子材料的降解除与材料本身性能有关外，还与材料温度、酶、PH值、微生物等外部环境有关。 Therefore, biodegradable mechanism is not single, but a biophysical, biochemical synergistic complex physical and chemical process, promote each other. So far, the mechanism is not yet fully explain clearly the biodegradable. In addition to biodegradable, degradation of polymer materials in the body are also described for biological uptake, biological erosion and biological degradation. Biodegradable polymer materials and organic degrading performance of the material itself, also related to the material temperature, pH, enzyme, microbial environment. 2、生物可降解高分子材料的类型 Type 2, biodegradable polymer materials 按来源，生物可降解高分子材料可分为天然高分子和人工合成高分子两大类。按用途分类，有医用和非医用生物可降解高分子材料两大类。按合成方法可分为如下几种类型。 According to sources, biodegradable polymer materials can be divided into natural polymer and synthetic polymer two categories. Classified according to purpose, medical and non - medical biodegradable polymer materials two categories. According to the synthesis methods can be divided into the following several types. 2.1微生物生产型 Microbial production of type 2.1 通过微生物合成的高分子物质。这类高分子主要有微生物聚酯和微生物多糖，具有生物可降解性，可用于制造不污（版权声明：本文转载自论文网在线()，版权归原作者所有。）染环境的生物可降解塑料。如英国ICI 公司生产的“Biopol”产品。 By the polymer synthesized by microorganisms. This kind of polymer are microbial polyesters and microbial polysaccharide, which is biodegradable, can be used in the manufacture of no pollution (copyright statement: This article reprinted from the online (), belongs to original author.) Biodegradable plastic pollution environment. Such as the British ICI company production of Biopol products. 2.2合成高分子型 2.2 synthetic polymer 脂肪族聚酯具有较好的生物可降解性。但其熔点低，强度及耐热性差，无法应用。芳香族聚酯(PET) 和聚酰胺的熔点较高，强度好，是应用价值很高的工程塑料，但没有生物可降解性。将脂肪族和芳香族聚酯(或聚酰胺) 制成一定结构的共聚物，这种共聚物具有良好的性能，又有一定的生物可降解性。 Aliphatic polyesters with biodegradability better. But its low melting point, strength and heat resistance is poor, can not be applied. Aromatic polyester (PET) and polyamide with high melting point, good strength, is very high application value engineering plastics, but not biodegradable. The aromatic and aliphatic polyester (or polyamide) copolymers made certain structure, this copolymer has good performance, and the biodegradability of certain. 2.3天然高分子型 2.3 natural polymer 自然界中存在的纤维素、甲壳素和木质素等均属可降解天然高分子，这些高分子可被微生物完全降解，但因纤维素等存在物理性能上的不足，由其单独制成的薄膜的耐水性、强度均达不到要求，因此，它大多与其它高分子，如由甲壳质制得的脱乙酰基多糖等共混制得。Existing in the nature of cellulose, chitin and lignin are biodegradable polymer, the polymer can be biodegradable cellulose, but due to problems of physical properties, the strength and water, the film made independently are not up to the requirements, therefore, most of it with other polymers, such as by chitin the prepared chitosan prepared polysaccharides etc. 2.4掺合型 2.4 mixed type 在没有生物可降解的高分子材料中，掺混一定量的生物可降解的高分子化合物，使所得产品具有相当程度的生物可降解性，这就制成了掺合型生物可降解高分子材料，但这种材料不能完全生物可降解。 In polymer materials not biodegradable, high molecular compound biodegradable mixing certain amount, the product is biodegradable considerably, which made the blending biodegradable polymer materials, but this material can not be completely biodegradable. 3、生物可降解高分子材料的开发 3, the development of biodegradable polymer materials 3.1生物可降解高分子材料开发的传统方法 The traditional method of 3.1 biodegradable polymer materials development 传统开发生物可降解高分子材料的方法包括天然高分子的改造法、化学合成法和微生物发酵法等。 