翻译第七次课 比较句式.doc

商务英语翻译之句法翻译 否定句式英语和汉语在表示比较的结构形式和使用方法上有较大的差别，从文化差异方面来看，英美人一般不作绝对的肯定或否定，总是作相对的比较，而汉语则习惯于使用最高级形式。此外，还有一些比较句式在汉语中反映不出来。常见的比较句式翻译有以下几个方面：1）不同比较句式的替换 2）等比句式 3）差比句式 4）极比句式 5）比例句式 6）择比句式 7）介词表示比较 8）其他表达方法v 比较句式（1）：不同比较句式的替换 从形式上看，英语中表示比较时有三种格式：原级（A is as as B），比较级（A is more than B）和最高级（A is most），但实际上这些结构形式可以替换使用，翻译时可以灵活处理。 比较级按原级翻译A is more than B（A比B）这个结构可以替换成B is not as as A（B不像A那么），意义上没有区别，因此在翻译时可以采用原级形式来处理比较级。 Never has China made better economic developments than now. 中国从未取得像现在这样好的经济成就！ 比较级按最高级翻译Even though the United States produces more automobiles than any other country, it still imports large numbers of autos from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because there is a market for them in the United States.尽管美国的汽车产量居世界首位，但它仍然从德国、日本和瑞典进口大量汽车，主要原因是美国市场有这种需求。v 比较句式（2）：等比句式等比句式表示两个相比较的事物处于同样情况，翻译时可按原级处理。有以下几种形式： asas这个结构可以表示单纯的比较，“同一样”； 另外，它还可以表示“既又” 。We have kept business relationship with Goodyear for years as it is as creditable as ever.我们与固特异公司保持多年的商业关系，理由是该公司一贯讲信用。Containerization is an efficient mode of shipment as it is as simple as time-saving.集装箱化是一种高效运货法，因为这种方法既省时又简单。 no more than和no morethan 这两种结构都表示前者与后者一样，通常翻译成“同一样”。A home without love is no more a home than a body without a soul is a man. 没有爱的家不称其为家，正如没有灵魂的躯体不称其为人一样。Nobody with any sense expects to find the whole truth in advertisement any more than he expects a man applying for a job to describe his shortcomings and more serious faults. 有头脑的人不会指望广告里说的都是真的，同样也不会指望求职的人会说出自己的缺点和严重过失。“A is to B what C is to D” 和“A is to B as C is to D”，这种结构通常翻译成汉语的“A对于B，如同C对于D”。该句型常见的变体有 “What C is to D，A is to B”；“As C is to D，so is A to B”等。Capitals are to the business what food is to men.资本对企业来说，如同食物对于人一样重要。 The talented are to the company as capital is to the company. 人才对于公司来说如同资本对于公司一样重要。 may as wellas和might as wellas 这两个结构都表示“如同一样”，“犹如”。One may as well make business transactions via the Internet at home as do business with the other party in person. 人们在家里通过因特网进行交易，如同亲自与对方做生意一般。 You may as well go as not, if you wish to do so. 去留均可，悉听尊便。 It is in ( with ) as in ( with )这种结构通常翻译成汉语的“同一样”“好比”，“犹如”等。It is in business as in any other field that people must abide by the law. 在商业和在其他任何领域一样，人们必须遵纪守法。 It is in studying as in eating; he who does it gets the benefits, and not he who sees it done. 读书和吃饭一样，得益的是吃饭的人，而不是旁观者。 no lessthan和no less than：某些no lessthan结构相当于asas,通常翻译成“同样”，“无异于”，“既也” 。Sufficient funding is no less necessary than good management to the normal operation of a firm. 充足的资金和良好的管理对公司的正常运转同样重要。 Drunk driving is no less than suicide and killing. 酒后驾车无异于自杀和杀人。 as it is：可接在假设句之后一句的句首，表示实际情况与假设正相反，可译成“而实际上”，“可是现在” 等。当as it is放在句尾或名词、代词后时，表示“按现状，如实地”，可有复数形式和变化形式。If the company had had enough funding at that time, it would have bought the patent. As it is, it missed the chance. 