M6 U2 语法 (2).doc

Period 57 Grammar and Usage【每案一句】A work illdonemust bedonetwice【学习目标】1. Review infinitive, verb-ing and verb-ed.2. Learn some exams hints.3. Try to improve the students accuracy.【课前自主学习】1. (2013全国卷I) 28. The driver wanted to park his car near the roadside but was asked by the police _.A. not to doB. not to C. not do D. do not2. (2013全国卷I) 35. The sunlight is white and blinding, _ hard-edged shadows on the ground.A. throwingB. being thrown C. to throw D. to be thrown3. (2013全国卷II) 5. I got to the office earlier that day, _ the 7:30 train from PaddingtonA. caught B. to have caught C. to catch D. having caught4. (2013北京卷) 21. Volunteering gives you a chance _ lives, including your own.A. change B. changing C. changed D. to change5. (2013北京卷) 24. _ the course very difficult, she decided to move to a lower level.A. FindB. Finding C. To find D. Found来源:6. (2013北京卷) 29. When we saw the road _ with snow, we decided to spend the holiday at home.A. blockB. to block C. blocking D. blocked7. (2013上海卷) 31. The judges gave no hint of what they thought, so I left the room really _.A. to be worriedB. to worry C. having worriedD. worried8. (2013上海卷) 32. The students are looking forward to having an opportunity _ society for real-life experience.来源:数理化网A. exploreB. to exploreC. exploringD. explored9. (2013上海卷) 34. Young people may risk _ deaf if they are exposed to very loud music every day.A. to goB. to have goneC. goingD. having gone10. (2013上海卷) 35. Sophia got an e-mail _ her credit card account number.A. asking forB. ask forC. asked forD. having asked for【课中合作探究】一、高考必备基础知识非谓语动词是高中语法学习中的一个重点和难点，它是一个系统、综合性很强的语言点，解题时切不可记住几个条条框框就去生搬硬套。真正领悟非谓语动词的用法要具备以下基础知识：1. 具有句子结构的知识，会分析句子成分。2. 具有简单句最基本的五种句型的知识，要分得清双宾语和复合宾语。3. 具有扎实而丰富的动词知识，要分得清及物动词和不及物动词。一些最基础最常用的动词的用法应当烂熟于胸。4. 具备各种复合句的知识，能够拆开并分析30词左右长度的复合句、难句。同时还要了解非谓语动词的句法功能及近五年高考试题的发展趋势。非谓语动词的句法功能名称主语宾语表语定语状语补足语不定式V-ing形式V-ed形式近五年高考有关非谓语动词考查统计表内容年份主语宾语表语定语状语补足语2009年12181522010年0019742011年2309125201211110182从上述两表可知高考对非谓语动词的考查主要集中于非谓语动词作状语及定语和补足语上。下面结合高考题来分析一下非谓语动词的句法功能。二、高考考点分析及难点突破1. 非谓语动词作状语都和句中的主语形成一定的逻辑关系，即主动或被动关系；所以做题时，根据句子的主语来判断。考题模型： _，+ 句子 句子，+_ 句，_, 子备考清单：1）动词不定式一般作目的状语，有时可用in order to或so as to替换。如： I went to the post office to mail a letter. The bus stopped so as to pick up passengers. 2）动词不定式跟在某些形容词之后作原因状语，形成be + adj. + to do sth. 如： I am very glad to see you. 3）动词不定式用于固定句型中作结果状语 enough to do too to do , only to do （表示意想不到或不愉快的结果） so as to do All too often, women complain that theyve educated as equals, only to go out into the workforce to be treated as inferiors. 注意动词不定式用在如下的特殊结构中：She was too eager to see her mother. 她很急于见到她妈妈。You can never be too careful to cross the street. 你过街时要越小心越好。To be honest, I know nothing about it. 老实说，我对此一无所知。 4） V-ing形式作状语，和句中的主语形成逻辑上的主谓关系。5） V-ed形式作状语，和句中的主语形成逻辑上的动宾关系。6） V-ing或V-ed形式及其短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。表示时间关系的有时可由连词when及while引出。7）有些分词短语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常见的有：generally speaking, frankly speaking, judging from, considering 形式意义V-ing (doing)与句中主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，与句中谓语动词同时发生，或基本上同时发生。being + V-ed(being done)与句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且与谓语动词同时发生，一般作原因状语置于句首，也可作后置定语及补足语。having + V-ed(having done)与句中主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，先于谓语动词发生，只能在句中作状语。