医学术语Medical Terminology.doc

Medical Terminology 医学 术语学 yi xue shu yu xue Introduction to the First Edition of Medical Terminology This is to serve as an introduction to medical terminology that is commonly in use by the English speaking international medical community This book is put together with the Chinese language speaker in mind but may be used by English language speakers who wish to familiarize themselves with Chinese medical terminology It is not intended as a replacement for the arduous study of the Greek and Latin languages which are the basis of the majority of the words used by the English speaking medical community but rather as a beginning in learning the myriad of words and terms in use by the modern medical community Learning the terms presented in this book will enable the student to understand most of the words and expressions in current use and armed with the knowledge of the construction of how Greek and Latin words are created should enable the reader to be able to obtain a comprehension of any new medical vocabulary terms Chinese has been added to facilitate a better understanding for the intended Chinese reader In the first part of the book the reader is introduced to the construction of medical terms Subsequent chapters then delve into the various medical fields which use terms specific to their disciplines Abbreviations and terms not of Greek or Latin origin are introduced to familiarize the reader with additional idiosyncrasies in English Medical Terminology How to Understand Medical terms and Expressions The foundation for medical terms in the English language has it roots in the languages of Latin and Greek Knowledge of these languages will give a Chinese Medical Professional a much better understanding of an unfamiliar word and or expression Conversely the Medical Professional whom has English as their primary language will benefit from seeing the construction of the Chinese Medical Terminology in their studies of the Chinese language Familiarize yourself with the Latin Greek and French works in this Book and you will be able to understand the vast majority of medical terms in use in the English language When you encounter a word you have never seen before you will be able to understand it s meaning by dissecting the word and knowing its components and how they are used in other words English being a dynamic language will continue to incorporate more new medical terms and replace older ones you need to prepare yourself by knowing the material contained within this manual Medical terminology words and words of importance are in Bold script Sometimes a definition is given for the word and this will be in parentheses Chinese is added to those words which are written in bold script to help the reader understand the relationship between the English Terminology and the Chinese Terminology Pinyin is written in Blue Italic Arial script within parenthesis An Example of this format is as follows Cardiology the study of the heart 心脏病学 xin zang bing xue Observe how in Chinese the word Myocarditis inflamed muscle layer of heart 心肌炎 xin ji yan has a structure which is not too dissimilar to the English with 心 xin meaning heart 肌 ji meaning muscle and 炎 yan meaning inflammation Using this word dissection technique the non Chinese speaker can familiarize themselves with the Chinese Medical Terminology Here is another example to illistrate how nicely the Chinese construct medical words The Chinese word for big is 大 da and Intestineis 腸 chang And from the previous example 炎 yan is understood to mean inflammation So when you start to put them together in wanting to say large intestine you have 大腸 da chang and for colitis which is an inflammation of the large intestine it is simply 大肠炎 da chang yan Generally there are three basic parts to English medical terms Word Root 词根 ci gen This is the central meaning of the term and is usually in the middle of the medical term Prefix前缀 qian zhui Seen at the the beginning of the term it helps to identify the central meaning Suffix后缀 hou zhui Always at the end of the term the suffix modifies the central meaning as to what or who is interacting with it or what is happening to it Here is an example of how to take apart a word to understand the term Myocarditis 心肌炎 xin ji yan Prefix Word Root Suffix myo muscle 肌 ji card heart 心 xin itis inflammation 炎 yan Myo as the Prefix helps to identify the Word Root card and it is modifying the Word Root by implicating an inflammation process