2015年山东大学考博英语.doc

2015年山大考博英语完形填空A recent poll indicated that half the teenagers in the United States believe that communication between them and their parents is_1_and further that one of the prime causes of this gap is _2_listening behavior. As a(an)_3_ in point，one parent believed that her daughter had a severe_4_problem. She was so _5_that she took her to an audiologist to have her ear tested. The audiologist carefully tested both ears and reported back to the parent：“Theres nothing wrong with her hearing. Shes just _6_you out.”A leading cause of the _7_divorce rate(more than half of all marriages end in divorce)is the failure of husbands and wives to _8_effectively. They dont listen to each other. Neither person_9_to the actual message sent by the other. In _10_fashion，political scientists report that a growing number of people believe that their elected and _11_officials are out of_12_with the constituents they are supposedly _13_. Why?Because they dont believe that they listen to them. In fact，it seems that sometimes our politicians dont even listen to themselves. The following is a true story：At a national_14_conference held in Albuquerque some years ago，then Senator Joseph Montoya was_15_a copy of a press release by a press aide shortly before he got up before the audience to_16_ a speech. When he rose to speak，_17_the horror of the press aide and the_18_of his audience，Montoya began reading the press release，not his speech. He began，“For immediate release. Senator Joseph M. Montoya，Democrat of New Mexico，last night told the National”Montoya read the entire six-page release，_19_ with the statement that he“was repeatedly _20_by applause.”1.A scarce B little C rare D poor2.A malignant B deficient C ineffective D feeble3.A case B example C lesson D suggestion4.A audio B aural C hearing D listening5.A believing B convinced C assured D doubtless6.A turning B tuning C tucking D tugging7.A rising B arising C raising D arousing8.A exchange B interchange C encounter D interact9.A relates B refers C responds D resorts10.A like B alike C likely D likewise11.A nominated B selected C appointed D supported12.A connection B reach C association D touch13.A leading B representing Cdelegating D supporting14.A legislative B legitimate C legalized D liberal15.A distributed B awarded C handed D submitted16.A present B publish C deliver D pursue17.A to B with C for D on18.A joy B enjoyment C amusement D delight19.A conclude B to conclude C concluding D concluded20.A disrupted B interfered C interrupted D stopped阅读理解第一篇Ive been writing for most of my life. The book Writing Without Teachers introduced me to one distinction(区别)and one practice that has helped my writing processes tremendously. The distinction is between the creative mind and the critical mind. While you need to employ both to get to a finished result, they cannot work in parallel no matter how much we might like to think so. Trying to criticize writing on the fly is possibly the single greatest barrier to writing that most of us encounter. If you are listening to that 5th grade English teacher correct your grammar while you are trying to capture a fleeting (稍纵即逝的) thought, the thought will die. If you capture the fleeting thought and simply share it with the world in raw form, no one is likely to understand. You must learn to create first and then criticize if you want to make writing the tool for thinking that it is. The practice that can help you past your learned bad habits of trying to edit as you write is what Elbow calls “free writing.” In free writing, the objective is to get words down on paper non-stop, usually for 15-20 minutes. No stopping, no going back, no criticizing. The goal is to get the words flowing. As the words begin to flow, the ideas will come from the shadows and let themselves be captured on your notepad or your screen. Now you have raw materials that you can begin to work with using the critical mind that youve persuaded to sit on the side and watch quietly. Most likely, you will believe that this will take more time than you actually have and you will end up staring blankly at the pages as the deadline draws near. Instead of staring at a blank start filling it with words no matter how bad. Halfway through your available time, stop and rework your raw writing into something closer to finished product. Move back and forth until you run out of time and the final result will most likely be far better than your current practices.1 When the author says the creative mind and the critical mind “cannot work in parallel” in the writing process, he means.Aone cannot use them at the same time Bthey cannot be regarded as equally importantCthey are in constant conflict with each other Dno one can be both creative and critical2 What prevents people from writing on is.Aputting their ideas in raw form Bignoring grammatical soundnessCattempting to edit as they write Dtrying to capture fleeting thoughts3 What is the chief objective of the first stage of writing?ATo organize ones thoughts logically. BTo get ones ideas down.CTo choose an appropriate topic. DTo collect raw materials.4 One common concern of writers about “free writing” is that.Ait overstresses the role of the creative mind Bit does not help them to think clearlyCit may bring about too much criticism Dit takes too much time to edit afterwards5 In what way does the critical mind help the writer in the writing process?AIt allows him to sit on the side and observe. BIt helps him to come up with new ideas.CIt saves the writing time available to him. DIt improves his writing into better shape.