我今天想探讨的是未来下个世纪.doc

Trend Connections #2 TED Talk:Helen FisherThe Science of Love and the Future of WomenThe video is freely available on the Internet: /index.php/talks/view/id/16 Translated by Dr. Jane Lewis, Meg Chen, and the translation teamSUMMARY: Anthropologist Helen Fisher studies gender differences and the evolution of human emotions. Shes best known as an expert on romantic love, and her beautifully penned books - including Anatomy of Love and Why We Love - lay bare the mysteries of our most treasured emotion.Her work frequently invokes poetry, literature and art - along with scientific findings - helping us appreciate our love affair with love itself. In her research, and in books such as Anatomy of Love and 2004s Why We Love, Fisher looks at questions with real impact on modern life. Her latest research raises serious concerns about the widespread, long-term use of antidepressants, which may undermine our natural process of attachment by tampering with hormone levels in the brain.PreambleTalk OverviewId like to talk today about the two biggest social trends in the coming century, and perhaps in the next 10,000 years. But I want to start with my work on romantic love, because thats my most recent work. 我今天想探討的是未來下個世紀、也許是未來一萬年內最大的兩個社會的趨勢。首先，我要說的是浪漫之愛，這是我最新的研究。 What I and my colleagues did was to put 32 people, who were madly in love, into a functional MRI brain scanner: 17 who were madly in love and their love was accepted; and 15 who were madly in love and they had just been dumped. And so I want to tell you about that first, and then go on into where I think love is going.我跟我的同事正在做的是將三十二位在熱戀中的情侶我跟我的同事正在做的是將三十二位在熱戀中的男女(not couples, people)透過磁振造影儀來掃描他們腦部情況。其中十七位他們的伴侶接受他們的愛熱戀中且他們的愛被接受，另十五位一樣雖曾熱戀但可是剛剛才被甩。所以我首先要探討研究的發現，接著是愛在社會中會如何發展。What is romantic love?What tis to love? Shakespeare said.愛為何物?莎士比亞曾說。 I think human beings have been wondering about this question since they sat around their campfires or lay and watched the stars a million years ago. 我認為從一百萬年前，當人類坐在營火邊看星星就已在思考這個問題。I started out by trying to figure out what romantic love was, by looking at the last 45 years of research on, just the psychological research, and, as it turns out, theres a very specific group of things that happen when you fall in love. 首先我想釐清浪漫之情為何? 根據最近過去這四十五年在心理學方面的研究，那們，我發現當人們陷入熱戀時，有某些特定的反應會發生。The first thing that happens is, what I call a person begins to take on, what I call, special meaning. As a truck driver once said to me, he said, the world had a new center, and that center was Mary Anne. 第一件會發生的是，一個在熱戀中的人在他的伴侶上會看到特別之處，就如我所稱“特別意義”。有位卡車司機曾對我說過，地球有個新的中心，那個中心就是我的愛人。George Bernard Shaw said it a little differently. He said, love consists of overestimating the differences between one woman and another.George Bernard Shaw 有不同見解。他說：愛情就是對他的愛人跟所有女人相比較時，他會高估他所愛的人。Indeed, thats what we do. (laughter) And then you just focus on this person, you can list what you dont like about them, but then you sweep that aside and focus on what you do.的確，我們確實這樣做。(笑聲) 接著，你會僅僅專注在你那個人，你還能夠舉出你對她的種種不滿，但你卻能夠撇開她的缺點，專注在你所愛的部分。As Chaucer said, love is blind.就如 Chaucer 所說的：愛情是盲目的。Im trying to understand romantic love. I decided I would read poetry from all over the world.我正試著了解浪漫之愛。為了了解它，我決定讀世界上關於愛的詩。I just want to give you one very short poem from 8th century China, because its an almost perfect example of a man who is focused totally on a particular woman. Its a little bit like when you are madly in love with somebody and you walk into a parking lot, their car is different from every other car in the parking lot, their wine glass at dinner is different from every other wine glass at the dinner party and, in this case, a man got hooked on a bamboo sleeping mat.