that is occurring Ergo we can now understand that Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle Prefix change Myocarditis inflamed muscle layer of heart 心肌炎 xin ji yan Pericarditis inflamed outer layer of heart 心包炎 xin bao yan Endocarditis inflamed inner layer of heart 心内膜炎 xin nei mo yan Suffix change Cardiologist a physician specializing in the heart 心脏病专家 xin zang bing zhuan jia Cardiomyopathy damage to heart muscle layer 心肌症 xin jin zheng Cardiomegaly enlargement of the heart 心脏扩大症 xin zang kuo da zheng The basics illustrated above are just to introduce the parts of medical terms and demonstrate 示 范 shi fan how moving the parts of the word around modifies the central meaning without changing the Word Root cardio 心 xin When the Prefix and Suffix changes it can alter the meaning of a term without changing its central meaning by keeping the Word Root the same Now let us take the Word Root therm 发热 fa re which means heat and see how it is used to make words Hypo is the Prefix and means less so Hypothermia 体温降低 ti wen jiuan di can mean less heat And another Prefix added to therm is Meter which means to measure consequently a Thermometer 温度计 wen du ji 体温计 ti wen ji is a something used to measuring heat Here both forms of the Chinese word for Thermometer are listed as the Chinese language distinguish between a thermometer used for measuring the air temperature 温度计 wen du ji and another for body temperature 体温计 ti wen ji The following are frequently used word beginnings prefixes and word endings suffixes used to make up many medical terms If you know them you will know the majority of simple medical terms Note that some organs have more than one word root For example let us look at the word Breast 乳房 ru fang which can be written as masto or mammo Typically one is derived from the Greek and one from Latin You need to know both roots because you may see either of them used An x ray of the breast is called a Mammogram 乳房 X 线照片 ru fang X xian zhao pian and is used to help detect Mastocarcinoma breast cancer 乳癌 and if the surgeon must remove the breast then that procedure is termed a Mastectomy 乳房切除术 lu fang qie chu shu Remember the parts that make up medical terminology are prefixes word roots and suffixes The most typical sequence is prefix word root and suffix with the word root being central but this is not always the case In this manual you will see a hyphen in front of a suffix to indicate it is added to the end of a word let us take the example of itis inflammation 炎 yan or oma tumor 瘤 Liu Prefixes and word roots are shown as freestanding word parts A slash and a vowel such as seen in the example of Leuk o white are called combining forms which make it easier to attach to other word parts and make the word easier to pronounce A larger listing of Root Words Prefixes and Suffixes are given in Appendix B and is included in this book to help the reader in further dissecting words and understanding them Common Prefixes a an without none Anemia 贫血 pin xue Hyper more then normalHypertension 高血压 gao xue ya Hyperthermia 过高热 guo gao re Hypo less then normalHypotension 血压过低 Xue ya guo gao Hypothermia 降低体温 jian de ti wen Normo NormalNormotensive 正常血压的 zhen chan xue ya de Brady slowBradycardia 心搏徐缓 xin bo xu huan Tachy fastTachycardia 心动过速 xin dong guo su micro small Microstomia abnormally small mouth 小口的 xiao ko de macro large Macrostomia abnormally large mouth 颊横裂 jia heng lie mega megaly enlarged Megacolon abnormally large colon 巨结肠 ju jei chang Prefixes Showing Location Endo within Endoscopy 内窥镜检查法 Nei Kui Jing Jian Cha Fa Peri around Perianal around the anus 肛门周围的 Gang Men Zhou Wei De Circum around Circumcise to cut around 环切术 Huan Qie Shu Retro behind Retrosternal behind the breastbone 胸骨后的 Xiong Gu Hou De Epi upon on top Epidermis outermost layer of skin 表皮 Biao Pi Trans through Transurethral through the urinary duct 经尿道的 Jing Niao Dao De Intra within Intravenous inside the veins e g IV fluids 静脉内的 Jing Mai Nei De Sub below Subclavian below the clavicle or collar bone 锁骨下的 Suo Gu Xia De Prefixes Showing Color Leuk o whiteLeukemia Overabundance of white blood cells 白血病 Bai xue bing xanth o yellow Xanthoma Yellow tumor 黄瘤 Huang liu cyan o blueCyanosis Blueness due to cold or no O2 in blood 苍白病 Cang bai bing melan o blackMelanoma Black tumor of the skin 黑素瘤 Hei su liu Common Word Roots Stomato Mouth Stomatitis 口腔炎 kou qiang yan Dento Teeth Dentist 牙科医生 Ya ke ti sheng Glosso Linguo Tongue 舌头 she tou Glossitis 舌炎 She yan Lingual