11、武大研究生英语期末考试英译汉重点句子.doc

.Unit oneStumbling block in intercultural communication1 在这个国际舞台发生重大变化的时刻，探讨为什么尝试交流的结果却令人失望的原因是必要的，这些原因实际上是跨文化交流中的绊脚石。Its appropriate at this time of major changes in the international scene to take a look at some of the disappointing results of attempts at communication. They are actually stumbling block in international communication. 7 本国居民可能会被灌输有这种期望：既然外国人穿着合适，并且能说一些本国话，那么他或她也有同样的非语言的准则、想法和感觉。The native inhabitants are likely to be lulled into the expectation that ,since the foreign person is dressed appropriately and speak some of the language,he or she will also have similar nonverbal codes ,thoughts and feelings.8 更糟糕的问题是死死抱住新语言中一个词汇或短语的一种意义，而不顾隐含义和语境。A worse language problem is the tenacity with which someone will cling to just one meaning of a word or phrase in the new language, regardless of connotation or context. 11 先入为主和程式化思维的现象 第四个绊脚石是先入为主的观念和程式思维现象。如果我们对日本人先有了“难以理解的”成见，那么我们就会如此地解释始终挂在日本人脸上的不合时宜的微笑。阿拉伯人“易激动的”程式化形象，会导致美国学生与他们保持距离，或是当一群活泼的热闹的来自中东地区的人们聚集在一起时，美国学生甚至会提醒当局当心。如果一位教授认为来自印度尼西亚、墨西哥和一些其他国家的每名学生都“爱讨价还价”，那么可能会不公平地把这些国际学生的迟疑或请求理解为他们试图利用优先对待。The presence of preconception and stereotypesThe fourth stumbling block is the presence of preconceptions and stereotypes. If the label “inscrutable” has preceded the Japanese guest, it is thus we explain the Japanese constant and inappropriate smile. The stereotype that Arabs are “inflammable” may cause the US students to keep their distance or even alert authorities when an animated and noisy group from the Middle East gathers. A professor who expects everyone from Indonesia, Mexico,and many other countries to “bargain” may unfairly interpret a hesitation or request from an international student as a move to manipulate preferential treatment.15 我却对他迷惑的表情大为一怔，猛然意识到要不是我之前出席过那场研讨会，不然也肯定也会认为今天这多云的天气不那么好，从而也会和团里其他美国游客一样，认同了这位导游的“幽默感”。I winced at his bewildered expression, realizing that had I come before attending the conference I , also evaluating the weather as “ not very good,” would have shared the groups inference that he could not be serious. 17 适度的兴奋和积极的态度可以使人满怀精力去应对挑战，但是由于适度的压力不断积累造成高度的兴奋，就会很快耗尽身体储备的能量；不论这个人是否愿意，必然会产生防备心理。Moderate arousal and positive attitudes prepare one to meet challenges with energy , but high arousal caused by a buildup of continued moderate stress, depletes the bodys energy reserve quickly and defense must be used whether or not the person wills it.18 两者之中国外人感到更大的威胁。他们感到陌生，易受伤害，对于铺头盖脑而来的大量信息，措手无策。除非他们采取防卫措施，比如回到他们自己的群体或自我当中，剔除或忽视这种刺激，或者变得具有攻击性或抱有敌意，否则他们的自尊所受到伤害会达到不可忍受的地步。这些防卫中的任何一种都不会带来积极有效的交流。The foreign members of dyads are even more threatened. They feel strange and vulnerable ,helpless to cope with messages that swamp them. Their self-esteem is often intolerably undermined unless they employ such defenses as withdrawal into their own reference group or into themselves, screening out or misperceiving stimuli, or becoming aggressive or hostile. None of these defenses leads to effective communication. Unit threeHow to cook a stepfamily1 搅拌混合机式：这种心态认为把所有的原料放在一起搅拌混合，最后变成一种均匀的的混合物。Blender. This mentality assumes all ingredients can be whipped together into one smooth mixture. 2 对继父或继母来说，和一个继子女有着亲密的关系，正在和另一个继子女建立关系，还和年纪较大的那个继子女有一定距离，这些都是很正常的。It is quite normal for a stepparents to have close bonds with one stepchild, be working on bonds with another, while experiencing a distant relationship with an older child.13 什么是你的方式呢？那么，如果所有这些整合方式一般都没有什么帮助，那应该采用哪种方法呢？我推荐一种瓦罐煨汤式的方法。选择这种方式的继亲家庭明白，时间和低温能导致一种有效的融合。