Unit18.doc

Unit 18Passage 1 1203词社会：法律道德建议做题时间：15分钟The Federal Advisory Committee on Juvenile Justice The Federal Advisory Committee on Juvenile Justice ( FACJJ) is an advisory body established by the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention ( JJDP) Act of 1974, as amended. It is supported by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention ( OJJDP) , a component of the Office of Justice Programs, U. S. Department of Justice. The role of FACJJ is to advise the President and Congress on matters related to juvenile justice and delinquency (行为不良) prevention, to advise the OJJDP Administrator on the work of OJJDP, and to evaluate the progress and accomplishments of juvenile justice activities and projects. Since JJDP Act was first enacted more than 30 years ago, the juvenile justice landscape has changed considerably. The basic premises of the original Act remain - to support state and local programs that prevent juvenile delinquent behavior, to offer core protections to youth in the juvenile justice system, and to protect the safety of communities. However, the importance of other specific purposes of the Act has become weak and flowed according to public opinion and perceived needs in the juvenile justice system. The JJDP Act is due once again for reauthorization in 2007. Juvenile justice in this country has reached a crossroads, and the FACJJ believes it is time for the President, Congress, state and local policymakers, citizens, and juvenile justice practitioners to ask some serious questions about the future of the juvenile justice system, the JJDP Act, and the nations children. Rehabilitation (康复) Versus a Punitive ( Giving Punishment) Approach One of the first questions that needs to be answered is, What is the mission of the juvenile justice system? Should it focus on rehabilitation with a goal of reducing future criminal behavior in youth? There are some who perceive the rehabilitative approach as too soft because it does not provide punitive consequences believed to reduce criminal behavior. However, research by criminologists over the past several years has shown that punitive consequences do not, in fact, reduce criminal behavior and in some cases actually increase it. The National Institutes of Health ( NIH) released an independent report in 2004 that concluded that get tough programs such as group detention homes and boot camps are not only ineffective but may actually worsen existing problems among delinquent youth. Similarly, the NIH study also concluded that scare tactics and initiatives that consist of adults lecturing to adolescents do not work either. Rehabilitative approaches are the smart, not soft, method necessary to ad- dress both the present needs of juveniles and the potential for future criminal conduct. Such smart approaches base policy and practice on well-researched programs that have been demonstrated to reduce juvenile crime, protect the public, and accomplish the public safety and public policy roles of Congress. A growing body of research has identified the risk factors associated with juvenile crime and the protective factors shown to reduce the likelihood of criminal behavior in youth. Youth are exposed to both types of factors in their families, at school, among their peers, and in their communities. Being smart on juvenile delinquency requires assessing the factors and influences that put youth at risk of delinquency, determining available resources, and establishing prevention programs to either reduce risk factors or provide protective factors that buffer juveniles from the impact of risk factors. Another growing body of research identifies programs with a rehabilitation framework that have been proven Blueprints programs. The Blueprints for Violence Prevention program supported by the OJJDP is a directory of effective pro- grams that have been rigorously evaluated scientifically and found to be effective. The NIH study did note two Blueprints programs that have shown positive results: Functional Family Therapy and Multi-systemic Therapy. OJJDP also created and supports the Model Programs Guide, a Web-based tool that helps practitioners find scientifically effective programs that address a range of issues across the juvenile justice spectrum. Although FACJJ recognizes that rehabilitation may not work with all youth and that some serious, violent offenders do need to experience punitive consequences, the advisory committee believes that the rehabilitative approach has proven effective as an overarching juvenile justice system philosophy. Such an approach will work if it treats at risk and delinquent youth in an age-appropriate manner, provides developmentally appropriate, evidence-based services and supports, and ensures that sanctions, when needed, are graduated and appropriate to a juveniles age and offense. The country can no longer afford to make substantive (有实质性的 ) changes in the juvenile justice system without knowing if they work. Instead of enacting quick-fix legislation in response to the well-publicized sensational criminal actions of a few, it is time for policymakers to focus on programs that have been proven effective. States and communities need reliable data and information about those rehabilitative programs