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教育 学习 知识类教育的目的是什么？Throughout the nation and history, it has emphasized public education as means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity and preparing new generations of citizens in society. Therefore education should aim at improvement of both ones morals and faculties. (Logical thinking, analysis, creativity, independent thinking, cooperating什么是真正的教育？It is not only simply providing students knowledge which can be derived from their textbook by students themselves. Genuine education also helps student to form a comprehensive philosophy of the world and human life.“Genuine education is not stuffing of information into a person, but rather eliciting knowledge from him, it is the drawing out of what is in the mind.”老师的作用：Teachers just like the lighthouse of the boundless sea in the darkness, orienting and enlightening their boats to ensure they make it to the bank of success.正规教育的基本作用：1 他的重点在于basic skills.A. we learn music and arts, thus we know that the world consisted of beauties.B. we learn that mathematics more than the simple figures in our textbooks, but also a logical way to understand our worlds.2 他为imagination and creativity 提供了 foundation.不接受正规教育也能成功的例子：(兴趣的重要性)Bill Gates serves as chairman of Microsoft Corporation, the leading computer software company in the world. He entered Harvard in 1973 and dropped out two years later when he started the engine of Microsoft. Many people didnt understand why Gates gave up such a good opportunity to study in the worlds No.1 university. However, as size comes to power, the company dominates the PC market with its operation system such as MS-dos and Windows. The success of the company made Gates one of the most influential figures and the richest man in the world.我们学会教育孩子了吗？说我们没能学会教育孩子是不公平的，我们的家长在知识结构上已经更加全面了，他们能让孩子受到最好的教育，课余时间陪孩子看书，旅游扩大他们的视野（horizon）Now we learn to absorb the essence of exotic cultures to offset our own weak points; we learn to pay hour respect to both women and blacks; we provide help to the people who lose their jobs and we treat disabled equally without discrimination. All of these formed a civilized society that could bring positive effect to the growth descendants. 缺少教育的后果：Lacking the right value system, lacking the ability of independent thinking, lacking the ability to cooperate with partners could be serious weakness to ones life in society. Yet, one could never derive all the above abilities by self-learning, but communicating and interacting with classmates and teachers in school. 目前教育的缺陷：It is so stuffed with an indigestible mass of material that the students have no time to draw on their own resources, to use their own minds for analyzing and evaluating this material. The better way to educate students learning is to encourage the mutual communication between teachers and students both in classes and beyond.兴趣的作用：（选择职业和兴趣，科学研究和兴趣，教育和兴趣）Interest is the best teacher by providing us constant courage and motivation in every business of lives, with which people can come through any frustration with confidence and face their own personal fears. “I have no special gifts, but strong curiosity to the unknown” -Albert Einstein例子：In his early year, Darwin shows significant interests in hunting, collecting ores and preparing of specimens. However, his father thought it was a waste of time, thus sent him to the seminary expecting him to be a priest. Darwin didnt make the concession. His strong interest drove him take part into the global inspection. Finally he became a famous biologist and wrote “The Origin of Species” 科技类： 科技的好处与弊端Progress of technology is a road on which we travel from past fraught with impossibility and mystery to the future replete with diversification and possibility. Automobiles, trains and airplanes reduce the time we spend on the trips drastically, thus realizing the dream of human beings about traveling around the world; Internet, multimedia and telephones sped up the communication to within minutes which could only happen over days and months before between two continents, integrating all the continents in the planets into one world; development of medicine delivers lives back to so many persons which conferring new meaning of lives to them; Renovation of knowledge and prosperity of science spark persons immerge themselves in efforts to search for truth infinitely in our material and spiritual world. However, we are confronted with many pressing problems springing from the progress of technology. With the quickening pace of modern life, the environmental problem are agonizing the society every day and pose a huge threat on our human beings survival while we are enjoying the fruits of industrialization and modernization; the Internet and computers bring about new crime and damage to society while emancipating us from heavy work and inconvenience; the multimedia and instant communication have sped up the communication, but conversely, the connections among people have been less and delicate; development of medicine and biology help persons embrace new hope of lives as, but simultaneously, bringing variety of virus to the world and being applied to the military affairs fly in the face of thousands of lives of people. 