如果当时资金充足的话，公司就会买下这个专利，可实际上它没有钱，因而失去了机会。You have to take things as they are. 你必须接受事物的现状。He finds fault with me as I am without having anything better to suggest.他只是对我现在的一切加以指责，而没有提出什么良策。nonethe比较级：这种结构含有“同以前一样”的意思，可翻译成“没有更”或“一点儿也不”。 The blunders he committed in business deals in the past have made him none the wiser. 过去经商犯的错误并没有使他变得更聪明。 After the treatment, he is none the better.治疗后，他并没有因此见好（一点儿也不见好）。v 比较句式（3）：差比句式 差比句式就是表示“比多”或“比少”的句式，它们有时表示特殊的意思，其形式有几种： more than 这种结构可以表示对程度的加强，可翻译成“不止”，“不只”，“不仅仅”，“极其”等。I suspect more than a few men have encountered the same dilemma, although under different circumstances. 我猜想，尽管场合各不相同，遇到这种窘境的人却不止这么几个。morethan除了表示比较之外，还可代替rather than，译为“与其说不如说”。但是在英语的morethan结构中，往往肯定than前面的部分，而汉语的“与其说不如说”的结构中，往往肯定后面的“不如说”，因此在翻译成汉语时应该将than前后两个部分互相交换位置。Each political party in the United States is more interested in winning elections than in putting across a particular policy or law. 美国每个政党所关心的与其说是要推行一项特定的政策或法律，不如说是要争取在选举中获胜。 less than这个结构有时可以翻译成“与其说不如说”。 The child was less hurt than frightened. 与其说这孩子受了伤，不如说他受到了惊吓。 I was less angry than surprised. 我并不怎么生气，更多的是我感到吃惊。 not so muchas相当于less than，同样可以翻译成汉语的“与其说不如说”;依旧。The book is not written so much for the executives as for the public.这本书与其说是为了管理人员而写，倒不如说是为了大众而写。 He got promoted not so much by his utter devotion to his work as by fawning upon（奉承）his supervisor. 他得到提升，与其说是靠对工作的极大投入，不如说是靠巴结上司。 more than can/could：这种结构暗含否定意义，是一种含蓄的表达方法。 These houses are more expensive than low-income people can afford. 这些房子非常昂贵，低收入者买不起。 whatbe比较级结构：通常作为插入语，表示后者比前者“更”，常用的比较级形容词包括more, worse, rarer, better, happier, odder, more (important, surprising, remarkable, curious, certain)等。有时候比较级前面还可以加上even, still, much等副词来加强语气。The car ran out of gas on the way, and what was worse, there was not a single gas station in the vicinity. 汽车在半路上没有油了，更糟糕的是，附近连一个加油站的影子也没有。To fulfill the task requires of us great endeavors, what is more important, selfless loyalty to our firm. 完成这项任务需要我们付出极大的努力，更重要的是，需要我们对公司无私的忠诚。 asagain as：这一结构表示前项是后项的两倍。This year SONY has produced as many game machines again as Microsoft. 今年索尼公司生产的游戏机是微软的两倍。I have only $200, but I need much again to buy a digital camera.我只有200美元，而我买数码照相机需要400美元。 v 比较句式（4）：极比句式 极比句式就是表示“最”，除了常见的以形容词和副词most以及-est形式所构成的结构之外，还有其他一些情况。例如：nothing / no 比较级：这种结构是最高级的一种委婉的表达方式，有时也可以用few或hardly来表示几乎相同的意思，在翻译时可译成“最”，“没有比更”。 To the businessman, nothing is more precious than time, yet nothing is less valued.对商人来说，最宝贵的莫过于时间，而最不值钱的也是时间。 Few other candidates are better qualified for the job than he is. 几乎没有其他应聘者比他更适合做这项工作了。 not比较级（than）：这种结构是最高级的一种委婉的表达方式。As our company is in lack of the necessary capital, we cant be more willing to accept your cooperation. 由于我公司缺少必要资金，我方非常愿意接受贵方的合作。 He who wishes to be wise can not do better than inquire into the past experience of mankind.人欲求知，最好的途径莫过于研究人类过去的经验。 asas any: 这种结构通常翻译成“最”。 