having been + V-ed(having been done)与句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且先于谓语动词发生，只能在句中作状语。V-ed (done过去分词)与句中主瓖构成逻辑上的动宾关系。即时应用：1.（2013福建卷）22._ basic first-aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.A. Known B. Having known C. Knowing D. Being known2. （2013福建卷）32. Anyone, once _ positive for H7N9 flu virus, will receive free medical treatment from our government.A. to be tested B. being tested C. tested D. to test3. （2013安徽卷）32. _ in the early 20th century, the school keeps on inspiring childrens love of art. A. To found B. Founding C. Founded D. Having founded2. 非谓语动词作定语做题时，根据这个n/ pron来判断考题模型： _ + n n/ pron + _ 备考清单：1）当名词前缺定语时，只考虑用单个的V-ing形式或V-ed形式；与所修饰的名词形成逻辑上的主动、进行、一般、功用或目的时，选用V-ing形式；与所修饰的名词形成逻辑上的被动或完成时，选用V-ed形式。 2）当名词后面缺定语时，考虑用动词不定式、V-ing或V-ed形式短语。选用V-ing或V-ed形式短语，判断方法同上。3）动词不定式作定语的几种情况：不定式修饰名词时，表将来的动作行为。如：I borrowed some books to read during my holiday.The question to be discussed at the tomorrows meeting is a very important one.不定式用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no, all, any等限定的中心词。如：He was the best man to do the job. She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games. Women and children were the first to get into the lifeboats.4）作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。如：The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.There is nothing to worry about. Please give me a knife to cut with. Here is some paper for you to write on.但是，不定式所修饰的名词如果是time, place或way时，不定式后面的介词习惯上省去。如：He had no money and no place to live (in).We found a way to solve this problem (in).5）当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但其含义有所不同。试比较：Have you anything to send?Have you anything to be sent?6） being + V-ed形式及短语作定语，表示正在进行的被动 having + V-ed形式及短语作定语，表示主动和已经发生 having been + V-ed形式及短语一般不作定语，除非表示某动作已被发生多次即时应用： 1. (2013全国课标I卷) 22. They might just have a place _ on the writing course. why dont you give it a try?A. Leave B. Left C. leaving D. to leave2. (2013天津卷) 10. In some languages,100 words make up half of all words _ in daily conversations.A. using B. to use C. having used D. used来3. (2013陕西卷) 14. The witnesses _ by the police just now gave very different descriptions of the fight.A. questioned B. being questioned C. to be questioned D. having questioned3. 非谓语动词作补足语做题时，根据这个n/ pron来判断考题模型： Vt + n/ pron + _ with + n/ pron + _备考清单：1）感官动词see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, notice等后面的宾补有三种形式，即原形动词（不带to的不定式）、V-ing形式和V-ed形式。V-ing形式表主动或正在进行，V-ed形式表被动或完成，动词原形表主动和完成。如：I heard her _ an English song just now. 刚才我听见她唱了一首英文歌。I heard her _ an English song when I passed by her room yesterday. 昨天经过她房间时，我听见她在唱英文歌。I heard the English song _ many times. 我多次听到有人唱这首英文歌。注：不及物动词的过去分词作宾补表完成和状态。如：I looked down at my neck and found my necklace _. 我低下头看自己的脖子，发现我的项链不见了。(状态)I was surprised to find my hometown _ so much. 我惊讶地发现我的家乡变化很大。(完成)2）leave后接三种形式作宾补时，其中leave保留了原来之意“留下”，但表达的确切之意应是“使处于某种状态”。不定式表示将来的动作 sb to do sth留下某人做某事 sth to be done留下某事要做leave sb doing sth让某人一直做某事（宾语和宾补之间是主谓关系，表示动作正在进行） sth undone留下某事未做（宾语和宾补之间是逻辑 被动关系，表示被动和完成，一般以undone, unfinished, unsettled, untouched为多） Its wrong of you to leave the machine _. 你让机器一直开着是不对的。The guests left most of the dishes _, because they didnt taste delicious. 客人们没有动大部分菜，因为它们尝起来不可口。He left, leaving me _ all the rest work. 他走了，留下我一个人去做剩余的所有工作。