科技的好处：As our technology develops, our life becomes easier. We really enjoy ourselves because of the benefits brought by the development of modern innovations such as planes and computers which makes it possible that we could travel several continents in a single day and gather a load of information with a single click of mouse. And with the significant progress made in the means of communication we can talk with people thousands miles away which make our business more effective. (医学的发展) 科技是一把双刃剑：As the saying goes, every coin has two sides, technology itself cannot be judged either positive or negative. It is like a double edged-sword which is good if in the right hands while evil if in the wrong hands. 有些科技是有好有坏的，比如核能（nuclear power）克隆（clone）还有一些违反了人们的道德水准如堕胎（induce abortion）If we use nuclear power as a kind of energy stuff to replace those tradition materials it could be an inexhaustible resource, however, if we use it to create atomic bomb it can bring the nightmare to all the human being. 科技害处： Produce more commodities in order to satisfy the great demand of social developments. Consequently: Resource are exploited for power and raw materials The water we drink is no longer safe The air we breathe is laden with the pollutants Certain species of animals are on the verge of extinction Strong family ties have become tenuous.科技带来失业：Automation has improved production efficiency and quality control, and has reduced the need to have workers perform potentially dangerous tasks. On the other hand, automation has made many jobs unnecessary, putting employees out of work, or forcing them to retrain. 我们解决科技的办法：It is more important for us to preserve our living condition than rescue it after its destruction. 工业革命对于科技的影响：（科技改变的我们的习俗，但最终还是道德与习俗制约着科技）After the industry revolution, our productive force had been emancipated by the introduction of electronic production line. And the condition of women has been changed a lot. They won higher social status and able to work in well paid factories rather than nurturing children and caring elders at home all day long.科技并没有改变我们的人道主义：在物质生活方面，科技给了我们很大的改变，但是在人类本性上是很难有改变的，如我们永无止境的欲望，战神等等。但是科技的发展能够使我们更好的提供 humanitarian assistance （Indian Ocean tsunami）也是我们更好的合作,这些从某些程度上改变了人性。 历史类：历史的作用是什么？When we look back on the progress our human being have come through, we see that history records the beginning, thriving and the declining of human being. Therefore today people strengthen more energy in studying history.1. 激励当代的学者，学生，给他们带来面对困难的勇气。通过激励作用明确孩子的目标，这样反过来又促进他们的学习，并且对其他人来说又能克服生活中的困难。2. 更好的理解与发扬我们的文化。3. 避免再次犯错。4. 从历史中学习方法：suzi the art of war 历史有其相似性：Admittedly, by studying history, we find that there exist various similarities between different periods. Some archaeologists found that the structure of brain of people lived 7000 years ago was almost the same as ours. This indicates that the way we think and the action we take under certain condition would just as our ancestors did. We note that some internal emotions such as the desire of both love and truth have not faded by time. Whats more, to some extent, I concede that history is amazing the same. 不同时期的主题是不同的：Thousand years ago, when our forefathers were fishing or hunting and struggling for next unwarranted meal, would they ever considered the environmental problem, the population explosion and the resource exploitation? Of course, they would never imagine these problems we suffer today. Different time has its different theme. 80 years ago, the main current of the world was war, the most thing people cared was how to victory and to centralize the resource of the world. Who knows that merely after half century our topic becomes how to cooperate with people from different countries and different cultures. And as the technology develops in such a great pace, the highest word we use in our daily life is globalization. The solution our government took in the cold war is no longer suitable in twenty first century. Eternal truths will be neither true nor eternal unless they have fresh meaning for every new social situation Growth and change are the law of all life. Yesterdays answers are inadequate for todays problem-just as the solutions of today will not fill the needs of tomorrow.