所有的原料都被一起放到同一个瓦罐里，但每一种原料保持完整，以确保其独一无二的原始品质和特性。慢慢地并用心地去煨，低温加热会让所有的原料开始彼此接触。当原料的汁液开始流到一起，瑕疵被净化掉，每种原料中有益的、令人满意的品质都添加到了口味里，结果就成为一道由不同原料构成的美味的菜肴，这些原料用倾其自身的精华创造出一件奇妙的作品。Whats your style? So if all of these integration styles are generally not helpful, what style should be used? I recommend a Crockpot cooking style. Stepfamilies choosing this style understand that time and low heat make for an effective combination. Integration are thrown together in the same pot, but each is left intact,giving affirmation to its unique origin and characteristics. Slowly and with much intention, the low-level heat brings the ingredients into contact with one another. As the juices begin to flow together , imperfections are purified, and the beneficial, desirable qualities of each ingredient are added to the taste. The result is a dish of delectable flavor made up of different ingredients that give off themselves to produce a wondrous creation.15 继亲家庭需要时间来适应新的居住条件，新的父母家教风格，规矩和责任。他们需要时间来相互体验，产生信任，形成忠诚，创造共同的历史。Stepfamilies need time to adjust to new living conditions, new parenting styles, rules, and responsibilities. They need time to experience one another and develop trust ,commitment, and a shared history.17 作为一个瓦罐煨汤式的继父，你会过分担心为什么没有迅速地与青春期的继女相处融洽。懂得慢慢来的继父母知道与继子女发展关系的首要法则：让孩子来决定关系的进展。如果他们接收了你，那你就要公开地回报他们的爱。如果她仍跟你保持距离或是很冷淡，那你就找到把握规则，继续生活的方法。但是不要坚持认为孩子会自动接受你的权威和抚爱。As a crockpot stepfather, you dont worry excessively about why you are not immediately bonding with your teenage stepdaughter. Slow-cooking stepparents understand the cardinal rule of relationship development with stepchildren: Let the stepchild set the pace for the relationship. If the child is receiving of you, then openly return the childs affections. If she remains distant or standoffish, find ways of managing rules and getting through life. But do not insist a child automatically accept your authority or physical affection.19 象这样的小家庭的活动有助于孩子得到与自己生父或生母和亲兄弟姐妹在一起，不受打扰的时间，尊重他们得到自己最爱的人的关注的需要。这也向孩子肯定地表示他们没有失去与自己父亲或母亲接触的机会。Such a mini-family activity helps children get uninterrupted time with their biological parent and siblings, honoring their need for attention from the ones they love most. It also affirms to children that they have not completely lost access to their parent.Unit four Human capital and economic development4 “人力资本”这一术语让人觉得是剥夺人的个性，在公众的脑海里联想到将人与机器等同的异化社会。The term “human capital” suggests to some a depersonalization of individual and is associated in the popular mind with a dehumanizing society that equates men with machine. 7 技能广还便于劳动者在出现新的机会时跨工种、跨行业、跨地区流动，有助于人们重新分配人力资本和实物资本的资源，向效益更高的机会倾斜，甚至预见这种机会的存在。受教育更多的人更能吸收新思想，采用国外技术，提高国内技术，了解中国之外的知识并运用到国内的实际中。Great skill also facilitates worker mobility across occupation, industries and regions in response to new opportunities, it helps people reallocate resources, both human and physical, toward more productive opportunities, and even to realize that those opportunities exist. More educated people are better able to absorb new ideas, adopt foreign technologies, improve local technologies, and understand and apply knowledge from outside China to local situations. 8 按世界标准，受过大学教育的劳动者的比例仍然偏低，且存在着巨大的地区差别，因此，需要有适合现代发展的教育基础结构。尽管录取比例在增加，但仍然有很大的提高的余地。By world standards, the percent of college-educated workers is still low and there is substantial regional variability so that the educational infrastructure for modern growth is needed. While enrollment rates are increasing, there is still much room for improvement. 9 强调实物资本而忽视人力资本的投资策略，不可能获得从更均衡的投资策略能够产生出的收益。