Bill Gates is as rich as any billionaire in the world.比尔 盖茨是世界上最富有的亿万富翁。 The environment for investment in China is as suitable as any in the world.中国的投资环境是世界上最适宜的。 否定词+soas：这种结构通常翻译成“最”，“没有比更”。Nothing is so thrilling as a business trip to Europe. 出差去欧洲最令人兴奋。He never looked so cheerful as when he concluded a transaction.他做成交易时显得最快活。 the last: 这一结构表示“最不”、“决不”，而它的具体含义要视具体情况而定。That company is the last one with which we will conduct business from now on due to its lack of sincerity. 我方今后决不与那家公司做生意，它缺乏诚意。 A pink slip is the last thing that employees want to receive.解雇通知单是雇员最不想收到的东西。The US Chamber of Commerce are discussing a question of the last importancewhether or not to extend MFN treatment to China. 美国商会正在讨论一个最重要的问题，即是否延长对华最惠国待遇的问题。The Japanese aggressors committed the last crime in China as well as in other Asian countries. 日本侵略者在中国以及亚洲其他国家犯下了最恶劣的罪行。This is the last thing in personal computer. 这是最新式的个人电脑。 of all others 和 of all things：这两种结构表示“在所有的中最”，通常翻译成“最” 。She is the managing director of all others for the position.她担任总经理这个职位最为合适。 You are the man of all others for the work. 所有人当中，你最合适承担此项工作。 He tried to do, of all things, that job.他偏偏想要做那份工作。v 比较句式（5）：比例句式 比例句式包括平行比较和渐进比较，其结构比较简单，常见以下几种形式： the morethe more：这种结构通常翻译成“越越”。 The more the US government threatens economic sanctions against China, the more defiant China becomes of the United States.美国越是威胁要对华实行经济制裁，中国就越是与美国对着干。The more business trip he takes, the less excited he feels.他出差的次数越多，就越没有新鲜感。 The more, the merrier.人越多，越开心。The sooner, the better.越快越好。The more, the better.越多越好。When there is more investment risk, we should be more courageous. 投资风险越大，我们就应该越勇敢。 moremore：这种结构通常翻译成“越越”。 More haste, less speed.欲速则不达。 (ever) +比较级+and+比较级：这种结构通常翻译成“日益”；“越来越”。 China is growing ever richer and stronger. 中国正在日益富强。 Some 32% of Americans say that their personal financial situation becomes worse and worse.大约32%的美国人说，他们个人的经济状况变得越来越糟糕。v 比较句式（6）：择比句式 择比句式就是在两种选项上选择一个，通常翻译成“与其不如”，“宁可也不”，“喜欢不愿”等。例如：Better do nothing than do a poor job. 与其干不好，不如不干。 Generally speaking, I have a preference for Chinese commodities to foreign ones. 一般来说，我喜欢用中国商品，不愿意用外国商品。 Better late than never.改过不嫌迟/亡羊补牢，为时不晚。He prefers to e-mail rather than write letters. 他喜欢发电子邮件，不喜欢写信。 I would try hard to retain old clients rather than keep finding new ones. 我宁愿想方设法保住老客户，也不愿意一个劲地寻找新客户。v 比较句式（7）：介词表示比较 表示数量多少、质量优劣、程度高低等的比较。某些介词可以按照比较级去翻译，这些介词包括：above, before, behind, below, beyond, over, under等。It is not strange at all that he values wealth above health. 他把财富看得比健康重要，这一点都不奇怪。 Work should come before pleasure. 工作应该先于娱乐。（先工作，后娱乐。） You are half an hour behind your appointed time. 你比约定的时间晚到了半小时。 表示对比、对照的介词：通常有beside, against, for, to等。My share seems small beside yours. 我的这份与你的相比似乎少了些。 The marketing manager he hires looks young for her age. 他聘用的这位营销部经理比其实际年龄显得年轻。 