定语从句详解及练习.doc

Adjective clauses, defining and non-definingDEFINING The egg that she dropped was broken but the others were all right.NON-DEFINING The School Hall, which holds two hundred people, was crowded.In the first example the clause is said to be defining because it tells us which egg was broken:the one that was dropped.It can be seen, then, that the real subject of the sentence is not simply The egg but The egg that she dropped. For this reason, the defining clause is not separated from the rest of the sentence by commas before and after it.The adjective clause in the second example is non-defining because it does not tell us which Hall: we already know which one is meant. The clause only adds information to the sentence. It could be left out and the main meaning of the sentence would still be clear:The School Hall was crowded.For this reason non-defining clauses usually have commas before and after them to separate them from the rest of the sentence.A (Oral/Written) Place commas before and after the non-defining clauses in these sentences:1.My friends house which is in Main Street is a new house. 2. He showed me his boat which he had made himself. 3. The bag that he was carrying seemed heavy.4. My friend John whom you have met will be there tonight. 5. I have forgotten the name of the place where she is living now. 6. The pen that he bought was all right but mine does not work properly. 7. My father who works in a factory starts early in the morning. 8. I am looking for a room that is not being used.That or Which?That and which are both used when referring to things, not people. That is often used in defining clauses; which is often used in nor-defining clauses:DEFINING The car that gets there first is the winner. The book that I wanted had gone.NO N-DEFINING Our school, which is a big one, is just outside the town. My pen, which I bought last week, writes in two colors.(Oral/Written) Add that or which to these sentences:1. The thingsurprised me was the shape of the roof. 2. Todays newspaper,I have just read, contained an interesting article about insects. 3. She sang the songI like most. 4. The Hound of the Baskervifies, was written by Conan Doyle, is in our library. 5. His pipe, _ he had bought only the day before, was broken. 6. The dress _ she wanted was too expensive, so she bought the other one, was much cheaper. 7. That is the biggest fish _ I have ever seen. 8. He removed his coat, had been torn.Who or Whom?These are used of people, not things. They may both be used in defining and non-defining clauses. Who is used as the subject of the adjective clause, and whom as the object. Some examples will make this clear:My uncle, who lives in Yuen Long, knows your father.My uncle, whom you met yesterday, knows your father. In the first example, the adjective clause is: who lives in Yuen Long. The verb is lives, and the subject of the verb is who. In the second example, the adjective clause is: whom you met yesterday. The verb is met, and its subject is you. The object is whom. Both the above examples were non-defining clauses but the same is true of defining clauses:The boy who won the race is a friend of mine. The boy whom he wanted was not there. In defining clauses, however, who and whom are often replaced by that, and whom is often left out altogether, especially in conversation:The boy that won the race is a friend of mine.The boy that he wanted was not there.The boy he wanted was not there.C (Oral/Written) Add who or whom if necessary.1.My brother, _ is sixteen, left school last week. 2. Mr. Lee, everybody likes, is going to retire soon. 3. That is my sister, you met yesterday. 4. I am looking for someone has a football to sell. 5. The new Headmaster, _ looked very young, arrived yesterday. 6. He was speaking to a stranger , I think, was asking him something. 7. The man the police arrested was carrying house-breaking tools. 8. My cousin, _ she married, lives in the same town.WhoseD(Oral/Written) Whose may also be used in defining and non-defining clauses. Join the sentences using whose. Sometimes you will be forming defining clauses and sometime non-defining clauses.That is the man. His car was stolen. That is the man whose car was stolen.My uncle works in an office. His flat is next to ours.My uncle, whose flat is next to ours, works in an office.1Mr. Lee was very upset. His flat was on fire. 2 He wanted to find the man. He had borrowed the mans hat.3 The little girl was very grateful. He had found her dog.4 Her cousin waved to her. She was riding -her cousins bicycle.5Mrs. Tan has retired. I used to visit her toy shop.6The Headmaster was talking to a man. The mans son had just started school.Of WhichFor the most part, whose is used when referring to people and of which is used for things.He picked up the book. The cover of the book had been torn. He picked up the book, the cover of which had been torn.E (Oral/Written) Join these sentences using of which:1.The two men walked up to the house. The door of the house was open. 2. He bought a second-hand fountain-pen. Its cap was missing. 3. He was using a saw. The handle of the saw was broken. 4. Some people were looking at the car. Its windscreen was smashed.5. She was looking at a painting. Its frame was beautifully carved. 