An investment strategy that emphasizes physical capital over human capital fails to capture the benefits that can arise from a more balanced investment strategy.11 使这种不平等雪上加霜的是残存的户口政策，这种政策向跨区流动人员的子女征收超出已占家庭总收入的百分之十的正常学费。This source of inequality is reinforced by the vestiges of houkou(hukou) policy that charges children of interregional immigrant above normal fees that are as large as 10% of total family income just for the right to attend school.12 各地区学生的支出相差迥异，显而易见它与地方人均产值成正比且可精确估算。出身地偶然性决定学生受教育的质量。The regional variation in cross section per pupil expenditure is enormous and the positive relationship with provincial GDP per capita is fairly clear and precisely estimated. The accident of birth place determines the quality of schooling received by students.13 在中学和大学普遍实施的教育收费政策，可能会被证明是一种合理的手段，将稀缺的资源配置给那些可以从教育获益最多的人。A policy of charging fees for access to education, which is widespread in secondary and higher levels, can be justified as a way to ration scarce resources to those who might benefit most from education.14 教育的收益有些并不是个人直接获得的，这些间接受益在中国很有可能是巨大的。比如说，受过更好教育的劳动力队伍会产生新思想。There are benefits to education that are not directly captured by individuals, and these externalities are likely to be quite large in China. For example, a better educated workforce produces new ideas and knowledge. 15 对政府的活动进行量化评估，剔除坏的投资保留好的投资，实事求是地执行政策，这是至关重要的。通过基于数据的成本效益分析，我们能够更清楚地了解到是应该偏重人力资本项目还是实物资本项目，多大比例才对。It is important to evaluate government activities on a quantitative basis, to screen the bad investments from the good ones and to conduct policy an a factually informed basis. From cost-benefit analyses grounded in data, we can understand more clearly whether human capital projects or physical projects should be favored, and in what proportions. 16 按照西方国家经济学家将市场工资与教育程度挂钩估算方式，估算中国的教育回报率，会发现回报率在二十世纪90年代只是4%左右。Estimating the rate of return to education in China in the way economists do in Western economies, by relating market wages to the level of schooling, one finds that it happened to be about 4% in the 1990s.18 鼓励教育和职业培训方式之一是给以补贴，这会极大地增加政府开支，也许不可行。最近，高校录取名额急剧增加，但仍然有巨大的提高的空间。One way to encourage education and job training is to subsidize it, which entails a substantial increase in government expenditure and may not be feasible. Recently, enrollments in colleges have increased dramatically, but there is substantial room for improvement.19 提高需要政府直接花钱的人力资本的方式之二，是放开人力资本的劳动市场。一个自由的市场会使得像越来越多地主宰中国资本市场和产品市场的那样一种激励机制发挥作用，大大地促进技能培训。Another way to foster human capital that entails indirect cost to governments is to free up labor markets for human capital. A free market that allows the same kind of incentives to operate as those that increasingly govern capital markets and product markets in China. Unit five Gender ,poverty and environment11 妇女除了在农业方面起到关键的作用外，世界上大多数妇女在拥有、继承或掌控土地以及其它财产方面的权力是不平等的。有性别歧视的继承法和财产拥有法限制了妇女为家庭成员提供长期食品保障的能力，也限制了她们利用土地作为抵押而获得贷款的能力。Despite womens key-role in agriculture, most of the worlds women do not equally own, inherit or control land and other property. Discriminatory inheritance and property ownership laws restrict womens ability to ensure long-term food security for the family, and to get loans using land as collateral.16 气候的变化极大地加重了疫情。原因是目前该地域的气温能抑制传染病媒介的兹生，而气温的变化将会适宜于这些传染病媒介的繁殖。例如，由于常暴露于户外污染的空气中，妇女和儿童患呼吸道疾病的机率要大于男性。Climate change is expected to increase the burden of disease considerably by allowing vectors to breed in latitudes to altitudes where current temperatures prevent them.For instance, the incidence of respiratory illne