英美文学选读15-18chapter.docx

WaltWhitman(1819-1892)1.简介ApartofthetransitionbetweenTranscendentalismandRealismThefatheroffreeverseFreeverseisaformofpoetrythatrefrainsfrommeterpatterns,rhyme,oranyothermusicalpattern.FeaturesofWhitmanspoetry:1.TheuseofacertainpronounI2.TwoprinciplesA.ParallelismorarhymeofthoughtB.Phoneticrecurrence(therepetitionofwordsorphrasesatthebeginningoftheline,inthemiddleorattheend)3.Theadoptoffreeverse-poetrywithoutafixedbeatorregularrhymescheme4.Theuseofcolorfulwordsandvividimages(example)MajorworksLeavesofGrassSongofMyselfIhearAmericaSinging2.草叶集课文中出现的ONES-SELFISING,AmongtheMultitude,WhenIPerusetheConquerdFame,ANoiselessPatientSpider都是出自草叶集。LeavesofGrass:AcollectionofWhitmanspoemsandhislifelongachievementWhitmanexperimentedinhisworkswithnewpoeticformoffreeverseandorallg.Thus,LeavesofGrasshasbecomelandmarkinAmericanliteraryhistory,whichrepresentsthepoet,thepeople,andthenationinthe19thAmericaandcelebratesthefutureofthenationandtheidealsof equality,democracy,dignity,self-reliantspiritandjoyofcommonpeople.ItmarkedthebirthoftrulyAmericanpoetry,whichchangedWhitmanfromaconventional, undistinguished manintooneof Americansgreatestandmostoriginalpoets.IthasattainedalmostuniversalacceptanceasAmericasgreatestbookofpoems.IthasbeenpraisedasDemocraticBible(共和圣经)andasAmericanEpic.Themostfamouspiecesare:Songofmyself,therewasachildwentfort,etc.3.赏析ONES-SELFISING当时他对处于上升阶段的资本主义美国充满信心,对美国的民主抱有幻想。他所体现的主旨和基本内容就是个性和自我。诗人认为一切之中心的个性及其代表者就是我自己,是像草叶一样平凡的人和事物。诗人一方面把自己描写成为一个普通的美国人,另一方面又赋予自己超人的能力。选自草叶集，主题中心思想参照草叶集即可Alliteration头韵(simple&separate;passion&pulse&power;free&formd)Phoneticrecurrence重复(Ising四次;alone两次;of两次;worthy和worthier)突出主题的关键词的头一个字母大写(Self;Democratic;En-masse;Form;Female;Male;Life;ModernMan)翻译：我歌唱人本身我歌唱人本身,一个独特的、纯粹的人,不过要说出民主的”这个词,道出“大众”这个词的声音。我全心全意地歌唱人的生成,不仅容貌,不仅头脑,而整个形体更值得歌颂。我歌唱男性,同样也歌唱女性。我歌唱现代的人,那饱含激情、生命旺盛和活力无限的巨大生命,快乐地采取天赋权利的自由行动。IHearAmericaSingingA:Diction(thechoiceanduseofwordsinliterature)Nounssuchas:mechanics,mason,work,deckhand,shoemaker,hatter,woodcutter,ploughboy,andmother.-ImagesoftheworkingclasssocietyVerbs:measure,make,singing,sit,stand,sewing,washing-amovingpictureofpeopleperformingtheirdifferentjobsB:MainideaItpresentsthepictureoftheAmericanswhofromalloccupationsaresingingfortheircheerfulandcreativeworkandtheirdreamthroughoutAmerican.Themes:Aneulogy(颂词)tothrivingAmericannation,thelaboringpeople,thepoetsoptimisticattitudetowardtheworldandlife.C:ToneCheerful,happy,optimisticD:LanguageSimpleandevenrathercrude;HaveatendencytooralEnglishE:ParallelismandphoneticrecurrenceO Captain My CaptainThe poem is an elegy on the death of president Abrahan LincolnThe author eulogized and commemorated Lincoin through these rhetorical devices.Metaphor RepetitionWalt Whitman composed the poem O Captain! My Captain! after Abraham Lincolns assassination in 1865. The poem is classified as an elegy or mourning poem, and was written to honor Abraham Lincoln, the 16th president of the United States. Walt Whitman was born in 1819 and died in 1892, and the American Civil War was the central event of his life. Whitman was a staunch Unionist during the Civil War. He was initially indifferent to Lincoln, but as the war pressed on Whitman came to love the president, though the two men never met.1The fallen captain in the poem refers to Abraham Lincoln, captain of the ship that is the United States of America. The first line establishes the poems mood, one of relief that the Civil War has ended, our fearful trip is done. The next line references the ship, America, and how it has weathered every rack, meaning America has braved the tough storm of the Civil War, and the prize we sought, the preservation of the Union, is won. The following line expresses a mood of jubilation of the Union winning the war as it says the people all exulting; however, the next line swiftly shifts the mood when it talks of the grimness of the ship, and the darker side of the war. Many lost their lives in the American Civil War, and although the prize that was sought was won, the hearts still ache amidst the exultation of the people. The repetition of heart in line five calls attention to the poets vast grief and heartache because the