1.基本语法、名词.docx

基本语法英语中的句子成分主要有主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、同位语和补语八种。1.主语主语是执行句子的行为或动作的主体，表示句子所说的是什么人或什么事物，一般用名词、代词、动名词、相当于名词的词、短语或从句充当。Eg.1.Japan is famous for its car and electronic produces.2.They all agree with us on this issue.3.Walking is a good way to exercise.4.Only Li Lei passed CET-6 exam this time.5.Four pluses ten is fourteen. 6.What you said will be used as testimony in a court of law.（米兰达规则）特殊情况：句子作主语Eg.It is strange that he didnt come yesterday.(That he didnt come yesterday is strange.)What a surprise that he should have failed in the exam.2.谓语谓语是对主语动作或状态的陈述说明，指出“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”，由动词充当，与主语在人称和数方面必须保持一致（主谓一致）。Eg.Your experiment has received the sponsorship of Microsoft Corp.When you called me, I was taking a shower.His theory proved to be right.The door doesnt lock easily. (含被动意义的主动语态)I have ever been to over 100 countries.谓语应当注意时态！3.表语表语说明主语是什么或者怎么样，用名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词、短语或从句等充当，与系动词一起构成谓语。Eg,1. Africa is a big continent.2. You look beautiful today.3. The patient is out of danger now.4. I will be in charge of this office soon.5. The sun is up.(副词)6. The truth is not like what he said.7. My advice for you is that you see a doctor immediately.4.宾语宾语表示主语的动作、行为的对象，分为直接宾语和间接宾语，由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语或从句充当。及物动词后必须有宾语。Eg.1. Have the police found the lost girl?2. He didnt like them.3. I do like to go to school. = I do like going to school.4. They sent the injured to the hospital.5. Do you write down what he said?直接宾语&间接宾语I give you some money.He showed me his new work.5.定语定语用来修饰名词或代词。除形容词外，定语还可以用代词、数词、名词、介词短语或相当于形容词的词、短语或从句充当。Eg.1. We want five more chairs.2. The woman in red hat is Jacks mom.3. You are sitting on his seat.4. The bottle filled with water is not mine.5. Dont you remember the story I told you last week?6. The boy needs a ball pen.定语前置次序：限观形龄色国材6.状语状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词，一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义，常用副词、介词短语或相当于副词的词、短语或从句等充当。定语是主语或宾语的附加成分，而状语是谓语的附加成分Eg.1. I went there to study.2. He got home at 11 pm last night.3. She speaks English very well.4. The boy was praised for his bravery.5. Tom moved to Chongqing when he was 19 years old.6. Unknown the situation inside the cave, he rushed into it.7.同位语同位语用来进一步解释前面的名词或代词，说明它指的是谁或是什么等。一般用名词或相当于名词的词、短语或从句等充当。Eg.1. News came that Chairman Hu was going to visit RUC on Sept. 9th.2. Barak Obama, the 56th president of the United States.3. I have no idea how I can persuade her to stop taking drugs.4. My father is a very kind man, one who is loved by many people.8.补语补语用来补充主语或宾语的意义，着重说明主语或宾语的特征，分为主语补足语和宾语补足语，由常用名词、形容词或非谓语动词等充当。Eg.1. Listening to her tell stories is a pleasure.2. I think it possible that he is able to win the champion of this match.3. Mike was chosen monitor by his fellows yesterday.4. Policemen found him dead in a cage.Eg. Tom, China, Microsoft, Nokia, McDonald, etc专有名词名词个体名词：book, ship, desk, teacher, engineer等可数名词集体名词：people, police, clothes等普通名词抽象名词：information, success, news, advice等不可数名词物质名词：water, milk, rice等1.可数名词（一）、规则变化绝大多数可数名词的复数形式是在词尾加-s或-es。