英语语法——定语从句.doc

定语从句定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导，在从句中指代前面的先行词，在从句中担任一定的成分。Ex：the pupils who had been watching started to applaud.一直在旁边看的小学生们开始鼓掌起来。Who引导的定语从句，指代先行词pupils,在句中做主语。I shall never forget the day when I entered the university.我永远不会忘记上大学的那一天。When引导的定语从句指代the day，在句中做时间状语。主要思路：1、 关系代词引导的定语从句2、 关系副词引导的定语从句3、 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句4、 As引导的定语从句以及与其他关系词的比较5、 “介词+关系代词“引导的定语从句6、 关系代词和关系副词的选择7、 关系词和先行词的分离一、 关系代词引导的定语从句1、代替人代替物人或物主语WhoWhichThat宾语WhomWhichThat定语Whose (of whom)Whose(of which)Ex: he is a man who/that means what he says他是一个说话算话的人The boy (whom/that) you saw yesterday is here now你昨天见到的那个男孩现在就在这里The car which/that was stolen has been found偷走的车已经找到了2、使用关系代词应注意的问题、关系代词做介词的宾语，只能用whom,不用who,如果介词在句尾，都可以用。Ex: This is the girl who/whom he worked withThis is the girl with whom he worked这就是和他一起工作的那个女孩。、当whose代替物时，就相当于of which.Ex:the house whose window are broken is unoccupied The house of which window are broken is unoccupied 窗子破了的那所房子没人住。、which除了指物外，还可指婴儿，动物和表示单数意义的集合词。也可指人的地位，职业和品格。Ex:the baby which the nurse brought in was born yesterday护士抱进来的那个因而是昨天出生的。The audience which is composed entirely of students is larger than ever全部由学生组成的观众人数比以前多。He is exactly the man which such an education was likely to form他正是这样的教育所能造就出来的人。3、只能用that，不用which、who、whom的几种情况。、当先行词是all、everything、nothing|、something、anything、little|、much、none、few等不定代词时。Ex: professor li has told us something that we should do in the summer vacationProfessor li 已经告诉我们暑假应该做的事。He knew everything that happened in the village 他知道在这个乡村发生的所有事。Much that I learned in the book is very useful我在那本书中学到的东西非常有用。、当先行词被序数词和形容词最高级修饰时。 Ex: the first thing that I am going to do this evening is write to my parents 今晚要做的第一件事就是给我的父母写信。 This is the most interesting firm that has been produced in recent years 这是近几年新出品的最有意思的一部电影。、当先行词被no、every、some 、any 、only 、very 、much等限制词修饰时。Ex: this is the very book that I have been looking for 这正是我在寻找的书。There is no person that doesnt make mistakes 没有人不犯错误。Thats the only thing that we can do now目前我们只能这样做了。、当并列的两个先行词分别表示人与物或人与动物时。Ex: They are talking about the teachers and schools that they have visited 他们正在讨论他们访问过的老师和学校。 Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street 瞧瞧从街上走过来的那个男人和他的驴子。、主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句。Ex: who is the person that is standing over there 站在那边的那个人是谁？ Which of us that knows something about physics doest know this? 哪一个懂物理知识的人不知道这一点。、当关系代词在从句中做表语时。 Ex: the modern airplane is not the machine that it was when first invented 现代飞机已经不是刚发明的那种飞机了。 He dosent seem to be the man that he was 他似乎和过去不一样了。、当定语从句为There be句型时。 Ex: I know the difference that there is between you 我知道你们之间的分歧。4、关系代词but和than引导的定语从句 、But具有否定意义，相当于thatnot，用于no或其他否定词之后。Ex: there is no rule but has some exceptions 任何规则都会有意外。 There are very few but admir his talent 很少有人不赞赏他的才干。 、than引导的定语从句，具有比较意义。 Ex: you spent more money than was intended to be spent 你花的钱超过了预定的数额。二、 关系副词引导的定语从句1、被代替的先行词在句中的作用When表时间的名词时间状语Where表地点的名词地点状语WhyReason原因状语 Ex: the meeting will be put off next month,when we will have made all the preparations 会议将推迟到下个月，到时也许我们做好了一切准备。 That is the factory where I worked three years ago 那就是我三年前工作的那个工厂。 This is the reason why I am not in favor of the plan 这就是我不赞成这个计划的原因。2、使用关系副词应注意的问题 、time前有序数词或last修饰时，不用when引导，用that或省略。 Ex : this is the last time that I shall give you a lesson、先行词表示方式the way时，不用how，用that或in which，或全省略。 Ex : I dont like the way that he eyed me三、 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句1、限制性定语从句：没有逗号，从句省略会使整个主句没有意义。 Ex: the auuthors who he mentioned are well known 他所提到的那些作者都是非常有名的。 He is the man who has strong personality 他是一个个性很强的人。2、非限制性定语从句：有逗号，从句只起补充说明的作用，省略了也不影响主句的意义。Ex : the clock,which my great-father bought,is still in good order 这个时钟是我曾祖父买的，现在还走得很准。 My brother,who works abroad,is coming back next week 我哥哥在国外工作，他打算下周回来。3、使用非限制性定语从句要注意的问题： 、that不能用来引导非限制性定语从句 Ex: a rocket carries oxygen with it,which makes it possible for the rocket to travel in space 火箭携带着氧气，这样可以使它在太空中飞行。（which不可以换成that） 、在限制性定语从句中，关系代词做宾语可以省，在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词做宾语不可省。 Ex: the firm (which) I saw last night is about a young teacher 我昨天晚上看得那部电影是关于一个年轻女教师的事。(可省) She introduced me to her husband,whom I hadnt met before 她把我介绍给她丈夫，我以前没有见过他。（不可省）四、 as引导的定语从句以及与其他关系词的比较。1、as引导的定语从句可指人或物，形式为：the sameassuchasasassoas Ex : I lend you such books as will interest you 我借给你使你感兴趣的书。（作主语） She knew he felt just the same as she did 她知道他的感觉和她自己的一样。（做宾语） From this library we can borrow as many as we want to read从这个图书馆我们能借到许多我们想要的书。（作宾语）2、the same as与the same that的用法的区别。 as指“相似”只同类事物；that所讲的是“同一个”，只同一事物 ex :this is the same kind of pen as I lost yesterday 这和我昨天丢失的笔一样。(类似的笔) this is the same pen that I lost yesterday 这只笔就是我昨天丢失的那只。（同一只笔）3、as和which引导的非限制性定语从句的用法的区别。 、which引导的非限制性定语从句不能位于句首，as引导的非限制性定语从句可在句首、句中、句尾。 Ex :as was usual at the weekend,the club was almost empty 像往常的周末一样，俱乐部里几乎是空的。 Her performance was wonderful,as we had expected 正如我们所料的一样，她的表演非常精彩。 、which引导的非限制性定语从句译作“这”，常有归纳概括的意思。as引导的非限制性定语从句常常含有“正如”的意思。Ex: he married her, which was natural 他与她结婚了，这是很自然的事。五、“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句 1、只有当介词放于句末时，that才可以换成which，常省略。 具体选用什么样的介词完全取决于某种习惯搭配或是上下文所传达的意思。 Ex:in which I am working the companywhich I am working inis a famous one that I am working in 我工作的那家公司是一家有名的公司。 2、含有介词的短语动词一般不可以拆开，介词仍放在动词之后。 Ex: those are the conditions which he cant put up with 那些是他无法忍受的条件。 The paper he is looking for is very important 他正在找的那个文件非常重要。六、关系代词和关系副词的选择1、要看代替先行词的关系词在句中担任什么成分。