必修四Unit4知识点.doc

重点词组1. close to（距离、时间、数量、水平等）近的；接近的；最近的；关系密切的The hotel is close to the centre of town.宾馆就在城中心附近。You cant go to the party; its too close to your exams.你不能去参加聚会，它离你的考试时间太近了。Shes close to both her parents.她和父母的关系都很密切。【拓展】get close to靠近；接近 feel close to觉得与亲密2. as well也；还；又Id like a cup of coffee, and a glass of water as well.我想要一杯咖啡，还有一杯水。【辨析】as well, too, also, as well as与either这几个词/词组均可以作“也；同样”解。as well通常放在句末。too常置于句末，前面有逗号，用于肯定句中。also位于实义动词之前或be动词、助动词及情态动词之后，用于肯定句中。as well as用在句中。as well as前面的部分作主语，其后的部分不作主语。either 位于句末，前面有逗号，用于否定句中。3. in general通常，大体来说，总的来讲【拓展】generally adv. 一般地，通常地，普遍地 generally speaking一般来说It is generally believed that.普遍认为as a general rule在通常情况下；一般而言as a whole总体上，整个看来4. on the contrary正相反；恰恰相反It isnt hot; on the contrary it cold.5. clean out清理；把.打扫干净；把偷光/买空；耗尽某人的钱财They spend the day cleaning out the garage.他们花了一天时间彻底清理车库。Japanese soldiers moved in and cleaned the village out.日军进来把整个村子洗劫一空。The Paris trip cleaned us out.巴黎之行用光了我们所有的钱。6. be impressed with为所感动；给留下印象I was deeply impressed with/ at/ by his speech.他的演说给我留下深刻的印象。【拓展】impress sth. on sth.把印于.impress on/upon sb. sth.使某人铭记某事impress sb. with sth. 使某人铭记某事be impressed by为.所感动an impressive scene难忘的场面an impressive story感人的故事have/ make an impress on 给留下印象The scenery is strongly impressed on my mind. （主语是物）= Im strongly impressed with the scenery. （主语是人）7. make up 编造；弥补；化装；组成【拓展】“动词+up”构成的短语：cut up 切碎look up查阅bring up抚养；养育call up召唤；打电话put up建立；搭建；举起；张贴set up建立；开创give up放弃do up打扮；修理use up用完keep up维持8. at ease舒适；自由自在He is at ease about the matter.他对此事很放心。【拓展】with ease无困难地；轻而易举地（=easily） feel/ be at ease舒适而无忧虑；完全放松 put/set sb. at ease使某人感到轻松自在9turn ones back to背对；背弃；不理睬Hes always been kind to me. I cant just turn my back to him now because hes ill and poor.他一直对我很好，现在他贫病交加，我不能不加理会。【拓展】turn around/round转身；翻转 turn back翻回去；使折回 turn in上交 turn into进入；使变成 turn off关 turn over使翻过来；移交；再三考虑 turn to转向；求助于 turn up出现 turn down调低；拒绝重点句子1. After half an hour of waiting for their flight to arrive, I saw several young people enter the waiting area looking around curiously.在等待他们的航班到达等了半个小时之后，我看见几个年轻人走进了等候区，好奇地向四周张望。本句中含有see sb. do sth.结构，意为“看见某人做了某事”；looking around curiously为现在分词短语作伴随状语。They are now at breakfast, talking about the plan for their trip.现在他们正在吃早餐并谈论着旅行计划。【注意】现在分词短语表示伴随时，用来说明动作发生的背景或情况。通常，分词所表示的动作和谓语动作同时发发生。2. She stepped back appearing surprised and put up her hands, as if in defence.她退后了几步，看上去有些吃惊，并举起了手，好像是在自卫。当as if引导的从句是“主语+系动词”结构，可省略主语和系动词。He acts as if (he were) a specialist.【辨析】as if/ though与even if/though(1) as if/though意为“好像，仿佛”，引导方式状语从句或表语从句。He behaved as if nothing had happened.他表现得若无其事。(2) even if/though意为“纵然，即使”，引导让步状语从句。They still stick to their opinion even if the majority are against it.纵然大多数人反对，他们还是坚持自己的观点。3. Not all cultures greet each other the same way, nor are they comfortable in the same way with touching or distance between people.各种文化背景下的人互相问候的方式不尽相同，身体接触和相互间距的程度也不尽相同。(1) 在本句中，包含有一个部分否定，即Not all cultures greet each other the same way和一nor连接的并列句。部分否定即否定一部分而不是全部。All the girls dont like dancing. = Not all the girls like dancing.不是所有的女孩子都喜欢跳舞。【拓展】表示完全否定的词有：no, none, neither, no one, never, nobody, nothing, nowhere, not.at ll等。None of the books are useful.这些书都没有用。(2) nor are they是倒装句，表示前面的情况也适用于后面的人或事，nor可用neither替换，用于否定句中，so用于肯定句中，也表示这种概念。【拓展】还有否定含义的词置于句首往往引起部分倒装，还有以下几种情况：(1) 还有否定意义的副词置于句首，如not, never, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等。