Captain has bled and lies still, cold, and dead (lines six through eight). This is no doubt referencing the assassination of Abraham Lincoln and Whitmans sorrow for the death of his idol.By using the first person the poet describes the marvelous sight of the succeeding returning of the captain Lincoln and his crew and his astonishment at Lincolns death.”O Captain!My Captain” the repetition of the noun Captain conveys the poets infinite sorrow over Lincolns death and longing for him.The two words”ship”and “captain”suggest America and the president Lincoln, stressing the succeeding returning and implying Lincolns remarkable contributions. The “done”and “won”sound simple and powerful and inspiring, filling with optimistic spirit ,conveying a musical beauty. The repetition of the words with the simple syllable “heart,heart,heart” achieves the great change from excitation to sorrow, stressing a heart-breaking atmosphere of art. In the second stanza the speaker again calls out to the captain to rise up and hear the bells, to join in the celebration of the end of the war. The next three lines tell the captain to rise up and join in on the revelries because it is for him. He is the reason for their merriment: for you the flag is flungfor you the bugle trills; for you bouquets and ribbond wreathsfor you the shores a-crowding; for you they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces turning. Everyone is celebrating what Lincoln accomplished; the abolition of slavery and the unification of the people after a fearful war. Again the poet calls to the Captain as if he had never fallen. The poet does not wish to acknowledge the death of his beloved Captain, and he even asks if it is some dream (line 15) that the Captain has fallen cold and dead.By using the second person the poet participates in the conversation with the captain to express his longing for the captain and his sorrowful mourning over the death of the captain. He is so sad that he is not clear on the reality and dream.The continuous use of “for you” not only expresses the love and support from the American people for Lincoln but also suggests the poets doubt about Lincolns death,bringing the sad to the highest point.The third stanza begins in a somber mood as the poet has finally accepted that the Captain is dead and gone. Here there is vivid and darker imagery such as his lips are pale and still and the reader can picture the dead Captain lying there still and motionless with no pulse nor will. In line 17, the poet calls out My Captain, and in line 18, the poet refers to the Captain as My father. This is referring to Lincoln as the father of the United States. Lines 19 and 20 are concluding statements that summarize the entire poem. The United States is anchord safe and sound. It is safe now from war with its voyage closed and done, from fearful trip, the victor ship, comes in with object won. In line 21, the examples of apostrophe, ordering shores to exult, and bells to ring are again referring to how the nation is celebrating while I with mournful tread, Walk the deck my Captain lies, Fallen cold and dead.Throughout the paper there is a distinct rhyme scheme, which is unusual for Whitman. The rhyme scheme in O Captain! My Captain! is AABCDEFE, GGHIJEKE, and LLMNOEPE for each stanza respectively. Two examples of alliteration are in line 10 flag is flung, as well as in line 19 safe and sound. Repetition occurs many times in this poem, for example O Captain! My Captain, and fallen cold and dead.“O Captain! My Captain!” became one of Whitmans most famous poems, one that he would read at the end of his famous lecture about the Lincoln assassination. Whitman became so identified with the poem that late in life he remarked, “Damn My Captain.Im almost sorry I ever wrote the poem.”怀特曼组成了这首诗“哦，船长！我的船长！”亚伯拉罕林肯的暗杀后1865。这首诗是一种挽歌或悼诗，和写纪念亚伯拉罕林肯，美国第十六任总统。怀特曼生于1819，死于1892，美国内战是他一生中最重要的事件。怀特曼是美国南北战争期间一个坚定的统一。他最初对林肯漠不关心，但随着对怀特曼总统的战争开始了，尽管这两人从未见过，但这首诗中的1个倒下的船长指的是亚伯拉罕林肯，这是美国的船长。第一行建立了诗的意境，是南北战争结束了一口气，“我们可怕的旅程已经结束了。”下一行引用的船，美国，以及它是如何“风化每架”，意味着美国已经冒着内战的艰难的风暴，和“我们”奖，工会的保护，“赢”。下面一行表示一个工会赢得了这场战争，因为它说：“人们都在欢呼喜庆的心情；然而，线下迅速变化的情绪当谈到船的冷酷，和黑暗的一面的战争。