我現在要給你一個在來自八世紀中國的例子。它幾乎是個經典的例子，關於一個男人全心專注在特別的女人上。有點像，當你墜入情網，你走進一個停車場，你所愛的人的車子跟其它會與眾不同。在晚宴中，她的葡萄酒杯si hu好像 跟別人的酒杯也完全不同，等等。那們在這首詩中，這位男生著迷的是個竹子做的睡墊。And it goes like this. Its by a guy called Yuan Chen: I cannot bear to put away the bamboo sleeping mat. The night I brought you home I watched you roll it out. 那首詩是源自於”陳源”：我無法將那個睡墊收回，在我帶妳回我家的那晚，我看妳攤開睡墊時，我深深被這個動作吸引。He became hooked on a sleeping mat, probably because elevated activity of dopamine in his brain just like with you and me. 睡墊使他著迷，或許是因為他腦區中的多巴胺增加變得活躍。 But anyway, not only does this person take on special meaning, you focus your attention on them, you aggrandize them. But you have intense energy. 無論如何，不只這個人呈現出特別的意義，你也將注意力集中在他們身上並加以放大。同時你有旺盛的精力。As one Polynesian said, he said, I felt like jumping in the sky. Youre up all night. Youre walking till dawn. You feel intense elation when things are going well, mood swings into horrible despair when things are going poorly; real dependence on this person. 有位玻里尼亞男人曾說：我那時想跳到天空。你可以徹夜不眠，隔天依然精神振奮。當事情進展順利時，你會覺得興高采烈。當事情不順時，你心情會盪到谷底， 心情完全視對方而定 。As one businessman in New York said to me, he said, anything she liked, I liked. Simple. Romantic love is very simple.就像一位紐約商人對我說過：任何她喜歡的，我都喜歡。就是那們簡單，浪漫之情就是那們簡單。You become extremely sexually possessive. You know if youre just sleeping with somebody, casually, you dont really care if theyre sleeping with somebody else. But the moment you fall in love, you become extremely sexually possessive of them. I think that that is a Darwinian . theres a Darwinian purpose to this. The whole point of this is to pull two people together strongly enough to begin to rear babies as a team.你變的有強烈的性佔有慾，你知道如果你隨意的跟一個人上床，你較不在乎她同時是否跟其它人上床。但一旦你陷入熱戀，你突然變的有強烈的性佔有慾。從演化層面來看，我認為這個轉換有清楚的目的。重點是將兩個人強烈且足夠的擺在一起，並能夠成為一個團隊來撫養小孩。But the main characteristics of romantic love are craving, an intense craving to be with a particular person not just sexually, but emotionally. Youd much rather it would be nice to go to bed with them but you want them to call you on the telephone, to invite you out, etcetera. To tell you that they love you. 但浪漫之情主要的特色 （特性）是渴望，一種深層渴望與對方在一起的慾望，不單單是性慾上，更重要的是情慾層面。 跟他共度春宵是不錯，你也要對方打電話邀請你出去玩、等等。你要她們說那些我愛你的話。The other main characteristic is motivation. The motor in your brain begins to crank and you want this person.另一個主要的特性特色是動力。像是腦中的馬達開始運轉，並想擁有對方。And last but not least, it is an obsession.最後的特色，愛情是種迷戀。fMRIWhen I put these people in the machine, before I put them in the MRI machine, I would ask them all kinds of questions, but my most important question was always the same. It was what percentage of the day and night do you think about this person?當我透過磁振造影儀來觀察他們腦波之前，我會問他們一連串的問題。可是最重要的問題是：以百分比來說，一天當中，會想到對方多久？And, indeed, they would say, All day. All night. I can never stop thinking about him or her. 他們回答：日日夜夜，無法停止想念。And then, the very last question, I would ask them I would always have to work my self up to this question, because I am not a psychologist, I dont work with people in any kind of traumatic situation, and my final question was always the same. I would say, would you die for him or her?接著，我會問的是其實這個問題很敏感，因為我不是心理學家，我的專業領域也跟受創的人無關。最後會問的問題，通通都一樣：你願意為她而死嗎？And indeed, these people would say yes, as if I had asked them to pass the salt. I was just staggered by it.他們都會回答：我願意，好像請他們將鹽巴罐遞給我一樣容易，這樣的回答令我大吃一驚。