专八mini-lecture2005-2013年真题.doc

2004 ConversationSkillsPeoplewhousuallymakeusfeelcomfortableinconversationsaregoodtalkers.Andtheyhavesomethingincommon,i.e.skillstoputpeopleatease.I. Skilltoaskquestion-beawareofthehumannature:readinesstoanswerothersquestionsregardlessof(1) shyness-startaconversationwithsomepersonalbutunharmful questionse.g. questions aboutones(2)firstjobquestionsaboutonesactivitiesinthe(3)morning-beabletospotsignalsforfurthertalk2. Skillto(4)listenforanswers-Dontshiftfromsubjecttosubjectstickingtothesamesubject:signsof(5)interest in conversation-Listento(6)tones ofvoiceIfpeoplesoundunenthusiastic,thenchangesubject.-Useeyesandearssteadyyourgazewhilelistening3.SkilltolaughEffectsoflaughter:easepeoples(7)discomforthelpstart(8)conversation4.SkilltopartImportance:openuppossibilitiesforfuturefriendshipor contactWays:men:asmile,a(9)good firm handshakewomen:sameas(10)men nowhowtoexpresspleasureinmeetingsomeone.Writing a Research Paper 2005I. Research Papers and Ordinary EssayA. Similarity in (1) basic steps: e.g. choosing a topic asking questions identifying the audienceB. Difference mainly in terms of (2) raw material 1. research papers: printed sources 2. ordinary essay: ideas in ones (3) headII. Types and Characteristics of Research PapersA. Number of basic types: twoB. Characteristics: 1. survey-type paper: to gather (4) facts and opinions to quote to (5) summarize and paraphrase The writer should be (6)objective. 2. argumentative (research) paper: a. The writer should do more, e.g. to interpret to question, etc. b. (7) Purpose varies with the topic, e.g. to recommend an action, etc.III. How to Choose a Topic for a Research PaperIn choosing a topic, it is important to (8)ask questions. Question No. 1: your familiarity with the topic Question No. 2: Availability of relevant information on the chosen topic Question No. 3: Narrowing the topic down to (9) a manageable size Question No. 4: Asking questions about (10) the topic itselfThe questions help us to work out way into the topic and discover its possibilities.Meaning in literatine 2006In reading literary works, we are concerned with the meaning of one literary piece or another. However, finding out what something really means is a difficult issue. There are three ways to tackle meaning in literature.I. Meaning is what is intended by (1) the author-Apart from reading an authors work in question, readers need to1 ) read (2) other words by the same author;2) get familiar with (3)the literary trends at the time;3) get to know cultural values and symbols of the time.II. Meaning exists in the text itself. 1) some peoples view: meaning is produced by the formal properties of the text like (4)grammar, etc.2) speakers view: meaning is created by both conventions of meaning and(5) cultural codesTherefore, agreement on meaning could be created by common traditions and conventions of usage. But different time periods and different (6) cultural perspectives could lead to different interpretations of meaning in a text.III. Meaning is created by (7)the reader1)meaning is (8)social2)meaning is contextual;3) meaning requires (9) reader competencypracticing competency in readingpracticing other competenciesbackground research. in (10)social structure , etc. What Can We Learn from Art? 2007I. Introduction A. Differences between general history and art history Focus: general history: (1)politics, economics and war art history: political values, emotions, everyday life, etc. B. Significance of study More information and better understanding of human society and civilizationII. Types of information A. Information in history books is (2) objective facts, but no opinions B. Information in art history is subjective (3) personal emotions and opinions e.g. Spanish painters works: misuse of governmental power Mexican artists works: attitudes towards social problemsIII. Art as a reflection of religious beliefs A. Europe: (4) the Bible in pictures in churches B. Middle East: pictures of flowers and patterns in mosques, palaces Reason: human and (5) animal images are not seen as holy C. Africa and the Pacific Islands: masks, headdresses and costumes in special ceremonies Purpose: to seek the help of (6) gods to protect crops, animals and people.IV. Perceptions of Art How people see art is related to their cultural background. A. Europeans and Americans (7) decoration expression of ideas B. People in other places part of everyday life (8) practical useV. Art as a reflection of social changes A. Cause of changes: (9) influence of different cultures. B. Changes tribal people: effects of (10)urbanization on art forms European artists: influence of African traditional art in their works American and Canadian artists: study of Japanese paintingThe Popularity of English 2008I. Present status of EnglishA. English as a native/first languageB. English as a lingua franca: a language for communication among people whose (1) native languages are different C. Number of people speaking English as a first or a second language: 320-380 million native speakers 250- (2)350 million speakers of English as a second languageII. Reasons for the popular use of EnglishA. (3) Historical reasons the Pilgrim Fathers brought the language to America; British settlers brought the language to Australia; English was used as a means of control in (4)former British Empire B. Economic reasons spread of (5) international commerce language of communication in the international business communityC. (6) Boom in international travel use of English in travel and tourism signs in airports language of announcement language of (7)air traffic controlD. Information exchange use of English in the academic world language of (8) conferences or journal articles E. Popular culture pop music on (9) many radios films from the USAIII. Questions to think aboutA. status of English in the futureB. (10) Possibilities of distinct varieties of English Writing Experimental Reports 2009I.Content of an experimental report, e.g. - study subject/ area - study purpose - Study resultII.Presentation of an experimental