Not a single word did Mary say at the meeting.会上玛丽一句话也没说。(2) 含有否定意义的介词短语置于句首，如：by no means, at no time, in no case, on no account等。At no time did I tell you that you could use my car.我从没告诉过你，说你可以用我的车子。(3) 含有否定意义的连词置于句首，如：not onlybut also, neither.nor., no soonerthan, scarcely when., hardly.when等No sooner had he left home than it began to rain.他刚出家门天就开始下雨。4. She had just graduated from university and was ready to begin life as an independent adult.她刚从大学毕业，准备开始过独立的成年人的生活。(1) be+adj.+to do是英语中常见的结构。(2) begin sth. as sth.从开始5. With so many cultural differences between people, it is great to have some similarities in body language.人们之间的文化差异非常多，但好在身势语有一些相似之处。With so many cultural differences between people是“with+名词+介词短语”复合结构，在句中作状语，表让步。由with构成的复合结构是英语中一种重要的语法现象，它在句子结构方面具有相对独立的特点；在语义上相当于一个完整的句子；在结构上不是句子，因为它没有谓语成分。(1) with+名词+现在分词She stood there chatting with her friend, with her child playing beside her.(2) with+名词+过去分词With his homework finished, he went to play basketball.(3) with+名词+不定式With ten minutes to go, youd better hurry up.【即学活用】With him_(to help/helping/helped) us next year, well have no difficulty in setting up out own business.6. We can often be wrong about each other, so it is an amazing thing that we understand each other as well as we do!尽管我们常常会彼此误解，但我们仍能做到彼此理解，这真是件令人惊奇的事！be wrong about sb.误解某人【拓展】get sth./sb. wrong 误会/误解某事/某人 do sb. wrong冤枉某人 go wrong走错了路；搞错The policeman got the name wrong and arrested an innocent man.警察把名字弄错了，逮捕了一个无辜的人。If you stay on the motorway, you cant go wrong.如果你一直走高速公路，就绝不会走错。It is+ adj.(+n.) + that(should) do句型归纳：It is necessary/important/ natural/ strange/ surprising/ impossible+that. (should) do.It is a pity that. (should) do.It is an amazing/ a surprising/ an exciting thing that. (should) do主要语法动词-ing形式（）如果动词的-ing形式用于修饰某个动词或整个句子，此时作状语，一般可转换为状语从句，表示时间、原因、方式、伴随、条件、结果或让步。1. 时间状语。Seeing the teacher approaching, the students fell into silence.看到老师走进，学生们静了下来。【注意】作时间状语时，可在现在分词短语之前加上while或when,以强调与谓语动词同时。While/When walking through the bush, they found some unusual plants.2. 原因状语，说明主句部分的原因。Living far from the company, I have to get up early every morning.由于住得离公司远，我每天早晨不得不早起。Having been awarded a prize for his winning the first place in the maths competition, he was too excited to fall asleep all the night.由于在数学竞赛中赢得第一名而被授予奖励，他兴奋得一夜没有合眼。3. 方式状语，说明谓语动词的方式。Being supported by her son, the old woman went into the court.在儿子的搀扶下，这位老太太走进了法庭。4. 伴随状语。They walked back laughing and talking.他们谈笑风生地走回来了。5. 条件状语。(If)Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.如果玩一整天，你就会浪费掉你宝贵的时间。6. 结果状语。通常位于句子后面。The rice output rose again last year, reaching 800 kilograms a mu.去年水稻产量又上升了，达到每亩800公斤。7. 让步状语。通常与although, though连用。Though raining heavily, it cleaned up very soon.尽管雨下得很大，很快天就晴了。练习：1. Which of the two computer games did you prefer?Actually I didnt like_ .A. both of them B. either of themC. none of them D. neither of them2. Not until the motorbike looked almost new_ repairing and cleaning it.A. he stopped B. did he stopC. stopped he D. he did stop3. I thought wed be late for the concert, _ we ended up getting there ahead of time.A. but B. or C. so D. for4. The present situation is very complex, so I think it will take me some time to_ its easily.A. make up B. figure out C. look through D. put off5. American Indians_ about five percent