So we scanned their brains, looking at a photograph of their sweetheart and looking at a neutral photo with a distraction task in between, so we could find look at the same brain when it was in that heightened state and when it was in a resting state. 我們透過磁振造影儀觀察他們的腦波兩次，第一次請他們看愛人的照片，接著我們轉移他們的注意力一陣子，最後請他們看一般人的照片。此研究的目的是比較腦部在受到刺激的情況下及靜止情況下的差異。And we found activity in a lot of brain regions. In fact, one of the most important was a brain region that becomes active when you feel the rush of cocaine. And, indeed, thats exactly what happens.我們發現很多腦部區塊出現反應 。事實上，出現反應的腦部區塊就像產生嗑古柯鹼的反應一樣。的確就是這個樣子。I began to realize that romantic love is not an emotion. In fact, I had always thought it was a series of emotions, from very high to very low, but, actually, its a drive.我逐漸地發現浪漫之愛不是個情感。老實說，我一直以為它是一連串的情感起伏，然而，它卻是股動力。It comes from the motor of the mind, the wanting part of the mind, the craving part of the mind. The kind of mind part of the mind, when youre reaching for that piece of chocolate, when you want to win that promotion at work: the motor of the brain. Its a drive. 它來自腦中控制佔有慾、渴望的部分。而這個部分就像你正在獲得巧克力的過程，或是你在工作職場上要獲得升遷一樣。這就是腦部的馬達。它是股動力。And, in fact, I think its more powerful than the sex drive. 其實，我認為浪漫之情比性慾還要強烈。You know, if you ask somebody to go to bed with you, and they say no thank you, you certainly dont kill yourself, or slip into a clinical depression, but certainly, around the world, people, who are rejected in love, will kill for it. People live for love. They kill for love. They die for love. They have songs, poems, novels, sculptures, paintings, myths, legends. In over 175 societies, people have left their evidence of this powerful brain system. 假設當你要求某人跟你上床，而對方卻說：不，謝謝。你根本不會想自殺，或是感到意氣消沉。可是，以全世界來說，當人們在追求愛情時被拒絕，他們會為了愛相互殘殺。人們為愛而活。為愛相互殘殺。為愛而死。未來他們有歌曲、詩、小說、雕刻品、繪畫、神話及傳說。在超過一百七十五個文化社會中，人們對於愛情這個強烈的腦部系統，總留下許多證據。I have come to think its one of the most powerful brain systems on earth for both great joy and great sorrow.我漸漸地認為這個系統是地球上最強烈的腦部系統之一，總為了追求無比的樂趣與悲哀。And Ive also come to think that its one of three, basically different, brain systems that evolved from mating and reproduction. One is the sex drive, the craving for sexual gratification. 除此之外，我認為，從交配與繁殖，我們演化出三種不同的腦部系統。而浪漫之情就是其中之一。另一個是性慾，追求性慾的渴望 。W.H. Auden called it an intolerable neural itch. And indeed thats what it is. It keeps bothering you a little bit, like being hungry.W.H. Auden 稱它為難耐的神經發癢之處。事實就是如此。它不斷地困擾你，就像你感到肚子餓一樣。The second of these three brain systems is romantic love: that elation, obsession of early love. 在我的想法，那三種腦部系統中的第二種就是浪漫之情，那是當你剛陷入情網時，你會感覺到無比的喜悅及著迷。And the third brain system is attachment: that sense of calm and security you can feel for a long-term partner. And I think that the sex drive evolved to get you out there, looking for a whole range of partners. You know you can feel it when youre just driving along in your car, it can be focused on nobody. 第三種我稱為依附，那是一種從終身伴侶身上會獲得的平靜與安全感。而我個人認為性慾的出現，在演化過程中使你尋找更多的伴侶。你知道當你在開車時，即使沒想到任何人也能夠產生性慾。I think romantic love evolved to enable you to focus your mating energy on just one individual at a time, thereby conserving mating time and energy. 然而，浪漫之情使你將交配能量專注在一個人身上。因此，你就能保留交配時間及能量。And I think that attachment, the third brain system, evolved to enable you to tolerate this human being, (laughter) at least long enough to raise a child together as a team.第三種腦部系統依附能夠使你忍受這個人(笑聲)，至少長久到雙方可以共同撫養小孩。Two Social Trends So, with that preamble, I want to go into discussing the 2 most profound social trends, one of the last 10,000 years and the other, certainly, of the last 25 years, that are going to have an impact on these three different brain systems: lust, romantic love and deep attachment to a partner. 