Method of traditional methods, the development of biodegradable materials include natural polymer chemical synthesis and microbial fermentation etc. 3.1.1天然高分子的改造法 3.1.1 transformation method of natural polymers 通过化学修饰和共混等方法，对自然界中存在大量的多糖类高分子，如淀粉、纤维素、甲壳素等能被生物可降解的天然高分子进行改性，可以合成生物可降解高分子材料。此法虽然原料充足，但一般不易成型加工，而且产量小，限制了它们的应用。 By the methods of chemical modification and blending, on the existence of polysaccharide polymer mass in nature, such as starch, cellulose, chitosan can be modified natural polymer biodegradable, can be synthesized biodegradable polymer materials. This method is of sufficient raw materials, but generally not easy processing, and production of small, limiting their applications. 3.1.2化学合成法 3.1.2 chemical synthesis method 模拟天然高分子的化学结构，从简单的小分子出发制备分子链上含有酯基、酰胺基、肽基的聚合物，这些高分子化合物结构单元中含有易被生物可降解的化学结构或是在高分子链中嵌入易生物可降解的链段。化学合成法反应条件苛刻，副产品多，工艺复杂，成本较高。 The chemical structure of simulation of natural polymers, starting from simple small molecules for preparing molecular chain containing ester, amide, peptide based polymer, the structure of high polymer unit contains easily by the chemical structure of biodegradable or segment easily biodegradable polymer chain embedded in the. Chemical synthesis harsh reaction conditions, a by-product of multiple, complex process, high cost. 3.1.3微生物发酵法 3.1.3 by microbial fermentation 许多生物能以某些有机物为碳源，通过代谢分泌出聚酯或聚糖类高分子。但利用微生物发酵法合成产物的分离有一定困难，且仍有一些副产品。 Many organisms to some organic compounds as carbon source, through metabolic produce polyester or chitosan polymer. But the separation by microbial fermentation synthetic products have certain difficulty, and there are still some by-products. 3.2生物可降解高分子材料开发的新方法酶促合成 3.2 new methods of biodegradable polymer materials development - enzymatic synthesis 用酶促法合成生物可降解高分子材料，得益于非水酶学的发展，酶在有机介质中表现出了与其在水溶液中不同的性质，并拥有了催化一些特殊反应的能力，从而显示出了许多水相中所没有的特点。Using enzymatic synthesis of biodegradable polymer materials, owing to the development of nonaqueous enzymology, enzymes in organic medium exhibits properties and solution of different, and has some special ability of catalytic reaction, thus showing a lot of water phase no characteristics. 3.3酶促合成法与化学合成法结合使用 3.3 enzymatic synthesis method and chemical combination method 酶促合成法具有高的位置及立体选择性，而化学聚合则能有效的提高聚合物的分子量，因此，为了提高聚合效率，许多研究者已开始用酶促法与化学法联合使用来合成生物可降解高分子材料 Enzymatic synthesis method has the advantages of high position and stereoselectivity, and chemical polymerization can improve effectively the amount of polymer molecules, therefore, in order to improve the polymerization efficiency, many researchers have begun to use to synthetic biodegradable polymer materials by enzymatic method and chemical method 4、生物可降解高分子材料的应用 Application of 4, biodegradable polymer materials 目前生物可降解高分子材料主要有两方面的用途：（1）利用其生物可降解性，解决环境污染问题，以保证人类生存环境的可持续发展。通常，对高聚物材料的处理主要有填埋、焚烧和再回收利用等3种方法，但这几种方法都有其弊端。（2）利用其可降解性，用作生物医用材料。目前，我国一年约生产3000 多亿片片剂与控释胶囊剂，其中70%以上是上了包衣的表皮，其中包衣片中有80%以上是传统的糖衣片，而国际上发达国家80%以上使用水溶性高分子材料作薄膜衣片，因此，我国的片剂制造水平与国际先进水平有很大的差距。国外片剂和薄膜衣片多采用羟丙基甲纤维素，羟丙纤维素、丙烯酸树脂、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、醋酸纤维素、邻苯二甲酸醋酸纤维素、羟甲基纤维素钠、微晶纤维素、羟甲基淀粉钠等。The biodegradable polymer materials are mainly used in two ways: (1) using its biodegradability, solve the p