that work and those that do not. They need information about the cost-effectiveness of proven programs. They need training and technical assistance to help them translate research findings and put them into practice in service settings. With strong federal support from OJJDP, FACJJ believes that the juvenile justice system can begin to focus on the rehabilitative programs that have the greatest potential to reduce juvenile delinquency, prevent future violence, improve the juvenile justice system, and protect the public. That is being smart on crime. Juveniles or Adults? Another question that needs to be answered is Should the juvenile justice system treat delinquent youth as juveniles or as adults? Many policymakers and the public reacted to the rising juvenile crime rate in the 1990s by demanding tougher penalties for delinquent and violent acts commit- ted by juveniles and by allowing the transfer of more young people from the juvenile justice system to the adult criminal justice system. According to a policy brief from the National Juvenile Defender Center ( NJDC) , between 1992 and 1995 , 40 states passed laws making it easier to try juveniles as adults. Eighteen states further expanded juvenile transfer laws between 1998 and 2002. As a result, more than 200,000 youth are now prosecuted in adult .courts each year. FACJJ believes that the majority of juvenile offenders should be handled by the juvenile justice system, not the criminal justice system. This belief supports a recommendation by the National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges that the decision about whether to transfer a juvenile charged with a serious crime to criminal court should be made by a juvenile delinquency court judge after an individual hearing with a youth who is represented by qualified counsel.There are, of course, exceptions, and some very violent juvenile offenders should be transferred to the adult: system. But these decisions should be made on a case-by-case basis, and judges should consider questions such as: How dangerous is the offender? How violent was the offense? Will locking up the offender keep the community safer? Does the. offense indicate a pattern of violence? How mature is the offender? Are there developmental or mental disabilities? Can the. offender benefit from treatment, such as mental health. or substance abuse programs? FACJJ supports the notion of being smart - not soft - on juvenile crime by ac know edging that juveniles are not simply little adults and by urging communities to implement prevention and intervention programs that will help juvenile offenders become law-abiding citizens.1. The function of OJJDP is to advise the President and Congress on matters related to juvenile justice and delinquency prevention and so on. 2. Punitive consequences cannot reduce criminal behavior according to researches. 3. It is effective in preventing youth criminal behavior to give adolescents a lecture by adults. 4. Functional Family Therapy and Multi-systemic Therapy are two Blueprints programs which are effective.5. FACJJ recognizes that rehabilitation may work with all youth even with the serious, violent offenders. 6. To find reliable data and information about those rehabilitative programs that work and those that do not, states and communities invest much. 7. Whether the juvenile offenders should be transferred to the adult criminal justice system depends on many elements.8. FACJJ considers that _should deal with the majority of juvenile offenders.9. If the violent juvenile offenders have some _ disabilities, they may be not transferred to the adult system. 10. Urging communities to implement prevention and intervention programs is a_ notion.Passage 2 280词文教：社会教育建议做题时间：8分钟 If you are the owner of an MBA that was suspiciously easy to earn, clear of Oregon. It is one of the few steer in America that 11 pursues the sellers and users of fake degrees. Elsewhere, enforcement is largely up to employers, but the 12 can still be stiff: getting sacked, _ 13 your career and being exposed as a fraud. All across America, however, thousands of MBA owners who are not hardworking evidently think that the risks of 14 are worth taking since in most places it is no straightforward matter for employers to sort the genuine qualifications from the fake one.In credential conscious America, thousands of such degrees are_15_ every year. Some companies sell fake diplomas (文凭) from real schools, while others offer real degrees by bribing someone to insert fake files into a _16_ schools systems.A fake MBA unlike a fake medical degree will not kill anyone. But hiring a person with one can still prove expensive. Investing time and salary in someone who turns out to be 17 is bad enough, but if he makes an error before being caught, it could cost much more in lawsuits. So how to ensure that an MBA has been earned rather than 18 ? George Gollin , a professor at the University of Illinois , has posted a presentation describing how he tracked various schools he alleges(宣称) are fake diploma mills. Putting the name of one of these schools into Google turns up a Web encyclopedia（百科全书）19 0f diploma mills. If a would-be employee has bought a degree from a diploma mill, 20 the name of its institution into