事實上，到目前為止，我還未進入重點。我現在要探討的是最深層的兩個社會趨勢。第一是最近一萬年所呈現的趨勢，另一個僅僅是從近二十五年所看到的。它們將會對我之前所提的三種腦部系統情慾、浪漫之情與對伴侶的依附皆會有深層的影響。The first (trend) is women working, moving into the workforce. 第一個趨勢即是女性進入職場。Ive looked at 130 societies through the demographic yearbooks of the United Nations and everywhere in the world. 129 out of 130 of them, women are not only moving into the job market some places, sometimes, very, very slowly but, they are moving into the job market and they are very slowly closing that gap between men and women in terms of economic power, health and education. Its very slow. 透過看了聯合國的人口統計年報和其它的資訊，我對世界上一百三十個文化社會進行研究。研究顯示在一百二十九個社會裡，女性不僅進入職場，在經濟能力、健康及教育層面上，甚至縮短男女間的差異。且縮短的速度非常緩慢。For every trend in on this planet, theres a counter trend. We all know of them, but nevertheless. 在地球的每個趨勢都有例外，我們都可以想到這些例外。The old Arab saying- the Arabs say, the dogs may bark, but the caravan moves on. And indeed that caravan is moving on.即使如此，就如同阿拉伯的諺語所說：雖然狗會叫雖然狗會吠，卻不影響到阿拉伯人騎著駱駝穿越沙(confusing without explanation)。女性進入職場就如同阿拉伯人一樣不斷地遷移。Women are moving back into the job market. And I say back into the job market, because this is not new. For millions of years, on the grasslands of Africa, women “commuted” to work to gather their vegetables. They came home with 60-80% of the evening meal. The double income family was the standard. And women were regarded as just as economically, socially and sexually powerful as men. 女性正持續地回到工作職場。而我說回到工作職場，是因為它不是陌生的。在數百萬年前的非洲草原上，女人一樣會通勤上班，找尋可吃的植物。晚餐的百分之六十至八十都來自女人的工作。當時的家庭都是雙薪家庭。且女人與男人比較時，經濟、社會及性別上皆是平等的。In short, were really moving forward to the past. Then, womens worst invention was the plow. With the beginning of plow, agriculture, mens roles became extremely powerful.總之，我們正回到過去一樣。從這個角度來看，對女人來說，發生最糟的事情是發明犁的工具。犁田的發明之後，男人的角色卻變的更有權力。Women lost their ancient jobs as collectors, but then with the industrial revolution & the post industrial revolution theyre moving back into the job market. In short, they are acquiring the status that they had a million years ago, 10,000 years ago, 100,000 years ago. We are seeing now one of the most remarkable traditions in the history of the human animal. And its going to have an impact. 女人失去了原始、採收植物的工作。接著進入工業革命和後工業革命，女性逐漸地回到工作職場。簡而言之，她們獲得早在一百萬年前就擁有的地位。其實，我們正看到的就是人類史上最了不起的傳統之一。且它必定會有影響。I generally give a whole lecture on the impact of women on the business community. Ill only just say a couple of things and then go on to sex and love.我經常針對女性回到工作職場這個主題，至少會花幾小時探討女性在商業群體中的影響。關於這個議題，我將要探討兩件事。接著會探討性別及愛。Theres a lot of gender differences. Anybody who thinks men and women are alike simply never had a boy and a girl child. I dont know why it is that they want to think that men and women are alike, theres much we have in common, but theres a whole lot that we are not do not have in common. 性別差異事實上是有很多的。任何認為男女相同的人必定從未生過男孩及女孩。我不曉得為何會有人這樣認為。沒錯，我們的確有許多相同點，但也有很多相異點。We are, in the words of Ted Hughes, I think that we were built to be were like two feet, we need each other to get ahead. But we did not evolve to have the same brain.就好像 Ted Hughes 曾說的，男女就像雙腳一樣，必須相互依賴對方，才能繼續前進。但演化過程中，卻沒有相同的腦。And were finding more and more and more gender differences in the brain. Ill only just use a couple and then move on to sex and love.目前我們正發現在腦部有越來越多的性別差異點。我會先舉出一兩個例子，接著進入性及愛的議題。