6. The librarian was holding a book. Its cover had been torn off.In which,. on which, etc.F(Oral/Written) Other prepositions are used in a similar way. Join the sentences using the preposition in colour and which. The clauses formed are defining. No commas are needed.This is the box. The papers are kept in it.This is the box in which the papers are kept The chair collapsed. He was sitting on it.The chair on which he was sitting collapsed.1. The car had a puncture. He was riding in it. 2. The music was rather loud. They were listening to it. 3. The train was late. She was travelling on it. 4. The ball was very hard. He was hit by it. 5. The paper was torn. The present was wrapped in it. 6. The ladder began to sway. The workman was climbing down it.G (Oral/Written) When referring to a person, a preposition is followed by whom not who Join the sentences using the preposition in color and whom.There is the man. The policeman was speaking to him. There is the man to whom the policeman was speaking.1. At last he found the man. He had been searching for him. 2. The girl looked very pleased. The prize had been presented to her. 3. Those are the men. I rely on them.4. There is the boy. You were talking about him. 5 The person has gone. She was talking to him. 6. That is the man. My brother works for him.H (Oral) In which, to whom, etc., are normally used in writing only. When speaking, we usually leave out which and whom and put the preposition at the end of the clause, like this:This is the box. The papers are kept in it.This is the box the papers are kept in.The chair collapsed. He was sitting on it.The chair he was sitting on collapsed.There is the man. The policeman was speaking to him.There is the man the policeman was speaking to. Write out these sentences placing commas before and after non-defining clauses only.1. The only fish that I have caught have been very small ones.2. The President who was a very tall gentleman made a speech.3. Is this the train that goes to Tal Po?4. The book that he had was not the same as mine.5. My father who is an elderly man still plays badminton.6. The one that I wanted was on the top shelf.7. The only man on whom I could rely was missing.8. The topics about which he knew most did not appear on the examination paper.9. My mother whose eyesight is not good fell and hurt herself.10. Coral Island which is an exciting book for boys and girls can be found in any library.11. Mr. Green whom I met yesterday was a very likeable man.12. Tennis which can be played by boys and girls is a very good game.Relative clauses (defining)Who (people)A (Oral) Make sentences like the ones in the examples:e.g:That is the boy. He broke the window. - That is the boy who broke the window.This is the girl. She found the money. - This is the girl who found the money.1. That is the boy. He broke the window. 2. This is the girl. She found the money.3. That is the policeman. He caught the thief. 4. This is the girl. She sold me the oranges.5. This is the boy. He came late. 6 This is the girl. She lost her book.7 That is the man. He caught a fish. 8 This is the girl. She won the prize.9 That is the woman. She stopped the bus. 10 This is the boy. He caught a big fish.That and which (things and animals)B (Oral/Written) Make twenty sentences.hit the treecarthatfell into the rivertravelling very fastTheknocked the man downwashorsewhichran into the busgoing very slowwent over the cliffC (Oral) Give replies like the ones in the examples:He dropped a pencil. - Theres the pencil that he dropped. She saw a dog. - Theres the dog that she saw.1 He dropped a pen. 2 She lost a ruler. 3 He made a kite. 4 She found a kitten.5 They built a boat. 6 He made a table. 7 She saw a yellow bird. 8 They broke a window.9 He killed a snake. 10 They dug a hole. 11 She made a dress. 12 He threw a stone.13 He borrowed a book. 14 She dropped a plate. 15 He painted a picture.Relatives omitted (contact clauses)(Oral) Make sentences like the ones in the example:The car was very old. He was driving it. - The car he was driving was very old.The book is very interesting. He is reading it. - The book he is reading is very interesting.1. The car was very old. He was driving it. 2. The book is very interesting. He is reading it.3. The bicycle was very old. He was riding it. 4.The camera was made in Japan. He bought it.5. The game was very exciting. They were playing it. 6. The exercise is easy. We are doing it.7. The fruit is rotten. We bought it yesterday. 8.The film was exciting. We saw it last night.9. The dog was very small. She was carrying it. 10. The tiger was behind them. They werehunting it.E (Oral) Make sentences like the ones in the examples:I know the man. You met him yesterday. - I know the man you met yesterday.Here is the book. I bought it last week. - Here is the book I bought last week.1. I know the man. You met him yesterday. 2. Here is the book. I bought it last week.3. Im looking for the man. I met him last week. 4. He gave me the fish. He caught it in the river.5. That is the boy. I saw him last week. 6. They were eating the apples. They bought them in the shop.7. He gave her the purse. He found it in the bus.8. That is the lady. I saw her on the television. 9. Show me the book. You got it from the library.10. Those are the children. We saw them yesterday.F (Oral/Written) Make sentences like the ones in the examples:The book belongs to my brother. I am reading it. - The book I am reading belongs to my brother.The man knows my father. I met him in Aberdeen. - The man I met in Aberdeen knows my father.1. The pen belongs to my sister. I am using it. 2. The town is very clean. I live in it.3. The boy is my cousin. I spoke to him. 4. The book is very exciting. You are reading it.5. The girl goes to my school. I was talking to her. 6. The furniture was very dusty. She was cleaning it.7. The man was very old. I helped him across the street. 