We hurriedly ended our meeting, leaving many problems _. 我们匆匆忙忙地结束了会议，留下了很多问题等待解决。3）have, get后接三种形式作宾补时，表示“使、让、叫”之意。使/让/叫某人去做某事 have sb do sth get sb to do sth have/ get sb doing 使/让某人持续地做某事（V-ing形式表示动作正在进行） have/ get sth doing 使某物开始行动（或运转）起来 have sb doing （若用于否定句中，其中have有“容忍”之意） have/ get sth done使/让某事由别人做；叫/让某人做某事 have sth done使遭受Mother had me _. 妈妈让我去商店买盐。I cant get him _. He wont listen to me. 我不能让他戒烟，他不会听我的。The captain had the soldiers _ toward the front after a short rest. 休息了片刻之后，上尉让士兵们开始朝前线行进起来。Ill _ tomorrow. 我明天去修自行车。I wont have you speaking to your parents like that.不要让水流过不停。_Tom had his leg _ (break) while playing football.Mr. Smith _ (break into) while he was away on holiday. Smith先生外出度假期间，房子被盗了。4）with复合结构(with + n/ pron +非谓语动词)：不定式表示尚未发生的、将来的动作；V-ing形式表示主动、正在进行的动作；V-ed则强调被动意义，也可表示动作已完成。如：With a lot of work _ (do), I cant go to the cinema with you tonight. With the boy _ (lead), we had no difficulty in finding his house. With all work _ (do), Jim went out to play football. 总的原则：非谓语动词作补语时，是要看动词与逻辑主语之间的关系，再结合动作发生的时间（将来发生、正在发生或者是已经发生）来选择合适的形式。即时应用： 1. (2013陕西卷) 13. Let those in need that we will go all out to help them.A. to understand B. understand C. understanding D. understood2. (全国课标I卷) 28. The driver wanted to park his car near the roadside but was asked by the police _.A. not to do B. not to C. not doD. do not3. (上海卷) 27. As Jack left his membership card at home. he wasnt allowed _into the sports club. A. going B. to go C. go D. gone 4. 非谓语动词作状语考题模型： Vt + _ （要根据Vt来判断） prep + _ （绝大部分prep后面只接V-ing形式作宾语）备考清单：1）后面只接动词不定式作宾语的及物动词（短语）2）后面只接V-ing形式作宾语的及物动词（短语）3）后面既可接动词不定式又可接V-ing形式的及物动词（短语）（注意含义有没有区别）4） like/ love/ prefer doing/ to do sth would/ should like/ love/ prefer to do sth feel like doing sthallow/ advise/ forbid/ permit5） doing sth sb to do sthneed/ want/ require6） doing to be done7）worth与worthy:be worth + n.（表示钱数或相当于钱数的名词） doing（值得，doing是主动表被动） of + nbe worthy of being done 值得 to be done一句多译：那个地方值得一去。8）动词不定式作动词tell, show, understand, explain, teach, learn, advise, discuss, ask, decide, wonder, find out等词的宾语时，常有wh-引导词，即how, what, whether, where, when, who等 + to do。（注意：此用法的不定式的逻辑主语需与主句的主语或宾语保持一致，否则用宾语从句）如：He showed us how to do the work. (= He showed us how we should do the work.)I dont know _. 我不知道怎么做。9）动词不定式在介词but, except, besides, other than后面时，如果介词之前有行为动词do的某种形式，那么介词后的不定式不带to，否则就要带to。另外在cant choose but, cant help but, cant but后面的不定式也要省略to。如：We could do nothing but/ other than _ (wait). We had nothing to do but/ other than _ (wait).We have no choice but to _ (wait). I cant choose but _ (laugh).即时应用：(2013江苏卷) 31. Shortly after suffering from a massive earthquake and _ to ruins, the city took on a new look.来源:A. reducingB. reducedC. being reduced D. having reduced5. 非谓语动词作主语考题模型： _ + be/ 其他动词 + 其它结构 It +be/其他动词 + 其它结构 + _ 备考清单：1）表示经常性、习惯性常用V-ing形式，一次、具体的动作用不定式。2）It be no good/ no use/ useless/ a waste of + doing sth 3）It be + adj. + for/ of sb to do sth即时应用：(2013福建卷)22._ basic first-aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.A. Known B. Having known C. Knowing D. Being known来6. 非谓语动词作表语考题模型： 连系动词 + _ 备考清单：1）常见的连系动词有：状态系动词（用来表示主语状态）be，持续系动词（用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度）keep, remain, stay, lie, stand；表像系动词（用来表示“看起来像”这一概念）seem, appear, look；感官系动词feel, smell, sound, taste；变化系动词（表示主语变成什么样）become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run；终止系动词（表示主语已终止动作）prove, turn out等等。