人教版高一英语语法详解及练习[1]

1. 肯定的推测一般用must, should, may（might）或could（不用can），其中，must的语气最强，译为“肯定”、“准是”、“想必是”；should的语气次之，译为“很可能”、“应该”，指按常理推测；may（might），could的语气最弱，译为“也许”、“可能”。Helen _ go on the trip with us but she isnt quite sure yet. A. shall B. must C. may D. canIve taken someone elses green sweater by mistake.It _ Harrys. He always wears green. A. has to be B. will be C. mustnt be D. could beI have lost one of my gloves. I _ it somewhere.A. must drop B. must have droppedC. must be dropping D. must have been droppedIf I _ plan to do anything I wanted to ,Id like to go to Tibet and travel through as much of it as possible. A. would B. could C. had to D. ought to2. 否定推测分为两种情况：1）语气不很肯定时，常用may not, might not或could not，译为“可能不”、“也许不”。You might just as well tell the manufacturer that male customers _ not like the design of the furniture. （2004年上海春季卷）A. must B. shall C. may D. need2）否定语气较强时，则用cant，译为“根本不可能”、“想必不会”，表示惊异、怀疑的感情色彩。Do you know where David is? I couldnt find him anywhere.Well. He _ have gone farhis coats still here.A. shouldnt B. mustnt C. cant D. wouldnt Isnt that Anns husband over there? No, it _ be him Im sure he doesnt wear glasses. A. cant B. must not C. wont D. may not3. 疑问句中的推测，往往用can或could。Mr. Bush is on time for everything. How _ it be that he was late for the opening ceremony？（2001年上海春季卷）A. can B. should C. may D. must4. 对已发生事情的肯定推测常用“must, may, might等+完成式”；否定推测常用“can, could, may, might等+完成式”。I was on the highway when this car went past followed by a police car. They _ at least 150 kilometers an hour.A. should have been doing B. must have been doingC. could have done D. would have doneHe _ have completed his work; otherwise, he wouldnt be enjoying himself by seaside. （2005年北京卷）A. should B. must C. wouldnt D. cantTom is never late for work. Why is be absent today?Something _ to him. A. must happen B. should have happenedC. could have happened D. must have happened My sister met him at the Grand Theatre yesterday afternoon, so he_ have attended your lecture.（2000年上海卷）A. couldnt B. neednt C. mustnt D. shouldnt二、“情态动词+完成式”1. “should（ought to）+完成式”表示本应该做某事而实际上没有做。其否定式表示某种行为不该发生但却发生了。Ill tell Mary about her new job tomorrow. You_ her last week. A ought to tell B would have toldC must tell D should have toldOh, Im not feeling well in the stomach, I _ so much fried chicken just now. A. shouldnt eat B. mustnt have eatenC. shouldnt have eaten D. mustnt eat2. “could+完成式”表示本来能够做成某事的但结果没能做成，含有遗憾的意味。He paid for a seat, when he _ have entered free. A. could B. would C. must D. need3. “neednt+不定式的完成式”表示本来不必做某事而实际上做了某事。例如：You neednt have watered the flowers, for it is going to rain.你本不需要浇花的，因为天就要下雨了。 Catherine, I have cleaned the room for you. Thanks. You _ it. I could manage it myself. A. neednt do B. neednt have done C. mustnt do D. shouldnt have done三、常见的情态动词1. shall用于一、三人称疑问句表示征求对方意见；用于二、三人称陈述句表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁等。“The interest be divided into five parts, according to the agreement made by both sides，” declared the judge. A. may B. should C. must D. shallExcuse me, but I want to use your computer to type a report. You _ have my computer if you dont take care of it. A. shant B. might not C. neednt D. shouldnt The room is so dirty. _ we clean it? Of course. A. Will B. Shall C. Would D. Do2. must用于疑问句，表示责备、抱怨的感情色彩，意思为“偏偏，偏要”；mustnt表示禁止，是说话人强有力的劝告。John, look at the time. _ you play the piano at such a late hour？ A. Must B. Can C. May D. NeedTom, you leave all your clothes on the floor like this！A. wouldntB. mustntC. needntD. may not3. neednt表示“没有必要”。 Lucy doesnt mind lending you her dictionary. She _. Ive already borrowed one. A. cant B. mustnt C. neednt D. shouldnt4. would表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。When he was there, he _ go to that coffee shop at the corner after work every day.A. would B. should C. had better D. might5. 表示经过努力而成功的某一次动作，只能用was/were able to，而不能用could。The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone _ get out. A. had to B. would C. was able to D. could6. 