第二篇 2002年1月六级The worlds environment is surprisingly healthy. Discuss. If that were an examination topic, most students would tear it apart, offering a long list of complaints: from local smog ( 烟雾 ) to global climate change, from the felling ( 砍伐 ) of forests to the extinction of species. The list would largely be accurate, the concern legitimate. Yet the students who should be given the highest marks would actually be those who agreed with the statement. The surprise is how good things are, not how bad. After all, the worlds population has more than tripled during this century, and world output has risen hugely, so you would expect the earth itself to have been affected. Indeed, if people lived, consumed and produced things in the same way as they did in 1900 (or 1950, or indeed 1980), the world by now would be a pretty disgusting place: smelly, dirty, toxic and dangerous. But they dont. The reasons why they dont, and why the environment has not been mined, have to do with prices, technological innovation, social change and government regulation in re- sponse to popular pressure. That is why, todays environmental problems in the poor countries ought, in principle, to be solvable. Raw materials have not run out, and show no sign of doing so. Logically, one day they must: the planet is a finite place. Yet it is also very big, and man is very ingenious. What has happened is that every time a material seems to be running short, the price has risen and, in response, people have looked for new sources of supply, tried to find ways to use less of the material, or looked for a new substitute. For this reason prices for energy and for minerals have fallen in real temp3s during the century. The same is true for food. Prices fluctuate, in response to harvests, natural disasters and political instability; and when they rise, it takes some time before new sources of supply become available. But they always do, assisted by new famp3ing and crop technology. The long temp3 trend has been downwards. It is where prices and markets do not operate properly that this benign ( 良性的 ) trend begins to stumble, and the genuine problems arise. Markets cannot always keep the environment healthy. If no one owns the resource concerned, no one has an interest in conserving it or fostering it: fish is the best example of this. 1. According to the author, most students_. A) believe the worlds environment is in an undesirable condition B) agree that the environment of the world is not as bad as it is thought to be C) get high marks for their good knowledge of the worlds environment D) appear somewhat unconcerned about the state of the worlds environment 2. The huge increase in world production and population _. A) has made the world a worse place to live in B) has had a positive influence on the environment C) has not significantly affected the environment D) has made the world a dangerous place to live in 3. One of the reasons why the long-temp3 trend of prices has been downwards is that_. A) technological innovation can promote social stability B) political instability will cause consumption to drop C) new famp3ing and crop technology can lead to overproduction D) new sources are always becoming available 4. Fish resources are diminishing because_. A) no new substitutes can be found in large quantities B) they are not owned by any particular entity C) improper methods of fishing have mined the fishing grounds D) water pollution is extremely serious 5. The primary solution to environmental problems is_. A) to allow market forces to operate properly B) to curb consumption of natural resources C) to limit the growth of the world population D) to avoid fluctuations in prices 第三篇 2005年6月六级Low-level slash-and-burn farming doesnt harm rainforest. On the contrary, it helps farmers and improves forest soils. This is the unorthodox view of a German soil scientist who has shown that burnt clearings in the Amazon, dating back more than 1,000 years, helped creates patches of rich, fertile soil that farmers still benefit from today. Most rainforest soils are thin and poorbecause they lack minerals and because the heat and heavy rainfall destroy most organic matter in the soils within four years of it reaching the forest floor. This means topsoil contains few of the ingredients needed for long-term successful farming. But Bruno Glaser, a soil scientist of the University of Bayreuth, has studied unexpected patches of fertile soils in the central Amazon. These soils contain lots of organic matter. Glaser has shown that most of this fertile organic matter comes from “ black carbon” - the organic particles from camp fires and charred (烧成炭的) wood left over from thousands of years of slash-and-burn farming. “ The soils, known as Terra Preta, contained up to 70 times more black carbon than the surrounding soils,” says Glaser. Unburnt vegetation rots quickly, but black carbon persists in the soil for many centuries. Radiocarbon dating shows that the charred wood in Terra Preta soils is typically more than 1,000 years old. “Slash-and-burn farming can be good for soils provided it doesnt completely burn all the vegetation, and leaves behind charred wood,” says Glaser. “It can be better than manure (粪肥).” Burning the forest just once can leave behind enough black carbon to keep the soil fertile for thousands of years. And rainforests easily regrow after small-scale clearing. Contrary to the conventional view that human activities damage the environment, Glaser says: “ Black carbon combines with human wastes is responsible for the richness of Terra Preta soils.” Terra Preta soils turn up in large patches all over the Amazon, where they are highly prized by farmers. All the patches fall within 500 square kilometers in the central Amazon. Glaser says the widespread presence of pottery (陶器) confirms the soils