2017年5月13日雅思阅读预测.doc

2017年5月13日雅思预测海湾污染、脚踏灌溉、鸟的迁徙、湖底勘探陨石湖、科学偶然性、蚂蚁的数学、交流与冲突、加拿大移民西迁、游戏的好处、化石数据库、老人智力维持、塔斯马尼亚老虎、反刍动物、对语言的态度。为了便于大家进行备考，今天为大家带来了对语言的态度这篇阅读文章及答案解析，大家可以进行练习。Attitudes to languageIt is not easy to be systematic and objective about language study. Popular linguistic debate regularly deteriorates into invective and polemic. Language belongs to everyone, so most people feel they have a right to hold an opinion about it. And when opinions differ, emotions can run high. Arguments can start as easily over minor points of usage as over major policies of linguistic education.Language, moreover, is a very public behaviour, so it is easy for different usages to be noted and criticised. No part of society or social behaviour is exempt: linguistic factors influence how we judge personality, intelligence, social status, educational standards, job aptitude, and many other areas of identity and social survival. As a result, it is easy to hurt, and to be hurt, when language use is unfeelingly attacked.In its most general sense, prescriptivism is the view that one variety of language has an inherently higher value than others, and that this ought to be imposed on the whole of the speech community. The view is propounded especially in relation to grammar and vocabulary, and frequently with reference to pronunciation. The variety which is favoured, in this account, is usually a version of the standard written language, especially as encountered in literature, or in the formal spoken language which most closely reflects this style. Adherents to this variety are said to speak or write correctly; deviations from it are said to be incorrect.All the main languages have been studied prescriptively, especially in the 18th century approach to the writing of grammars and dictionaries. The aims of these early grammarians were threefold: (a) they wanted to codify the principles of their languages, to show that there was a system beneath the apparent chaos of usage, (b) they wanted a means of settling disputes over usage, and (c) they wanted to point out what they felt to be common errors, in order to improve the language. The authoritarian nature of the approach is best characterized by its reliance on rules of grammar. Some usages are prescribed, to be learnt and followed accurately; others are proscribed, to be avoided. In this early period, there were no half-measures: usage was either right or wrong, and it was the task of the grammarian not simply to record alternatives, but to pronounce judgement upon them.These attitudes are still with us, and they motivate a widespread concern that linguistic standards should be maintained. Nevertheless, there is an alternative point of view that is concerned less with standards than with the facts of linguistic usage. This approach is summarized in the statement that it is the task of the grammarian to describe, not prescribe to record the facts of linguistic diversity, and not to attempt the impossible tasks of evaluating language variation or halting language change. In the second half of the 18th century, we already find advocates of this view, such as Joseph Priestley, whose Rudiments of English Grammar (1761) insists that the custom of speaking is the original and only just standard of any language. Linguistic issue, it is argued, cannot be solved by logic and legislation. And this view has become the tenet of the modern linguistic approach to grammatical analysis.In our own time, the opposition between descriptivists and prescriptivists has often become extreme, with both sides painting unreal pictures of the other. Descriptive grammarians have been presented as people who do not care about standards, because of the way they see all forms of usage as equally valid. Prescriptive grammarians have been presented as blind adherents to a historical tradition. The opposition has even been presented in quasi-political terms of radical liberalism vs elitist conservatism.Questions 1-8Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this1 There