考查情态动词用作答语的情况Write to me when you get home. _. A. I must B. I should C. I will D. I can Could I call you by your first name？Yes, you _. A. will B. could C. may D. might巩固练习：1. Michael _ be a policeman, for he is much too short.A. neednt B. cant C. should D. may2. I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I _ for her.A. had to write it out B. must have written it outC. should have written it out D. ought to write it out3. Jack _ yet, otherwise he would have telephoned me.A. mustnt have arrived B. shouldnt have arrivedC. cant have arrived D. neednt have arrived4. Sir, you _be sitting in this waiting room. It is for women and children only.A. mustnt B. cant C. wont D. neednt5. A left-luggage office is a place where bags _ be left for a short time, especially at a railway station.A. should B. can C. must D. will6. Is John coming by train? He should, but he _ not. He likes driving his car.A. must B. can C. need D. may7. It has been announced that candidates _ remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected.A. can B. will C. may D. shall8. You cant imagine that a well-behaved gentleman _ be so rude to a lady.A. might B. need C. should D. would9. Dont forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow. _.A. I dont B. I wont C. I cant D. I havent10. I didnt see her in the meeting-room this morning. She_ at the meeting.A. mustnt have spoken B. shouldnt have spokenC. neednt have spoken D. couldnt have spoken例题答案Key: C D B B Key: C Key: C A Key：A Key: B B D A Key: D CKey：A Key: B Key: D A B Key: A B Key: C Key: A Key：C Key：C C练习答案与解析1. B 从第二个分句“他太矮了”可以推知说话者持否定态度，neednt意思是“没有必要”，与语境不符。2. C 根据句意“我已经告诉她怎样到那儿，但是或许我应该给她写下来”可知，说话者含有“后悔、遗憾”的意味，应使用“情态动词+完成式”形式，“must+完成式”表示对过去的肯定推测，“should+完成式”才表示虚拟意义。3. C 根据第二分句“否则的话他就会给我打电话了”可知“Jack肯定还没到”，“cant+完成式”意思是“根本不可能”。4. A 从第二分句可知，这是妇女和儿童专用候车室，因此你“不准”坐在这儿。mustnt表示“禁止，不准”。5. B can在此表示许可。6. D 从后一句“他喜欢开车”可知说话者把握不大。must not不表示推测，can not的语气太绝对，意思是“根本不可能”。7. D shall用于第二、三人称，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺、威胁等意思。8. C should在此表示惊讶的感情色彩，意思是“竟然”。9. B 对祈使句的肯定回答用I will；否定回答用I wont。10. D 根据句意“我今天上午在会议室没见到她”，所以“她根本不可能在会上发言”。表示“根本不可能”用cant/couldnt have done形式。定语从句（一）结构：在复合句中，修饰某个名词或代词的句子（做这个名词或代词的定语）叫定语从句，定语从句一般放在被修饰的名词或代词后面，被修饰的名词或代词叫做定语从句的先行词，它与定语从句之间要有一个词连接，这个词指代先行词的内容叫做关系词（关系代词或关系副词：that, which, who, whose, when, where, why）。先行词在定语从句中充当主语，宾语，时间，地点，原因状语。结构：先行词+关系词+定语从句。1. There she saw a wall of water that was quickly advancing towards her.2. In Japan, someone who sees another person making the gesture will think it means money.3. A theme park is a collection of rides, exhibitions or other attractions that are based on a common theme.4. The park has a conservation center that helps protect marine animals and their habitats in the rivers and coastal waters of Asia.5. Visitors can go on exciting rides where they can feel what it is like to do the things they have seen their heroes do in the movie.6. Oprah Winfrey is a black woman whose rise to fame is an inspiring story.（二）定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句：限定性定语从句：从句对先行词进行必要的描述或说明，缺少它，则句义显得不完整，从句与先行词紧密相连。非限定性定语从句：对先行词进行补充说明，解释，它与先行词之间有逗号隔开。1. Before she could move, she heard a loud noise, which grew to a terrible roar.2. Tree after tree went down, cut down by the water, which must have been three meters deep.3. Flora, whose beautiful hair and dress were all cold and wet, started crying.4. Their talk includes rhythm and rhyming words as well as tongue twisters, which often make the audience applaud.（三）关系词前面可以根据定语从句的内容加上一些介词，这些关系词在介词后面常用which 或whom.1. There was a man with whom I would have to work together and finally the manager of the company.2. Many people who saw the film were afraid to swim in the sea when they remembered the scenes in which people were eaten by the shark.知识重点与难点（一）当先行词有最高级，序数词修饰，是不定代词，或是all, no, only等形式时，关系代词一般用that，而不能用which。1. The Titanic was the largest ship that had ever been built at that time.2. There is one thing that keeps worrying me.