8. The tree was very tall. He climbed it.9. The door was not fastened. The thief opened it. 10. The dress was green and red. She was wearing it.whose(Oral) Join the sentences usingWe spoke to the woman. Her Son is ill. - We spoke to the woman whose son is ill.Those are the girls. Their pictures were in the newspaper. - Those are the girls whose pictures were in the newspaper.1 That is the man. His son helped me.2 They are trying to find the man. His shop is on fire.3 That is the woman. Her home is in Singapore.4 He is talking to the boy. His father is ill.5 Where is the girl? Her bag is on the floor.6 We shouted to the men. Their boat was sinking.7 We tried to help the man. His car had broken down.8 Everyone looked at the man. His dog was barking loudly.9 1 tried to help the little boy. His hat was in the water.I am looking for the boy. I borrowed his ruler. - I am looking for the boy whose ruler I borrowed. That is the man. He married his daughter. - That is the man whose daughter he married.10 I want to find the man. I borrowed his bicycle.11 Where is the boy? I borrowed his ruler.12 This is the girl. You met her mother yesterday.13 The police are looking for the man. They have found his car.14 That is the sailor. We saw his ship yesterday.15 Do you know the girl? I broke her ruler.16 We ran after the woman. We found her purse.17 I can see the boy. We played with his football last week.18 That is the boy. We saw his brother yesterday.The boy won the prize. His kite flew the highest. -The boy whose kite flew the highest won the prize.The girls went home early. Their work was very good. -The girls whose work was very good went home early.19 The man jumped into the water. His boat was sinking.20 The man sold a great many. His oranges were cheap.21 The woman did not sell many. Her oranges were dear.22 The man had to walk to work. His car would not start.23 The girl began to cry. Her dog ran away.24 The policeman was angry. His hat fell off.25 The girl got very wet. Her umbrella was full of holes.26 The children stayed at home. Their school was closed.27 The boy asked his mother to mend them. His trousers were torn.H (Oral/Written) Join the sentences using who, which, whose or that.1. A doctor is a man. He makes sick people better. 2. A clerk is a man or a woman. He or she works in an office. 3. A sailor is a man. He sails on a ship. 4.1 know a man. He drives a bus. 5. This is the pencil. I lent it to you. 6. That is the school. It was closed last week. 7. I know a boy. His father is a policeman. 8. I have found the book. I lost it yesterday.Defining clausesThe person that/ who helped me was a stranger.The man (that) they elected was very popular.The pen (that) they chose was very expensive.A defining clause tells us which particular thing or person is meant. In the above examples the defining clauses answer the questions: Which person? Which man? Which pen?Note:(i) These clauses are not marked off by commas. (ii) In the first example who or that may be used. (iii) In the last two examples that may be left out.A Complete these sentences by adding the missing words. Where it is possible to leave out that, do so. In each case the clauses are defining clauses, so no commas are necessary.1 The tree _ fell down was a big one.2 The persontold me was your brother.3 The book _ I wanted was on the top shelf.4The person he asked did not know.5People live in glass houses shouldnot throw stones.6The meal he ate did not agree with him.7 She was very pleased with the present_ he brought her.8The one _ answers first will win a prize.9The car _ knocked him down did not stop.10The person _ won the prize is a friend of mine.That is often used after superlatives and certain pronouns. Brackets show that it can be omitted.He was one of the finest men that ever lived.All (that) I can do is wait.Everything (that) I do seems to be wrong.Everyone that knew her liked her.There is nothing (that) I like more than a cup of tea.I am afraid there is little (that) I can do.B Complete these sentences by adding defining clauses:1 There was nothing.2 That is the best story.3 Everyone. . liked the picture.4 1 want to see everything.5 I want to buy the biggest cake.6Nothing. . . seemed to please the teacher.7Please give me everything.8He lost everything.9When the firemen arrived there was little.101 have told you all.Non-defining clausesNon-defining clauses do not answer the question: Which one?. We already know which person or thing is meant. Non-defining clauses simply add information:My eldest brother, who is seventeen, has left school.The letter to Rangoon, which I posted a month ago, has still not arrived.My car battery, which I bought recently, is already failing.Mary, with whom I went to the concert, enjoyed it very much.He found an old stone jar, in which had been hidden some silver dollars.My Aunt Helen, whose cat is called Tabitha, keeps many pets.Books on adventure, of which this is one example, are not always well written.Notice that in non-defining clauses:(i)Which is used rather than that(ii)Which, who and whom are never omitted as they sometimes are in defining clauses.(iii)Usually commas are placed before and after non-defining clauses.C Add commas where necessary. Remember that commas are not used with defining clauses.1This is the book that I was given yesterday.2I have found the Oxford Junior Encyclopaedia which is in the library useful. 3The best film that I ever saw was aboutAustralia.4The oldest man in the village who had along white beard knew many interesting stories.5The thing that