One of them is womens verbal ability. Women can talk. Womens ability to find the right word rapidly, basic articulation, goes up in the middle of the menstrual cycle, when estrogen levels peak, but even at menstruation, theyre better than the average man.其中之一是女人運用語言的能力。女人的確有說的能力。在女性的經期週期中，快速地找到洽當的字彙及清晰度會明顯的上升。剛好是雌激素最旺盛的時候。即使在經期時，女性也比一般的男性來的好。Women can talk. Theyve been doing it for a million years; words were womens tools. They held that baby in front of their face, cajoling it, reprimanding it, educating it with words. And indeed theyre becoming a very powerful force.女性確實有交談能力。那已經持續了一百多萬年。字彙就是女性的工具。她們會拿起她們的娃娃到她們的面前，用字彙來引誘、責罵及教育他們。的確，女性正變得越來越強勢。Even in places like India and Japan, where women are not moving rapidly into the regular job market, theyre moving into journalism. And I think that the television is like the global campfire. We sit around it and it shapes our minds. Almost always when Im on TV, the producers who call me, who negotiate what were going to say, is a woman.即使在印度及日本那類的國家，女性不會快速地進入工作職場，反而從事新聞業。我認為電視如同全球的營火一樣。我們圍繞著它，且它會影響我們的觀點。幾乎每次我上電視時，打電話給我、與我溝通節目上需要說什們的製作人，幾乎都是女性。In fact, Solzhenitsyn once said, to have a great writer is to have another government. 的確， Solzhenitsyn 曾說過：如果有一位很有能力的作家，他的能力如同政府一樣會影響到人們的觀點。Today, 54% of people who are writers in America are women. Its one of many, many characteristics that women have that they will bring in to the job market.目前，在美國的作家中，百分之五十四都是女性。語言能力是女性進入工作職場的特色之一。Theyve got incredible people skills, negotiating skills. Theyre highly imaginative. We now know the brain circuitry of imagination, of long term planning. 舉例來說，她們擁有了不起的人與人相處能力、協調能力以及她們有豐富的想像力。目前我們已知道腦、想像力及長時間計畫的關聯。They tend to be web thinkers. Because the female parts of the brain are better connected, they tend to collect more pieces of data when they think, put them into more complex patterns, see more options and outcomes. They tend to be contextual holistic thinkers, what I call web thinkers.此外，她們擁有網狀思考能力。由於女性左右腦跟男性比較時，特別有關聯性，當她們思考時，通常會搜尋更多的資訊，並將資訊放在更複雜的模式中，且會看到更多的解決方法及事情的成效。她們通常是整體性、多方位的思考者。就如同我所稱的網狀思考能力。Men tend to and these are averages tend to get rid of what they regard as extraneous, focus on what they do, and move in a more step by step thinking pattern. 一般來說，男性會拋開他所認為無關的資訊，並注重於某一點，且用逐步地思考模式。Theyre both perfectly good ways of thinking, we need both of them to get ahead, in fact theres many more male geniuses in the world when the and theres also many more male idiots in the world (laughter). 兩種思考模式其實都是好的。並且兩種我們都需要以進一步思考。事實上，在世界上，就天才來說，男性大於女性。此外，就傻瓜來看，男性也大於女性。(笑聲)When the male brain works well it works extremely well.當男性的腦部思考模式進行順利時，它的確會順利得不得了。And I, what I really think that were doing is were moving towards a collaborative society, a society in which the talents of both men and women are becoming understood and valued and employed. 老實說，我認為我們目前在做的是進入到一個相互合作的社會。一種男性與女性的才能都可以被認為是有價值及好好運用的社會。But, in fact, womens moving into the job market is having a huge impact on sex and romance and family life. Foremost, women are starting to express their sexuality. 然而，女性進入工作職場對於性、浪漫和家庭生活固然都有極大的影響。最明顯的是女性逐漸地會表達她們性感。Im always astonished when people come to me and say, why is it that men are so adulterous? And I say, why do you think more men are adulterous than women? Oh, well, men are more adulterous! And I say, who do you think these men are sleeping with? And, . basic math! (laughter) 當人們問我說：為什們男人那們愛通姦？我總是會感到很吃驚。我接著會問說：你怎們會認為愛通姦的男人多於女人？他們總會回答：當然是男性多。接著我會問：你認為男人到底都跟誰通姦阿？這是個基本的數學問題！(笑聲)Anyway, in the western world, little girls start women start, sooner at sex, have more partners, express less remorse for the partners that they do, marry later, have f