human origins. The findings add weight to the theory that large areas of the Amazon have recovered so well from past periods of agricultural use that the regrowth has been mistaken by generations of biologists for “virgin” forest. During the past decade, researchers have discovered hundreds of large earth works deep in the jungle. They are up to 20 meters high and cover up to a square kilometer. Glaser claims that these earth works, built between AD 400 and 1400, were at the heart of urban civilizations managed to feed themselves.1. We learn from the passage that the traditional view of slash-and-burn farming is that _.A)it does no harm to the topsoil of the rainforestB)it destroys rainforest soilsC)it helps improve rainforest soilsD)it diminishes the organic matter in rainforest soils2. Most rainforest soils are thin and poorbecause _.A)the composition of the topsoil is rather unstableB)black carbon is washed away by heavy rainsC)organic matter is quickly lost due to heat and rainD)long-term farming has exhausted the ingredients essential to plant growth3. Glaser made his discovery by _.A)studying patches of fertile soils in the central AmazonB)examining pottery left over by ancient civilizationsC)test-burning patches of trees in the central AmazonD)radiocarbon-dating ingredients contained in forest soils4. What does Glaser say about the regrowth of rainforest?A)They take centuries to regrow after being burnt.B)They cannot recover unless the vegetation is burnt completely.C)Their regrowth will be hampered by human habitation.D)They can recover easily after slash-and-burn farming5. From the passage it can be inferred that _.A)human activities will do grave damage to rainforestsB)Amazon rainforest soils used to be the richest in the worldC)farming is responsible for the destruction of the Amazon rainforestsD)there once existed an urban civilization in the Amazon rainforests第四篇 2006年12月六级In a purely biological sense, fear begins with the bodys system for reacting to things that can harm us- the so-called fight-or-flight response. An animal that cant detect danger cant stay alive, says Joseph LeDoux. Like animals, humans evolved with an elaborate mechanism for processing information about potential threats. At its core is a cluster of neurons(神经元) deep in the brain known as the amygdala (扁桃核).LeDoux studies the way animals and humans respond to threats to understand how we form memories of significant events in our lives. The amygdala receives input from many parts of the brain, including regions responsible for retrieving memories. Using this information, the amygdala appraised a situation- I think this charging dog wants to bite me-and triggers a response by radiating nerve signals throughout the body. These signals produce the familiar signs of distress: trembling, perspiration and fast-moving feet, just to name three.This fear mechanism is critical to the survival of all animals, but no one can say for sure whether beasts other than humans know theyre afraid. That is, as LeDoux says, if you put that system into a brain that has consciousness, then you get the feeling of fear.Humans, says Edward M. Hallowell, have the ability to call up images of bad things that happened in the past and to anticipate future events. Combine these higher thought processes with our hardwired danger-detection systems, and you get a near-universal human phenomenon: worry. Thats not necessarily a bad thing, says Hallowell. When used properly, worry is an incredible device, he says. After all, a little healthy worrying is okay if it leads to constructive action-like having a doctor look at that weird spot on your back.Hallowell insists, though, that theres a right way to worry. Never do it alone, get the facts and then make a plan, he says. Most of us have survived a recession, so were familiar with the belt-tightening strategies needed to survive a slump.Unfortunately, few of us have much experience dealing with the threat of terrorism, so its been difficult to get facts about how we should respond. Thats why Hallowell believes it was okay for people to indulge some extreme worries last fall by asking doctors for Cipro and buying gas masks.1. The so-called fight-or-flight response (Line2, Para. 1) refers to _.A) the biological process in which human beings sense of self-defense evolvesB) the instinctive fear human beings feel when faced with potential dangerC) the act of evaluating a dangerous situation and making a quick decisionD) the elaborate mechanism in the human brain for retrieving information2. Form the studies conducted by LcDoux we learn that _.A) reactions of humans and animals to dangerous situations are often unpredictableB) memories of significant events enable people to control fear and distressC) peoples unpleasant memories are derived from their feelings of fearD) the amygdale plays a vital part in human and animal responses to potential danger3.Form the passage we know that_.A) a little worry will do us good if handled properlyB) a little worry will enable us to survive a recessionC) fear strengthens the human desire to survive dangerD) fear helps people to anticipate certain future events4. Which of the following is the best way to deal with your worries according to Hallowell?A) Ask for help-from the people around you.B) Use the belt-tightening strategies for survival.C) Seek professional advice and take action.D) Understand the situation and be fully prepared. 5. In Hallowells view, peoples reaction to the terrorist threat last fall was _.A) ridiculous B) understandable C) over-cautious D) sensiblePassage六选五How Poison Ivy Works According to the American Academy of Dermatology, an estimated 10 to 50 million people in this country hav