英语国家社会文化复习.doc

Unit 3 The Government of the United Kingdom1. 女王的职责？/女王的作用？ To represent Britain at home and abroad. To set standards of good citizenship and family life.2. 女王的角色？ Legally head of the executive(行政部门) An integral part of the legislatureHead of the judiciary(司法部) Commander in chief of the armed forces “Supreme governor” of the Church of EnglandConfidante to the Prime Minister 3. 公众对女王的态度？4. 议会的职能？ Pass laws Provide the means of carrying on the work of government by voting for taxation Scrutinize government policy, administration and expenditure Debate the major issues of the day5. 上、下议院？Lords are below the Crown, and are usually called peers Difference: sources term salary Unit4 Politics, Class and Race1. 选举的时间？ Every 5 years2. 选举的过程？ (1) Delivering voting card (2) The electoral campaigns (3)“Opinion polls” (4) Election day: voting and counting3. 什么时候可以提前？ The government loses a “vote of no confidence” in the House of Commons The Prime Minister decides that the government is currently very popular4. 什么人有资格参加选举？ Anyone who is eligible to vote with 500 pounds as deposit Joining one of the big parties and applying to be chosen as their candidate in one of the constituencies provide a greater chance to win.5. 选举中什么过程对候选人关键？ 6. 政党主张？(1) The Labour party: a socialist party believe a society should be relatively equal in economic terms government should play a redistribute role: transferring wealth from richer to poorer government should provide a range of public services available to all, such as health, education and public transport (2) The Conservative party: a party of individual protect the individuals right to acquire wealth and to spend it how they choose Hold a fatherly sense of obligation to the less fortunate The difference with The Lobour party is one of degree, not absolute. (3) The Liberal party: a party of the “middle” Comparatively flexible and pragmatic in their balance of the individual and the social Emphasize the need for change in Britains constitutional arrangements to make government more democratic and accountable7. 阶级有什么？判定标准？ (1) working-class: manual workers (blue workers) (2) middle-class: office workers (white workers) Lower middle-class: unskilled office workers or skilled well paid manual workers upper middle-class: having relatively high incomes and high status professions (lawyer/doctor)8. 移民问题对英国的影响？ Positive: Increase the variety and interest within British culture E.g. Restaurant food、TV programs、books、music Negative: Ethnic relations are tensed: the local people view the new comers as a threat to their way of living. Despite much official action to minimize racism, both subtle and overt oppression remains The situation of the immigrant population is unpleasant:They face problems of unemployment， under-representation in politics and unfair treatment by police and justice system. Unit 5 The UK Economy1. 英国经济从二战后衰退的原因？ Britain has gone heavily into debt in order to finance the war As the era of empire was over, Britain lost its colonies which used to be raw material bases and big markets for British people Still maintain a substantial and expensive military presence in many overseas locationAs Britains industry survived comparatively unaffected in the German bombing during the war, Britain lacked the investment in modern equipment and new products 2. 生产的情况？ Primary industry: (1) Agriculture (2) Fishing (3) Mining: Oil and gas Coal New renewable energy sourcesSecondary industries: (1) Manufacturing industry: Pharmaceuticals、 Chemicals、high-technology engineering industry、Aerospace、Food and drink (2) Electronics industry Tertiary industries Unit 7 British Education System1. 英国教育？公立，私立？ (1) State sector: They are founded by local and central government They provide free education for students(2)Private sector: They receive the money through the private sector、tuition rates with some government assistance2. 教育阶段？（1）Pre-primary schooling (2) Primary school: 5-11, pupils mainly attend state sector primary schools （3）Secondary school: 11-19, include comprehensive schools (综合学校) and grammar schools（文法学校） Comprehensive schools: the most popular secondary schools in Britain today; admit children without reference to their academic abilities; provide a general education Grammar schools: select children through“the 11-plus”; lay emphasis advanced academic subjects Unit 4 The political System in the United States1. 制约关系？怎样发挥作用？The three branches of the federal government(1) It is a way of restricting government power and preventing its abuse(2) In the three-part national government, this system works in many ways to keep serious mistakes from being made by one branch or another2. 政党？政党主张？（1）The Democratic Party: donkey; more liberal; In the 1930s, President Franklin Roosevelt started the New Deal in order to solve the Depression. Provided paid employment for people building dams and roads and public building and Social Security.(2) The Republican Party ：elephant; more conservative; Republicans place more emphasis on private enterprise and often accuse the Democrats of making the government too expensive and of creating too many laws that harm individual initiative Unit 5 American Economy当前经济状况做分析？成功之处：American farmers are virtually unrivaled in producing crops cheaply and in quantity. America agricultural produces output is huge. Bountiful resources、the geographical size of the country, population trends and strong domestic demand are responsible for the successes of American business and industry. More and more people are employed in service industries in the US.危机：The problems are deep-seated, revealing defects in the free market and US government financial policies. Unit 8 Education in the United States(1) Graduate schools in America award masters and doctors degrees(2) An undergraduate student has to earn a certain number of credits(120) in order to receive a degree at the end of four years of college(3) About 25% of all schools of higher education in the US are privately operated by religious organizations.(4) Income sources: student tuition endowments and government funding(5) Flourishing reason: They offer the best libraries and facilities for scientific researchAccess to “mainframe” computer and to modern labs attracts leading scientistsStud