许多失去了他们的生命，在美国南北战争期间，虽然奖，追求的是赢了，心中还是疼在人们的欢欣。心在五行重复呼吁重视诗人的巨大的悲伤和心痛因为队长流血和谎言依然，冷，和死（线六到八）。这无疑是引用亚伯拉罕林肯的暗杀和怀特曼的偶像的悲伤。第二节发言者再次呼唤船长”起来听听这钟声，“参与战争结束的庆祝活动。接下来的三行告诉船长“崛起”，加入我们的狂欢是因为他。他是他们的欢乐的理由：“你的国旗是把你高呼；你的花束和花环，为你的人们挤满了海岸；他们为你呼吁，熙攘的群众，他们渴望的脸”。每个人都在庆祝林肯所完成的，在一场可怕的战争之后，废除奴隶制和人民的统一。诗人再次召唤船长，好像他从未倒下。诗人不愿意承认自己心爱的船长的死亡，他甚至问，如果这是一个梦想（15号线），船长已经倒下了“寒冷和死亡”。第三节开始于一个忧郁的诗人终于接受了船长死了。在这里有生动的和较深的图像，如“他的嘴唇苍白而静止”，读者可以想象死的船长躺在那里一动不动，“没有脉搏也不会”。在17号线，诗人把“我的船长”，并在18号线，诗人指船长为“我的父亲”。这是指林肯作为美国之父。线19和20是总结性陈述，总结整个诗。美国是“锚定的安全和健全的”。它是安全的，现在从战争“的航程结束，从可怕之旅，胜利者的船，进来的对象韩元”。在21号线的撇号的例子，订购“海岸欢腾，”和“叮当响”又是指国家如何庆祝，“我以悲痛的步履，漫步在甲板上躺着我的船长，冷死了”。在整个论文中有一个独特的韵计划，这是不寻常的怀特曼。“船长”的“韵”计划！我的船长！”是aabcdefe，gghijeke，和llmnoepe每节分别。头韵两例在10线”的旗帜被甩”，以及19号线“安然无恙”。重复发生在这首诗的许多倍，例如“哦，船长！“我的船长”，“倒下的寒冷和死亡”。“哦，船长！我的船长！“成为怀特曼最著名的诗歌之一，他将在他著名的演讲结束时读到林肯的暗杀。怀特曼变得如此的确定了这首诗，他说：“该死，我的船长我很抱歉我曾经写过这首诗。”Because I could not stop for deathIn this poem, Dickinson describes dying and immortality in the dominant metaphor of a carriage on a journey.In Stanza 1, Death, accompanied by Immortality, stops to pick up the speaker in a carriage. In stanzas 2-4, they journey, leaving earthly life behind them (labor, leisure, children, grain, setting sun). In stanza 5, they pause before the grave (swelling of the ground), and stanza 6 depicts the speaker centuries later, speaking from eternity.This one- Because I Could Not Stop for Death, which brims over with religious theme is just a perfect evidence. As Dickinsons poems usually had no titles, and the first sentence of a poem is taken as its title. The poem begins with a leisurely image. At first, the protagonist feels totally at ease and the usually frightening death is described as if a familiar friend, gentle and polite. Continuingly, the poem is developed upon a basic metaphor that life is a journey. It was truly rather old a comparison, but Dickinson enriched it with her creativity and imagination School, where Children strove -childhood; Fields of Gazing Grain-maturity; and Setting Sun-old age. Then “the Dews drew quivering and chill-” makes the protagonist feel terribly cold, which may mean that they are getting nearer and nearer to the tomb. But at last, his companions,Immortality and Death, finally desert him and leave him alone to go toward Eternity.So it seems that though death cheats him and at the same time deserts him, the experience of death itself is not painful. Emily Dickinsons poems just explain this kind of essence of life, which then lead you to a world of imagination and thinking.I am nobodyRhythm:aabc,dedeSoliloquy(独白)formComparison:nobody and somebodySatire/ironic tone-how dreary to be somebodySimile:somebody-frog the people who admire the big manIn the first stanza,it tells how the author meets a fellow “nobody”-a friend. Together, the two nobodies can enjoy each others company and their shared anonymity(无名之辈)In the second stanza,the tone of the poem changes.The author soundds confident. She realizes that being just like everyone else would be boring and would diminish her individuality.She knows that having a friend who understands you and accepts you as you are is more important than being admired by a lot of people. The author also makes a strange comparison.She says that being somebody is like being a frogWhy does the author choose the frog as the image of somebody?Its because frogs make a lot of noise,they can make themselves heard and bee noticed,are noticed only by “an admiring bog” The bog is the frogs environment,but not the frogs friend. Thats what the poem says about being a somebody who gets noticed by an admiring public.Frequently,the relationship is impersonal and distant, not like a real friendship.Somebody may have many admires, but she might not be able to get those personal connections that real friendship offers.The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras CountyMark Twain was called “Lincoln of American literature”,because it was he who made the colloquial speech,an accepted ,respectable literary medium.He was declared “the first truly American writer” by William Faulkner.The story provided relevant and incisive commentary about 19th century American society.While portraying Eaterners as