nerve 舌神经 She shen jing Gingivo Gums 齿龈 Chi yin Gingivitis 齿龈炎 Chi yin yan Encephalo Brain 脑 nao Encephalitis 脑炎 Nao yan Gastro Stomach 胃 Wei Gastritis 胃炎 Wei yan Entero Intestine 腸 Chang Gastroenteritis 肠胃炎 Chang wei yan Colo Large intestine 大腸Colitis 大肠炎 Da chang yan Megacolon 巨结肠 ju jie chang Procto Anus 肛门 Gang men Proctitis 直肠炎 Zhi chang yan Proctology 直肠病学 Zhi chang bing xue Hepato Liver 肝脏 Gan zang Hepatitis 肝脏炎 Gan zang yan Hepatomegaly 肝肿大 Gan zhong da Nephro Rene Kidney 腎 Shen Nephrosis 肾变病 Shen bian bing 肾病 Shen bing Renal artery 肾脏的 动脉 Shen zang de dong mai Orchido Testis 睾丸 Gao wan Orchiditis 睾丸炎 Gao wan yan Orchidectomy 睾丸切除术 Gao wan qie chu shu Dermo Skin 皮肤 pi fu Dermatitis 皮炎 pi yan Masto Mammo Breast 乳房 ru fang Mastectomy 乳房切除术 ru fang qie chu shu Mammography 乳房 X 线照相术 ru fang X xian zhao xiang shu Osteo Bones 骨骼 gu ge Osteoporosis 骨质疏松症 gu zhi shu song zheng Cardio Heart 心脏 xin zang Electrocardiogram ECG 心电图 xin dian tu Rhino Nose 鼻子 bi zi Rhinitis 鼻炎 bi yan 鼻粘膜炎 bi nian mo yan Phlebo Veno Veins 静脉 jin mai Phlebitis 静脉炎 jing mai yan Phlebotomy 刺骼 放血 fang xue Phlebosclerosis 靜脈硬化 jing mai ying hua Pneumo Pulmo Lung 肺 fei Pneumonitis 局限性肺炎 ju xian xing fei yan Pulmonologist 肺科医生 fei ke yi sheng Hemo Emia Blood 血 xue Anemia 贫血 贫血症 pin xue pin xue zheng Hematologist 血液学家 xue ye xue jia Common Suffixes itis Inflammation 炎症 yan zheng Tonsillitis 扁桃腺炎 bian tao xian yan Appendicitis 阑尾炎 lan wei yan 盲肠炎 mang chang yan osis Abnormal 反常的 fan chang de Cyanosis 苍白病 Cang bai bing ectomy to remove Appendectomy 阑尾切除术 lan weiqie chu shu Tonsillectomy 扁桃腺切除术 bian tao xian qie chu shu otomy to cut into Tracheotomy cut into windpipe气管 qi guan 气管切开术 qi guan qie kai shu ostomy to make a mouth Colostomy 结肠造瘘术 jie chang zhao lou shu scopy scopic to lookColonoscopy 结肠镜检查 jie chang jing jian cha graphy recording an image Mammography 乳房 X 线照相术 ru fang x zhao xiang shu gram image Mammogram 乳房 X 线照片 ru fanf X xian zhao pian X ray X 光照片 X guang zhao pian Appendix A Types of Physicians and other Medical Professionals Appendix B Prefixes Common Root words and Suffixes Appendix CCommon Medical Abreviations Appendix D Medical Terms listed alphabetically About the Authors Appendix A Names of Types of Physicians and other Medical Professionals Cardiologist 心脏病学家 xin zang bing xue jia Cardiovascular Surgeon 心血管外科医生 xin xue guan wai ke yi sheng 心脏血管医师 xin zang xue guan yi shi Dentist 牙科医生 Ya ke ti sheng Epidemiologist 流行病学家 liu xing bing xue jia 流行病专家 liou xing bing zhuan jia 流行病医师 liu xing bing yi sheng Gastroenterologist 肠胃病学家 chang wei bing xue jia Gynecologist 妇科医生 fu ke yi sheng Hematologist 血液学家 xue ye xue jia Internist 内科医生 nei ke yi sheng 实习医生实习医生 shi xi yi sheng Nephrologist 肾病专家 shen bing zhuan jia Neurologist 神经科专门医师 shen jing ke zhuan men yi shi Neurosurgeon 神经外科医生 shen jing wai ke yi sheng Obstetrician 产科医师 chang ke yi shi Oncologist 肿瘤科医师 zhong liu ke yi shi Orderly 勤务兵 qin wu bing Orthopedist 整形外科医师 zheng xing wai ke yi shi Osteopathic Physician 整骨医生 zheng gu yi sheng Pathologist 病理学家 bing li xue jia Plastic Surgeon 可塑的外科医生 ke su de wai ke yi sheng 整形外科医生 xheng xing wai ke yi sheng Proctologist 直肠病学家 zhi chang bing xue jia Psychiatrist 精神病学家 jing shen bing xue jia Public Health Physician 公众的健康内科医生 gong zhong de jian kang yi sheng 公 共 卫生医生 gong gong wei sheng yi sheng Pulmonologist 肺科医生 fei ke yi sheng Researcher 调查者 diao cha zhe 学术研究员 xue shu yan jiu yuan Rheumatologist 风湿病学家 feng shi bing xue jia Surgeon 外科医师 wai ke yi shi Urologist 泌尿科医师 mi niao ke yi shi Physician Assistant 医生助手 yi sheng zhu shou Midwife 助产士 zhu chan shi 接生婆 jie sheng po Nurse 护士 hu shi Ordery 勤务兵 qin wu bing Candystriper volunteer 糖尿病专家 tang niao bing zhuan jia 调查者 diao cha yuan 凝结型 ning jie xing Appendix B Common Root Words Prefixes and Suffixes Common Root Words annulus little ringanser goose acanth spine prickle aceto vinegar acou hear acro extremity tip sharp actin ray beam acu sharp sudden adeno gland adipo fat aero air a esth perception agogue leader agon contest struggle ala wing alb white algo pain alien stranger strange allelo one another mutual amauros blind am o eb constantly changing ambi amph both sides ambly dim faint amnio amnion bowl amylo starch andro male angio vessel blood bile ankyl bent anthem flower anthrac black anthro man human aort aorta aphro froth sexual love aqu water arachn spider spiderweb archo ancient beginning argy silver shiny artero artery arthro joint artic little joint asthm panting athero gruel atri entry chamber axilla