report - providing details - regarding readers as audienceIII.Structure of an experimental report - feature: highly structured and disciplined - sections and their content:INTRODUCTION what you did; why you did itMETHOD how you did itRESULT what you found outDISCUSSION what you think it showsIV. Sense of readership - a common mistake: reader is the marker -in reality: reader is an idealized, hypothetical, intelligent person with little knowledge of your study - tasks to fulfill in an experimental report: introduction to relevant area necessary background information development of clear arguments definition of technical terms precise description of data obtainedV. Demands and expectations in report writing - early stage: understanding of study subject/area and its implications basic grasp of the reports format - later stage: attention on research significance - things to avoid in writing INTRODUCTION: inadequate material lack of research justification for the studyParalinguistic Features of Language 2010In face-to-face communication speakers often alter their tomes of voice or change their physical postures in order to convey messages. These means are called paralinguistic features of language, which fall into two categories.First category: vocal paralinguistic featuresA. (1)tones of voice: to express attitude or intention B. Examples1. whispering: need for secrecy2. breathiness: deep emotion3. (2) huskiness: unimportance 4. nasality: anxiety5. extra lip-rounding: greater intimacySecond category: physical paralinguistic featuresA. facial expressions1. (3)universal expression 2. - smiling: signal of pleasure or welcome3. less common expressions- eye brow raising: surprise or interest- lip biting: (4)thinking or uncertainty gesturegestures are related to culture.4. British culture- shrugging shoulders: (5) lack of interest - scratching head: puzzlement5. other cultures- placing hand upon heart:(6)truth-telling - pointing at nose: secretB. proximity, posture and echoing1. proximity: physical distance between speakers- closeness: intimacy or threat- (7) distance: formality or absence of interest Proximity is person-, culture- and (8) situation -specific. 2. posture- hunched shoulders or a hanging head: to indeicate(9)mood- direct level eye contact: to express an open or challenging attitude3. echoing- definition: imitation of similar posture- (10) unconscious echoing: aid in communication - conscious imitation: mockeryClassifications of Cultures 2011According to Edward Hall, different cultures result in different ideas about the world. Hall is an anthropologist. He is interested in relations between cultures.I. High-context culture A. feature - context: more important than the message - meaning: (1)beyond the message i.e. more attention paid to (2) the context than to the message itself B. examples - personal space - preference for (3)closeness to people - less respect for privacy / personal space - attention to (4)body language - concept of time - belief in (5)multiple interpretation of time - no concern for punctuality - no control over timeII. Low-context culture A. feature - message: separate from context - meaning: (6)in the message B. examples - personal space - desire / respect for individuality / privacy - less attention to body language - more concern for (7)what you say - attitude toward time - concept of time: (8)monochronic - dislike of (9) lateness - time seen as commodityIII. Conclusion Awareness of different cultural assumptions - relevance in work and life e.g. business, negotiation, etc. - (10)_importance in successful communicationObservation 2012People do observation in daily life context for safety or for proper behaviour. However, there are differences in daily life observation and research observation.A. Differences - daily life observation -casual -(1) rare formal records -defendence on memory - research observation- (2) systematic and objective- careful record keepingB. Ways to select samples in research - time sampling- systematic: e.g. fixed intervals every hour- random: fixed intervals but (3) distributed randomlySystematic sampling and random sampling are often used in combination. - (4) situation sampling- definition: selection of different locations- reason: humans or animals behaviour (5) is different across circumstances- (6) advantage: more objective observationsC. Ways to record behaviour (7) as it occurs - observation with intervention- participant observation: researcher as observer and participant- field experiment: research (8) has more control over conditions - observation without intervention- purpose: describing behaviour (9) normally occurring - (10) method: no intervention- researcher: a passive recorder2013 What Do Active Learners Do?There are difference between active learning and passive learning.Characteristics of active learners:I. reading with purposesA. before reading: setting goalsB. while reading: (1) checking their understandingII. (2) reflective on information and critical in thinkingi.e. information processing, e.g.- connections between the known and the new information- identification of (3) incomprehensible concepts- judgment on the value of (4) the reading material.III. active in listening A. ways of note-taking: (5) comprehensive and organizedB. before note-taking: listening and thinkingIV. being able to get assistanceA. reason 1: knowing comprehension problems because of (6) constant understanding monitoringB. Reason 2: being able to predict study difficultiesV. being able to question informationA. question what they read or hearB. evaluate and (7) differ.VI. Last characteristicA. attitude toward responsibility- active learners: accept- passive learners: (8) blameB. attitude toward (9) poor performance- active learners: evaluate and change behaviour- passive learners: no change in approachRelationship between skill and will: will is more important in (10) motivating students.Lack of will leads to difficulty in college learning.2014 How to Reduce StressI. Definition of stressA. (1) physical reaction i.e. force exerted bet