Are imported products superior in quality to domestic ones? 进口产品比国产产品质量要好吗？ We have made two hundred forty business deals this year as against one hundred forty last year. 今年已做成了二百四十笔交易，而去年只做成了一百四十笔。v 比较句式（8）：数的比较times+形容词或副词比较级+thanThe output of our factory has increased four times since 2010.2010年以来，我厂产量增加到四倍。Line AB is three times longer than line CD.线段AB比线段CD长三倍。The hall is five times bigger than our classroom.这个大厅比我们的教室大五倍。times+more+名词（可数/不可数）+thanThis type of machine uses three times more fuel than that type does.这种机器的耗油量比那种类型的多三倍。He earns five times more money than he did ten years ago.他现在挣得钱比十年前挣的多5倍。There are twice more students in our class than in theirs.我们班的学生人数比他们班多两倍。. timesas形容词（或much）或副词原级as. This table is three times as long as that one.这张桌子是那张桌子的三倍长。This dictionary is five times as thick as the one you borrowed from the library.这本词典的厚度是你从图书馆借的那本的5倍。The big box is four times as heavy as the small one. 大箱子是小箱子的四倍重。. timesthe名词（size, height, weight, length, width）ofThe earth is 49 times the size of the moon.地球的体积是月球的49倍。This river is three times the depth of that one.这条河是那条河的三倍深。. times as many（或much）名词其它There is three times as much water in this pot as in that one.这个壶里的水（量）是那个壶里的三倍。There are five times as many students as we expected.到的人是我们预计的五倍。.times+what+从句 The length of the road is four times what it was three years ago.这条路的长度是是三年前的4倍。The price of the meat is twice what it was last year.肉价是去年的两倍。. times+over+被比对象 The size of the sun is a million times over that of the earth.太阳的体积比地球的体积大一百万倍。The grain output in that village is twice over that of 2002.那个村的粮食产量比2002年增加了两倍。. times+that+of+被比对象In this workshop, the output of July was 4.5 times that of January.这个车间7月份的产量是1月份的4.5倍。 .times+compared with+被比对象The number of the students in our school has increased by 4 times compared with 2009.我们学校的学生人数比2009年增加了四倍。This year the value of our industrial output has increased by three times compared with that of last year.今年我国工业产值比去年增加了三倍。v 比较句式（9）：其他表达法 单数名词 + of + 同一名词复数：这种结构可以翻译成“最”，“是当中的佼佼者”。 As we know, qualified personnel are the treasure of treasures to a corporation. 众所周知，对公司来说人才是宝中之宝。She is a Parisian of Parisians.她是个最地道的法国人。 more + 形容词 + than + the + 同一形容词构成的名词：这种结构可以翻译成“最”，“是当中最”。 Foreign currency is more valuable than the valuables in foreign trade. 外汇在对外贸易中无比贵重。John is more English than the English. 约翰是个最地道的英国人。 v Homework （last time）1. Not all men can be masters. 不是所有的人都能当头头。2. Both the windows are not open. 不是两扇窗户都开着的。3. He did not speak clearly and correctly, 她讲的够清楚，但不够准确。Notand句型中，and连接的两个表语、谓语动词、状语、定语、宾语，表示部分否定，否定的往往是and后的部分。当not 十行为动词(及宾语) 十and + 行为动词(及宾语) 时, 这两个被连接的谓体处于否定范围之内, 具有综合行为的含义。如:Don t drink and drive .不要一边喝酒一边驾车。当not + 名词(形容词、副词) 十and + 名词(形容词、副词) 时, 这个句型既否定前者, 也否定后者。相当于neither. nor . 的句型。4. I wasnt arrogant and talkative no