armpit axo center axis aud hear aur hear aus hear auto self aux make grow azo nitrogen bac t rod ball throw balano acorn glans blast sprout blenno snot bleph eyelid bol throw brachi arm brady slow branch gill bronch bronchus bucc cheek inside burs bursa purse caes cut deep c h ord notochord c o ele rupture carpo wrist calci limestone calco heel spur calyc cup campy bend canc crab capo head centr center carbo charcoal carbon carcin crab carcinoma epithelium cancer card heart heart shape carot great neck arteries carpo wrist caus burn centesis puncture centr center cep h expanded part cephal head cept seize take cereb r brain cervic neck ch e ir hand chemo chemistry chlor light green chol e bile chondr cartilage grain chorea dance chori chorionic membrane chrom color chron time long time chyle digested food juice cide killing falling cise cut deep cili eyelash cion uvula clast break claustr barrier cleido collarbone key clino bed clivus slope coagul coagulate clot coccus berry coccyx cuckoo cuckoo bill collic hill collo glue collus neck conios dust cond hard knob core dolly pupil of eye cori leather corn horn cox a hip corp physical body cre s c grow cribi cribri sieve crine secretion cubit elbow cubo lay down cule little culpo vagina cuneo wedge cutis skin cyan dark blue cycl circle wheel cysto urinary bladder cyto cell dacr tear from the eye dacty finger demos people dens tooth dent tooth derm skin desm harden bind together desis binding desmo hard dextro right sided diadocho take over didym twin digi t finger toe diphth leathery membrane docho cup container drepan sickle dromo running a race duc duct lead guide dynia pain echin spiny echo echo ectasia dilatation edem a excess tissue fluid embol bottle stopper embryo embryo fetus em ia blood enceph brain enchyme filling installation entero intestine ergo work erythro red esthesia perception f a eco feces refuse fac make build do perform facie face countenance fasc bundle fascia fec make build do perform fer carrying bearing fibr fibrous fic make build do perform fis fid split cleave divide flagel whip flav yellow flat blow flect bend flex bend fora foro make a hole fornic arch fract break into pieces frag break into pieces fring break into pieces fuge flee fun melt pour fus melt pour gala k milk gam y marry gangl knot gangr gangrene galact milk gastr stomach belly gemin twin gen beget produce genesis origin genu knee ger old age gest bring forth produce glans acorn gleno shoulder gli o glial cells glue glob sphere ball round body glomer tuft gloss tongue glute buttocks gnatho jaw gnosis know gogue lead gono product seed semen gonio angle gracile slender gram record gran grain graph writing scratching gryph claw gynec female h a em blood habeo to hold habithalluc big toe helic spiral helm worm hermaphro male pollic thumb pomp precede parade porph purple porta door posthe foreskin prac done prag done prax done pre pro before procto rectum pron o prone face down proto first pseud false psyche spirit mind psychr cold frigid pter wing pto droop pty alo spit pulmo lung punct prick little spot pupa doll miniature figure purp purple pyelo vat basin pelvis pykno shrivelled pyo pus p u y ri pear pyr o fever cognate to fire radi rod r h ach backbone re i n kidney ret ic net rhabdo striated muscle rhaph sew together rheo flow rheum runny stuff rhino nose riso smile rrha g discharge rub r red sacc sack sacch ar sugar salpinx trumpet oviduct sang ui blood sapro dead sarc o flesh sarcoma flesh tumor scato feces filth scapho boat schi s z split sclero hard scope examine carefully sebo hard fat skin grease sec seg cut sella saddle seps sept make rotten septo fence partition sero whey wet protein sial saliva sinus hollow or pocket skel dried up skeleton soma somy body spasmo a drawing tight spondylo spine sphinct squeeze shut sphygno heartbeat spir breathing splanchn innards staphyl bunch of grapes stasis being stable stat stop statio standing up staxis drip drop stem holding up steato fat sterco feces sthen strength stigm spot stole to pull to draw stom a mouth stomy mouth strepto wavy stylo stylus sudo sweat sulco plowed furrow syring pipe tube reed tachy fast swift tact touch tainia band tapeworm talo ankle tasis stretch tarso flat plate taxo arrangement telo the tip the end temporal temple ten d o stretch tendon terato monster theca sheath covering thel breast thenar palm sole thym mind spirit mood thym thymus gland thyro oblong shield toco have a baby tom e cut tono stretch topo place