（二）当先行词是表示时间，地点，原因的词时，关系词用when, where, why 还有which, that1. Im very glad to return to my hometown where I had lived for 10 years.2. This is my hometown which I used to talk about to you.3. I think I can understand the reason why he didnt tell the truth to me.4. No one believes the reason that he gave us about his absence at the meeting.（三）定语从句的简化表达： 1. The man who is sitting on the platform is a professor from Wuhan University.2. The letter that was mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.3. The question that is being discussed is very important.4. You are welcome to a party to be given in our class at 7:45.说明：以上的定语从句部分可以用更加简单的非谓语形式表达出来：1. The man sitting on the platform is a professor from Wuhan University.2. The letter mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.3. The question being discussed is very important.4. You are welcome to a party to be given in our class at 7:45.说明：修饰一个名词除了后面用定语从句以外，还可以用非谓语动词形式：doing短语，done短语，being done短语，to be done短语修饰。其结构和意思如下：1. 被修饰名词+doing短语： 正在做.的人/正在发生的事。2. 被修饰名词+ done短语： 被.的人/事3. 被修饰名词+being done短语：正在被.的人/事4. 被修饰名词+ to be done短语：将要被.的人/事（1）Do you know the man talking to my sister ?（2）The “crazy” gesture, moving the index finger in a circle in front of the ear, means “you have a phone call” in Brazil.（3）Did you see that car being repaired ?（4）In a camera, the lens must be focused on the object to be photographed.（5）The students to attend the meeting will arrive here tomorrow.（6）Goods imported from abroad are not always better than those made in China.（7）The Yellow River, said to be “the mother river” runs across China like a huge dragon.总结：以上做定语的那些短语就是英语语法中所说的分词，不定式的各种形式作定语。1. 这些短语作定语应放在被修饰名词的后面。如果单独一个V-ing或V-ed形式作定语，则可以放在被修饰名词前面。2. 分词作定语时，其动作应与全句动作同时发生。V-ing表示主动意义和正在做，V-ed表示被动意义。being done表示正在被做的3. 不定式作定语表示将要发生的，to be done表示将要被做的【典型例题】例1 Friendship is needed by all, _ plays an important role in peoples lives.A. whichB. thatC. whoD. it例2 Uncle Li _ I worked three years ago has retired now.A. whoB. whom C. with whomD. to whom例3 Is this the reason _ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work ?A. he explained B. what he explained C. how he explainedD. why he explained例4 Teachers, _ work is rather hard, are being better paid than before.A. who B. that C. whichD. whose例5 The Olympic Games , _ in 776 BC, didnt included women players until 1912. A. first playingB. to be first playedC. first playedD. to be first playing例6 The houses _ for the teachers and the construction work will start soon.A. built B. to be built C. to buildD. being built例7 How many of us_, a meeting that is not important to us would be interested in the discussion?A. attendedB. attendingC. to attendD. have attended例8 She has three children, _ is working in Australia.A. whoB. one of whom C. one of them D. none of them【模拟试题】1. Susan is the very girl _ the good deed.A. whom I think didB. whom I think she didC. who I think didD. I think who did2. Luckily, the poor boy had enough money _ he could buy a train ticket.A. by whichB. on whichC. with whichD. for which3. The book _ he devoted much time is to come out next month.A. whereB. whichC. to whichD. on which4. The day came finally _ I was given an opportunity to act in the play.A. whenB. in that C. whichD. in which5. 1. Dont you think the question _ tomorrow is of great importance.A. being discussedB. discussedC. to be discussedD. to discuss6. The food _ at the moment is for the dinner party.A. cookedB. to be cooked C. is being cookedD. being cooked7. Do you know the teacher _ under the big tree ?A. readB. readsC. readingD. being readit在强调句型中：在英语中，为了突出强调句子的某一个成分（谓语除外），达到强调或使听话人特别注意这一部分的目的。便形成了一种强调句型。It is / was+被强调的部分+that / who+句子的其他部分。It is / was not until+时间+that+句子的其他部分。例句：1. I saw John on my way to school this morning.It was John who/that I saw on my way to school this morning. It was on my way to school that I saw John this morning.It was this morning that I saw John on my way to school.2. It was his best suit that John wore to the dance last night.3. It was not until 1920 that regular radio broadcast began.4. It was the strange way things looked and sounded in my familiar room at night that frightened me so much . 