词尾变化规则例词备注一般在词尾加-sbook-booksdesk-desksstudent-studentss在清辅音后读s,在浊辅音后读z-s, -x, -sh ,-ch等在词尾加-esbus-busesbox-boxesbrush-brushesmatch-matcheses读作iz辅音字母+o一般加-s，但有些加-esradio-radiospiano-pianoshero-heroestomato-tomatoes有些加-s和加-es都可以，如：zero, volcano, tobacco等。通常情况下，单词表示动植物时加-es，表示无生命物质时加-s辅音字母+y变y为i再加-escountry-countriescity-citiesstory-stories元音+y结尾的名词或专有名词以y结尾的，加-s，读z，如：day-daysboy-boysHenry-Henrys-f或-fe变-f或-fe为v再加-esleaf-leavesknike-knivesthief-thievesshelf-shelves有的可以直接加-s，如：roof-roofsproof-proofsbelief-beliefs极少数两者均可，如：handkerchief-handkerchiefs/handkerchievsscarf-scarfs/scarves（二）不规则变化1改变单数名词中的字母或其他形式。如：child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, mouse-mice, man-men, goose-geese等注意：由man和woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men和-women，如：Englishman-Englishmen German不是合成词，其复数形式是Germans！2.单复数同形Eg. deer, sheep, fish, Chinese, Japanese, yuan等名词单复数同形注意：除由汉语音译的表示度量衡、币制等单位的单复数同形外，其他国家的币制，如美元、欧元等和一些国际单位，如千米、吨等都有复数形式。3.集体名词大多数集体名词，既可看作复数，也可看作单数。但是有些集体名词，如cattle， police，people，staff等总用作复数。4.复合名词有些在词尾加-(e)s：boy student-boy students, housewife-housewives等有些把主体名词变成复数形式，如：sister-in-lawsisters-in-law, passer-bypassers-by等5.作定语的名词的单数名词作定语一般用单数例外：sports meeting, students reading-room, talks table等。man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数情况而定：a man worker, women teachers, gentlemen officials等有些以-s结尾的名词，作定语时-s保留：goods train, arms produce, customs papers, clothes brush等。2.不可数名词不可数名词的量的概念通常通过单位词来表示，如：a piece of paper, a bottle of water, a bowl of rice等。常用的表示量的单词短语：mucha great/good deal of a large/small amount ofa bit of not a bitnot a little quite a bit/littlesome plenty of a lot of lots ofall a large/small quantity ofa fewfewa littlelittle常见不可数名词：fun weather progressclothing equipment furniturejuice luggage luck music homework meatproduction bread baggage抽象名词具体化beauty美丽a beauty一个美人success成功a success一个成功的人或事difficulty困难a difficulty一件难事物质名词表示具体事物或种类时为可数名词paper纸papers试卷、论文、报纸glass玻璃a glass一个玻璃杯metal金属a rare metal一种稀有金属experience经验experiences经历sand沙子sands沙滩wood木材woods树林work工作works作品content内容contents目录名词的格（所有格）（一）名词后加s1. 单数名词词尾加s，不以s结尾的复数名词词尾也加s，以s结尾的复数名词，在词尾加，如：The boys bag, ten minutes walk, birds nests, the workers club等2. 复合名词的所有格只在最后的词尾加“s”，如：his father-in-laws photo， the editor-in-chiefs office， each others name card等3. 表示店铺名、教堂名或某人的家时，其所有格后面通常不出现所修饰的名词，如：at the barbers， at my uncles， at the Greens等4. 两名词并列时，如果分别有“s”，表示“分别有”，如果只有一个“s”，表示两者共有。Eg. Tom and Jacks room 两者共有一个房间 Toms and Jacks rooms 房间分属两者5. 表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命事物的名词，词尾也可以加“s”构成所有格。如：Todays newspaper, Chinas industry, five minutes ride, the worlds population等（二）of+名词结构表示无生命事物的名词，通常可以用of+名词的结构来表示所有关系。如：The gate of school, the door of the room, the legs of the table等（三）双重所有格双重所有格由非生物的所有格（of+名词）和生物的所有格（如Toms等）共同构成。Eg. the friend of my sisters, the book of my friends等注意：双重所有格of后面的名词必须是指人的词，且必须是特指，不能为泛指； 双重所有格所修饰的名词和指示代词this, that, these, those连用时，往往表达了感情色彩。Eg. That little daughter of your sisters is really a dear.有些名词表示属格时用介词to而非of：the key to the doorthe entrance to the parkthe answer to the questionthe reply to the commentthe invitation to the partythe contribution to his motherlandthe approach to the study of English区别：Miss Liu is a friend of my mothers.Miss Liu is a friend of my mother.Miss Liu is my mothers friend. He is a teacher of my sisters. He is a teacher of my sister. He is my s