a search engine will produce similar results.A effective B valid C gradually D ruining E rewardedF list G bought H exposure I unqualified J typingK awarded L penalties M aggressively N sending O hurtingPssage 3 346词科普：自然资源建议做题时间：8.5分钟 The idea of a fish being able to generate electricity strong enough to light lamp bulbs - or even to run a small electric motor - is almost unbelievable, but several kinds of fish are able to do this. Even more strangely, this curious power has been acquired in different ways by fish belonging to very different families. Perhaps the best known are the electric rays, or torpedoes (电鳐) , of which several kinds live in warm seas. They possess on each side of the head, behind the eyes, a large organ consisting of a number of hexagonal(六角形的 ) shaped cells rather like a honeycomb. The cells are filled with a jelly-like substance, and contain a series of flat electric plates. One side, the negative side, of each plate, is supplied with very fine nerves, connected with a main nerve coming from a special part of the brain. Current passes from the upper, positive side of the organ downwards to the negative, lower side. Generally it is necessary to touch the fish in two places, completing the circuit, in order to receive a shock. The strength of this shock depends on the size of the fish, but newly-born ones only about five centimeters across can be made to light the bulb of a pocket flashlight for a few moments, while a fully grown torpedo gives a shock capable of knocking a man down, and, if suitable wires are connected, will operate a small electric motor for several minutes. Another famous example is the electric eel (电鳗). This fish gives an even more powerful shock. The system is different from that of the torpedo in that the electric plates run vertically and are supplied with nerves from the spinal cord. Consequently, the current passes along the fish from head to tail. The electric organs of these fish are really altered muscles and like all muscles are apt ( likely) to tire, so they are not able to produce electricity for very long.The power of producing electricity may serve these fish both for defense and attack.21. It can be learned from the passage that _ .A the capacity of generating electricity is the distinctive characteristic of the fishB the current travels in an upward direction from the positive side to negative side in torpedos electric cellsC some fish can produce enough electricity to drive a number of electric motorsD the torpedos electric cells have a shape with six sides22. Usually you will not get a shock by touching the electric ray in one place only because_A the current in one place is not strongB the fishs electric cells are filled with jelly-like substancesC you cannot complete the circuit by doing thatD a torpedos electric cells contain more than one electric plate 23. According to the third paragraph, we can know that _ .A a mature torpedo is capable of lighting the bulb of a pocket flashlightB the size of the fish decides the intensity of electric power it generatesC the strength of shock given by a young electric eel can knock a man downD the energy produced by electric fish is very useful to us 24. The reason why the electric eel is able to give more powerful shock is that_A the working system of the electric plates in the eel is the most effectiveB the working system of the electric plates in the eel is far inferior to that in the torpedoC compared with that in the torpedo, the working system of electric plates in the- eel is more direct and efficientD compared with other electric fish, the eel possesses much more electric plates25. The best title for this passage is_A The Eel B TorpedoC Electric Fish D Electric Powerssage 332词社会：健康饮水建议做题时间：8.5分钟 It has become a certain belief among the public - drink at least eight glasses of water a day to maintain health and wellbeing. Bottled water companies often repeat the claim to boost their sales but it is bunkum. There is no evidence to prove the benefits of drinking eight glasses of water a day, scientists say. The misunderstanding is believed to have arisen from a 1945 recommendation that adults should consume 2. 5 liters of water daily, one milliliter for every calorie consumed, which was highlighted by the British Medical Journal in December. The crucial part of the recommendation, however - most of this quantity is contained in prepared foods - is usually ignored. U. S. researchers who reviewed the evidence concluded most people do not need to worry about their water consumption. Besides drinking water, they will be getting plenty of fluid in other ways. Contrary to the common false belief, caffeinated drinks such as tea, coffee and cola, and alcohol can contribute to the daily total, in moderation, despite stimulating the production of urine (汞 ) . Less well known are the dangers of drinking too much water, resulting in water poisoning, low salt levels and even death. The review of research by Dan Negoianu and Stanley Goldfarb, from the University of Pennsylvania, found not a single study included the recommendation to drink eight glasses of water a day . Although one small study suggested that drinking water could result in fewer headaches , the results were not statistically s