2）若句型：主语 + be + _ 可以换成句型：_ + be +（原来的主语），此时，一般考虑用不定式或V-ing形式，不用V-ed形式；表示经常性、习惯性常用V-ing形式，一次、具体的动作用不定式。3）若句子的主语为人时，考虑用V-ed形式；若句子的主语为物时，考虑用V-ing形式。The day was so _ (charm). 天气真是好极了。This interruption is very _ (annoy). 这样的打断很让人恼火。She was _ (annoy) at your saying that. 你这样讲她很不高兴。Im afraid Im slightly _ (drink). 可能我有一点醉了。即时应用：(2013重庆卷)34. The engine just wont start. Something seems _ wrong with it.A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone三、高考命题规律及应对策略1. 命题规律：1）非谓语动词是一个热点考题，每年高考试卷中都会出现2-3个有关非谓语动词的选择题。题目难度中等偏上，近几年题目设置上注重了语言情景化和句式结构复杂化，加大了对题干句的理解难度。2）考查中设问的角度呈现多样化趋势，不仅仅是非谓语动词之间的互相干扰，还利用了祈使句与以非谓语动词开头的句子在结构上相似的特点，设置干扰项，给考生造成了很大的麻烦。即时应用：1. (2013江苏卷) 24. Lionel Messi, _ the record for the most goals in a calendar year, is considered the most talented football player in Europe.A. setB. settingC. to setD. having set2. (2013重庆卷) 30. When I was little, my mother used to sit by my bed, _ me stories till I fell asleep.A. having told B. telling C. told D. to tell2. 应对策略：1）非谓语动词的识别：顾名思义，非谓语动词就是在英语中不能单独作句子的谓语，而是担任其它语法功能的动词。近年来高考命题者常常通过改用熟悉的句型结构或利用一些“貌合神离”的手段，加大考生辨别非谓语动词的难度。要准确认识非谓语动词，可使用如下准则： 准则一：一句话中通常不能有两个或两个以上的谓语动词，除非动词是并列谓语或者分别出现在主从复合句或并列句中；一句话中也不可能无谓语动词（谓语省略的情况除外）。2）V-ing形式与V-ed形式的选择：准则二：分词作定语时的选择要看动词原形与被修饰词之间的逻辑关系；分词作状语时的选择要看动词原形与句子的主语的逻辑关系；分词作宾语补足语时的选择要看动词原形与宾语之间的逻辑关系；独立主格结构中的分词选择要看动词原形与其逻辑主语间的逻辑关系；with复合结构中作宾补的分词的选择要看动词原形与宾语之间的逻辑关系；如果作以上成分时两者间关系为动宾关系，则选用过去分词，若为主谓关系则选用现在分词（垂悬分词及用主动表被动的用法属特殊情况，不在此列）。3）分词的时态与语态特征的选择：准则三：分词的时态与语态特征的选择可参考下表：分词种类形式语法意义特征V-ing一般式doing定语、状语、宾语、补足语所表示的动作是主动的，且一般与谓语动词的动作或基本同时发生。一般被动式being done定语、状语、宾语、宾语补足语所表示的动作是被动的，且一般与谓语动词同步发生。完成式having done只作状语表主动的动作，且其表示的动作是在谓语动词之前发生的。完成被动式having been done只作状语表被动的动作，且其表示的动作是在谓语动词之前发生的。过去分词done表语、状语、宾语补足语及物动词的过去分词既表示被动又表示动作已完成，个别动词的过去分词只表示完成意义（多数为不及物动词）即时应用：1. (2013江苏卷) 31. Shortly after suffering from a massive earthquake and _ to ruins, the city took on a new look.来源:A. reducingB. reducedC. being reduced D. having reduced2. (2013山东卷) 25. The room is empty except for a bookshelf _ in one corner. A. standing B. to stand C. stands D. stood3. (2013山东卷) 29. I stopped the car _ a short break as I was feeling tired. A. takeB. taking C. to take D. taken4. (2013山东卷) 33. _ at the cafeteria before, Tina didnt want to eat there again. A. Having eaten B. To eat C. Eat D. Eating5. (2013重庆卷) 34. The engine just wont start. Something seems _ wrong with it.A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone6. (2013四川卷) 8. _ which university to attend, the girl asked her teacher for advice.A. Not knowing B. Knowing not C. Not known D. Known not7. (2013四川卷) 10. The airport _ next year will help promote tourism in this area.A. being completed B. to be completed C. completed D. having been completed8. (2013江西卷) 34. If _ to look after luggage for someone else, inform the police at once.A. askedB. to askC. askingD. having asked9. (2013浙江卷) 19. There are some health problems that, when _ in time, can become bigger ones later on.A. not treated B. not being treated C. not to be treated D. not having been treated10. (2013浙江卷) 7. _ how others react to the book you have just read creates an added pleasure.A. Hearing B. Hear C. Having heard D. To be hearing11. (2013浙江卷) 12. A good listener takes part in the conversation, _ ideas and raising questions to keep the talk flowing.A. realizing B.