5. It was the kindness and sympathy in their eyes that prevented me from doing so . 知识难点：（一）注意强调句型的变形，即以一般疑问句或特殊疑问句的形式出现的强调句型。1. What is it that Joe cant find in the bathroom ? 2. Where was it that you met the foreign guests from Australia? 3. I cant quite remember when it was that we married. 4. Was it because he was very ill that he asked for leave?（二）是强调句型还是that主语从句或其他复合句 1. It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. 2. It is these poisonous products that can cause the symptoms of the flu, such as headache and aching muscles. 3. It was almost ten oclock when our soldiers came back from the front. 4. Was it in this place that the last king died ?（三）注意强调句型中被强调部分带有定语从句Was it at the air battle on June 8, 1944, which was led by Captain Johnson that Peter lost his life.【典型例题】一. 单项选择：1. I dont think possible to master a foreign language without much memory.A. thisB. thatC. itsD. it2. Does matter if he cant finish the job on time ?A. thisB. thatC. heD. it3. Toms mother kept telling him that he should work harder, but didnt help.A. heB. which C. sheD. it4. is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A. ThereB. ThisC. ThatD. It5. It was in the small house _ was built with stones by his father _he spent his childhood.A. which ; that B. that ; whereC. which ; which D. that ; which二. 单句改错：1. That is said that this novel has been translated into several languages.2. Is this your turn to clean the blackboard ?3. It is known to everyone, the moon travels around the earth once every month.4. The official made this clear that he would do everything possible to solve the problem.5. It was in the park where the old couple told me their love story.6. Although we cant see them, there is air around us.三. 翻译句子：1. 直到星期三我才给办公室去电话。2. 只有当我们看不清楚的时候，我们才意识到我们眼睛的重要性。3. It was in surgery that the results of that discovery were obtained, and it was there that the battle between the new idea and the old prejudices was fought out most dramatically.【模拟试题】一. 单项选择：1. Nobody thinks very polite to be always cutting in when another person is talking.A. that B. this C. itD. there2. I was disappointed with the film, I had expected to be much better. A. this B. that C. oneD. it3. He tore up my photo and upset me.A. this B. it C. which D. what4. It was with great courage the boy told the truth he had stolen the money.A. which ; that B. when ; whatC. as ; that D. that ; that5. When I try to find that prevents so many people from taking part in the program, it seems to me that there are two main causes.A. what it does B. what it is C. why it does D. why it is6. Nancy is expecting another baby and hopes will be a boy.A. heB. thatC. it D. there二. 句型转换：将下列陈述句按划线的内容变为强调句。1. The children often help their parents do the farm work.2. In 1993, a tomato was developed that was very different from any grown before.3. The biggest problem of Chinese farmers is the shortage of arable land.4. Future agriculture should depend on high technology as well as traditional methods.定语从句【典型例题】例1分析：_ plays an important role in peoples lives为非限定性定语从句修饰先行词Friendship用which连接定语从句。 答案：A例2 分析：_ I worked three years ago作为定语从句修饰先行词Uncle Li，从句完整的表达是：I worked with Uncle Li three years ago. 所以关系词前应加上介词with。 答案：C例3分析：定语从句_ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work修饰先行词the reason指“他在会上就他工作中的粗心解释的原因。先行词在从句中做宾语。 答案：A例4 分析：非限定性定语从句_ work is rather hard修饰先行词teachers, 它与从句中的work是从属关系，关系词用whose 答案：D例5 分析：公元前776年被首次举行的奥运会，直到1912年才容纳女运动员。_in 776 BC做定语修饰The Olympic Games，指过去的内容，表示被动。用done做定语。答案：C例6分析：根据句意房子即将开工。_ for the teachers and the construction work修饰The houses应为The houses The houses将要为教师和施工修建的房子。 答案：B例7分析：根据句意：比如说，我们当中参加一个对我们毫不重要的会议的人会有多少人对这个讨论感兴趣呢？_, say, a meeting that is not important to us修饰How many of us做定语。与全句动作同步. 答案：B例8 分析：非限定性定语从句_ is working in Australia修饰先行词three children，根据从句中的is判断，是说：三个孩子中的一个在