are understandable reasons why arguments occur about language.2 People feel more strongly about language education than about small differences in language usage.3 Our assessment of a persons intelligence is affected by the way he or she uses language.4 Prescriptive grammar books cost a lot of money to buy in the 18th century.5 Prescriptivism still exists today.6 According to descriptivists it is pointless to try to stop language change.7 Descriptivism only appeared after the 18th century.8 Both descriptivists and prescriptivists have been misrepresented.Questions 9-12Complete the summary using the list of words, A-I, below.Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 9-12 on your answer sheet.The language debateAccording to 9_, there is only one correct form of language. Linguists who take this approach to language place great importance on grammatical 10 _.Conversely, the view of 11 _, such as Joseph Priestly, is that grammar should be based on 12 _.A descriptivists B language experts C popular speechD formal language E evaluation F rulesG modern linguists H prescriptivists I changeQuestion 13Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in box 13 on your answer sheet.What is the writers purpose in Reading Passage 1?A. to argue in favour of a particular approach to writing dictionaries and grammar booksB. to present a historical account of differing views of languageC. to describe the differences between spoken and written languageD. to show how a certain view of language has been discredited以下是该篇阅读题目的答案解析，一起来了解一下吧：Question 1答案： YES关键词： reasons, arguments occur定位原文: 第1段第2、3句“Popular linguistic debate. ”语言学上的普通争论通常会升级为谩骂和论战。语言属于所有人，所以大多数人认为他们有权保留自己对语言的看法。解题思路: 题干要判断对于语言的争论，原因是否可以理解。 原文陈述，语言属于所有人，大多数人有权保留对语言的看法，所以人们的观点会产生分歧是可以理解的。题干与原文完全一致。Question 2答案： NO关键词： language education, language usage定位原文： 第1段第4句“And when opinions differ,” 而当看法出现分歧时，人们可能变得情绪激动。语言用法方面的一点小事，就能像语言学教育政策中的重大问题一样很容易引起争论。解题思路： 题干要判断人们对待语言教育的态度是否比对待语言用法的态度更加强烈。原文陈述，语言用法方面的一点小事都能像语言学教育政策中的大事一样引起争论，这说明对待语言用法与语言学教育政策的态度同样强烈。题干与原文所述观点不一致。Question 3答案： YES关键词： intelligence, affect定位原文： 第2段第2句“No part of society or social” 所有社会组成部分或者社会行为无一例外。语言因素影响我们如何判断一个人的个性、智力、社会地位、教育程度、工作能力以及许多身份与社会生存的其他方面。解题思路： 题干要判断使用语言的方式是否会影响人们对一个人智力的评估。原文陈述，语言因素影响我们如何判断一个人的个性、智力题干与原文完全一致。Question 4答案： NOT GIVEN关键词： prescriptive, 18th century对应原文： 第4段第1句“All the main languages”解题思路： 对所有主要语言的研究都是约定俗成的，尤其在18世纪对语法与词典的编写过程中。用定位词定位到的这句话中没有提到书的价格髙低与否。Question 5答案： YES关键词： prescriptivism, today定位原文： 第5段第1句“These attitudes are still with” 这些态度现在仍然伴随着我们，并且引起人们对保留语言标准的广泛关注。解题思路： 题干要判断现在规定主义是否仍然存在。原文陈述，这些态度现在仍然伴随着我们，题干与原文完全一致。Question 6答案: YES关键词: descriptivists, language change, pointless, stop定位原文: 第5段第3句“This approach is summarized in” 该观点可以总结为：语法家的任务是描述而不是规定，是记录语言多样性的实例而不是试图完成评价语言的差异或阻止语言的改变这种不可能完成的任务。解题思路： 题干要判断对于描述派来说，阻止语言变化是否毫无意义。原文陈述，语法家的任务不是阻止语言的改变这种不可能完成的任务。题干中阻止语言变化毫无意义=语法家的任务并非阻止语言改变这种不可能完成的任务。题干与原文完全一致。Question 7答案： NO关键词： after the 18th century, only定位原文： 第5段第4句“In the second half of the 18th century,” 在18世纪后半期，我们已经发现了该观点的支持者，比如Joseph Priestley, 他在1761年编写的英语语法入门中坚持认为，“说话的习惯是最原始的、也是所有语言的唯一标准”。解题思路： 题干中出现ONLY, 所以主要判断描述主义是否只有到18世纪后才出。原文陈述，18世纪后半期，我们已经发现了该观点的支持者，那就意味着在这个时间以前，已经有了描述主义的观点。题干与原文陈述的时间有出入，不一致。Question 8答案: YES关键词: descriptivists, prescriptivists定位原文: 第6段第1句“In our own time, the opposition” 在我们这个时代，“描述派”与 “规定派”之间的对立经常变得很极端，双方经常互相误解。解题思路: 题干要判断针对这两派的描述是否有失真实。原文陈述，“描述派”与 “规定派”之间的对立经常变得很极端，双方经常互相误解。题干与原文完全一致。Question 9答案: H关键词: correct form of language定位原文: 第3段第1句“In its most general”;第3段最后一句“Adherents to” 就其最普通的意义而言，规定主义认为某种语言向来就比其他语言具有更高的价值该语言的支持者其说话或者写作的方法被称为“正确的”方法，而任何偏差都被认为是 “错误的”。解题思路： 原文中陈述，规定主义认为某种语言的说话或写作方法只有一种 “正确的”方法，那么持这种看法的人就是规定派、规定主义者，把 prescriptivists带入空格中，解释为：根据规定主义者，语言只有一种正确的形式。因此选H。Question 10答案: F关键词： approach, grammatical定位原文： 第4段第3句“The authoritarian nature of” 该方法对语法“规则”的依赖最能体现出其独裁的本质。解题思路: 推崇规定主义的语言学家非常强调语法规则。因此选 F。Question 11答案: A关键词: Joseph Priestley定位原文: 第5段第4句“In the second half of the 18th century,”解题思路: 在18世纪后半期，我们已经发现了该 观点的支持者，比如Joseph Priestley。由此往前找，找到这句This approach is summarised