educated and refined and westerners as uneducated and gullible on the surface, Twain upset these stereotypes on a deeper level. He depicted the Easterner as a snob and someone who could easily be duped, while portraying the Westerner as somewhat of a schemer who, despite his lack of formal training, tells highly original talesProbable the most important factor in the story is Twains effective sense of humor.These include the securing of the frame narrator as a literally captive audience by Wheeler,who “ backed me into a corner and blockaded me there with his chair. The catalog of Jim Smileys gambling adventures, such as his betting on the effectiveness of Parson Walkers sermons or his willingness to follow a straddle -bug “to Mexico “ to settle a bet. The proposed bet with Parson Walker about his wifes health,The glorious career of the extraordinarily trained “15 minute nag”The story of the resourceful but eventually tragic bull-pup Andrew Jackson, the jumping frog incident itselfThe Great Gatsby by F.Scott Fitzgerald.and feel depressed; and do keep your awareness of unexpected sufferings when your are living in a harmonious life.Whats more, we can find that the images in the poetry of In a Station of the Metro are “still and silent”. Like “faces” and “crowd”, “petals” and “bough”. There are no verbal words in this poetry while every noun represents a piece of picture and appears one by one to make up a visual feast for readers. And it would not be difficult for us to find that the descriptions of the images in this poetry are both subjective and objective. Like “faces” and “petals”, “crowds” and “bough”, the former is subjective and the latter is objective. Ezra Pound uses both objective statements and subjective imaginations to deliver his own opinions and emotions. Lastly, we need to know that the images weve found in this poetry are such a kind of mental images. Both “petals” and “bough” are mental images in poets heart. They are the imaginations of the “faces” appeared in the subway station which are not real. Such kind of mental images are produced in moments when poet finally obtain spirits and put them into the internal mind after careful observation and imaginative contemplation.Draw a conclusion, the poem of In a Station of the Metro is not only a great masterpiece among Ezra Pounds imagistic poems, but also stands for a landmark in the creation of imagistic poems in history of the world.JayGatsbyThetitlecharacterofTheGreatGatsbyisayoungman,aroundthirtyyearsold,whorosefromanimpoverishedchildhoodinruralNorthDakotatobecomefabulouslywealthy.However,heachievedthisloftygoalbyparticipatinginorganizedcrime,includingdistributingillegalalcoholandtradinginstolensecurities.Fromhisearlyyouth,GatsbydespisedpovertyandlongedforwealthandsophisticationhedroppedoutofSt.OlafsCollegeafteronlytwoweeksbecausehecouldnotbearthejanitorialjobwithwhichhewaspayinghistuition.ThoughGatsbyhasalwayswantedtoberich,hismainmotivationinacquiringhisfortunewashisloveforDaisyBuchanan,whomhemetasayoungmilitaryofficerinLouisvillebeforeleavingtofightinWorldWarIin1917.GatsbyimmediatelyfellinlovewithDaisysauraofluxury,grace,andcharm,andliedtoherabouthisownbackgroundinordertoconvinceherthathewasgoodenoughforher.Daisypromisedtowaitforhimwhenheleftforthewar,butmarriedTomBuchananin1919,whileGatsbywasstudyingatOxfordafterthewarinanattempttogainaneducation.Fromthatmomenton,GatsbydedicatedhimselftowinningDaisyback,andhisacquisitionofmillionsofdollars,hispurchaseofagaudymansiononWestEgg,andhislavishweeklypartiesareallmerelymeanstothatend.Fitzgeralddelaystheintroductionofmostofthisinformationuntilfairlylateinthenovel.GatsbysreputationprecedeshimGatsbyhimselfdoesnotappearinaspeakingroleuntilChapterIII.FitzgeraldinitiallypresentsGatsbyasthealoof,enigmatichostoftheunbelievablyopulentpartiesthrowneveryweekathismansion.Heappearssurroundedbyspectacularluxury,courtedbypowerfulmenandbeautifulwomen.HeisthesubjectofawhirlwindofgossipthroughoutNewYorkandisalreadyakindoflegendarycelebritybeforeheiseverintroducedtothereader.FitzgeraldpropelsthenovelforwardthroughtheearlychaptersbyshroudingGatsbysbackgroundandthesourceofhiswealthinmystery(thereaderlear