历史让我们避免犯同样的错误：The crucial target of studying history is not simply discovery similarities or dissimilarities between different periods, but to learn from history. As an old saying goes, histories make men wise. It is like a mirror through which we predict what would happen tomorrow, thus we could prevent certain disaster. For example, from the Great Depression, we learn that despite Capitalism believes in market economy, government should always control and regulate economic system to ensure it runs healthily. Therefore, this year, when global economic crisis roll again, we are able to take the immediate action and never been pushed to the corner again. In short, the reason why we study history is to prevent making the same mistake the second time.谁推动了历史？人民重要 Great Wall in China.“We should believe in and rely on the masses.”-Chair Mao但是杰出人物也重要，如New deal- Roosevelt-United States recovers from the Great DepressionNewton-Mechanics Albert Einstein- the theory of relativity.我们为什么只关注名人？可能是因为历史更加关注杰出人物的发展，对于没有名气的人不会予以详细的记载。也可能是我们的求出名的心理因素造成的。 However, no one would deny the fact that almost all the history records concentrate on recording heroes and distinguished person who once changed the society. We can hardly find any material that recording nobody with a great detail. To some extent, history only represented by outstanding individual could be well approved. 艺术类：艺术的作用：According to what Freud has said art, in essence, is a kind of release of individual lust, converting the human libido into plentiful creativity. It is through the work of art that artists express their passions, emotions and desires. From this we can see, art is therefore, first and foremost, concerning with the inner world rather than with the outside one as a whole.理解人性 反映人性：Present us with insight into what is eternal and universal. Behind the profound work of art is a set of principles of humanity that always prevail. Arts come from life but higher than life. By reading books, watching movies, going to galleries, we find that our surroundings actually are so wonderful, which we would never pay attention to in our daily lives. Whats more, some arts could well reflect the potential problems of society; they provide us a more profound way to understand our word. （如果没有电影，没有书，没有音乐，我们的生活would be dreary）文艺复兴的影响力：Renaissance 在文学（literature），绘画（painting），建筑（architecture）突破了教会的禁锢(confirm of church)，充分展现了humanity, 带来了人文主义Humanism，并最终使得science有了长足的发展。艺术作品：绘画作品推动社会Picasso created the style of Cubism, which shows the inner logic, the internal contradictions and the intimate structure of matter. This completely new perspective of treating matter greatly contributes to the design of modern architecture, thereby significantly improved our living condition. 艺术作品有争议not all the arts would like Van Goghs Sunflowers which expresses his fanaticism of life or like Beethovens Destiny that strongly inspires our heart and soul.艺术家与批评家：Critics and artists are a sort of symbiosis. They supplement each other. And the greatest works are those which are created by artists, evaluated by critics and proofed by time.评论家在评论作平的时候也是守到主观因素（知识结构，个人喜好）支配的(one thousand readers, there would exists one thousand hamlets)，因此也会有不同的看法，但是这些看法汇集起来也是一个很大的资源库，观众可以从中做出自己的判断。并且，当这些信息反馈到艺术家那里可以帮助他们improve。政府资助艺术政府资助艺术会影响艺术的发展，应为政府有其自己的价值观，有自己的利益。如 In the 1950s to the 1990s, the Soviet Union government always funded the arts. In order to get the funding from the government, many artists chose to create some arty works which the government favors. After several decades, the diversity of the arts in Soviet Union has been heavily threatened. 但是政府需要资助艺术 因为艺术可以反过来解决社会问题（拍卖，捐款）A 艺术的发展不受the law of market 的支配，往往不能给艺术家带来基本的收入。 B. 有些艺术必须有国家资助才能完成，如建筑 The art of architecture .如 鸟巢（Nest, the National Stadium ,Beijing Olympic Games ）如此大的投入40亿，工程如此复杂。国家对艺术的资助有利于其spread and promote.如 In 1938 the United States government continued to acts as the chief patron of the arts in American. The art projects of the Works Progress Administration and of the Treasury Department continued the programs, employing several thousand artists and bringing art before an increasingly large public all over the country.政府类：解决现实问题还是长远问题？当前问题当然要解决，他关系到社会的稳定。我们遇到的有很多当下的问题，比如环境，饥饿（famine）For example, now there are still lots of countries in the danger of economy crisis which happened in the beginning of this year. The widely spread crisis incurred serious problems in every field of society such as the bankrupt of companies and the loss of employment. If our governments never take the immediate action to regulate the market, our whole society would broke down.但是长远问题也是要考虑的，人们之间的任何事件都是 connected with others. 我们现在为将来做打算是有长远意义的。President Maos decision to encourage more offspring to meet the lack of labor at that time cause quite a heavy burden to China now, so Chinese government have to take the One Child policy by which they could prevent the possibility that one day the population would overweigh the capacity of our environment. 国家长期投入的不切实际的失误：The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) advocated by Reagan government in 1985 is a good case in po