材料专业常用术语英语单词表

unit 1property（材料的）性质heat treatment热处理metal金属glass玻璃plastics塑料fiber纤维electronic devices电子器件component组 元 ， 组 分 semiconducting materials半导体材料materials science and engineering材料科学与工程materials science材料科学materials engineering材料工程materials scientist材料科学家materials engineer材料工程师synthesize合成synthesis syntheticsubatomic structure亚原子结构electron电子atom原子nuclei原子核nucleus molecule分子microscopic微观的microscope显微镜naked eye裸眼macroscopic宏观的specimen试样deformation变形polished抛光的reflect反射magnitude量级solid materials固体材料mechanical properties力学性质load载荷force力elastic modulus弹性模量strength强度electrical properties电学性质electrical conductivity导电性dielectric constant介电常数electric field电场thermal behavior热学行为heat capacity热容thermal conductivity热传导（导热性） magnetic properties磁学性质magnetic field磁场optical properties光学性质electromagnetic radiation电磁辐射light radiation光辐射index of refraction折射率reflectivity反射率deteriorative characteristics劣化特性processing加工performance性能linear线性的integrated circuit chip集成电路芯片strength强度ductility延展性deterioration恶化，劣化mechanical strength机械强度elevated temperature高温corrosive腐 蚀 性 的 fabrication制造unit 2chemical makeup化学组成atomic structure原子结构advanced materials先进材料high-technology高 技 术 smart materials智能材料nanoengineered materials纳米工程材料metallic materials金 属 材 料 nonlocalized electrons游离电子conductor导体electricity电heat热 transparent透明的visible light可见光polished抛光的surface表面lustrous有光泽的aluminum铝silicon硅alumina氧化铝silica二氧化硅oxide氧化物carbide碳化物nitride氮化物dioxide二氧化物clay minerals黏土矿物porcelain瓷 器 cement水泥mechanical behavior力学行为ceramic materials陶瓷材料stiffness劲度strength强度hard坚硬brittle脆 的 fracture破裂insulative绝缘的resistant耐的resistance耐力，阻力，电阻molecular structures分子结构chain-like链状backbone骨架carbon atoms碳原子low densities低密度mechanical characteristics力学特性inert隋性synthetic（人工）合成的fiberglass玻璃纤维polymeric聚合物的epoxy环 氧 树 脂 polyester聚酯纤维carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composite碳纤维增强聚合物复合材料glass fiber-reinforced materials玻璃纤维增强材料high-strength, low-density structural materials高强度低密度结构材料solar cell太 阳 能 电 池 hydrogen fuel cell氢燃料电池catalyst催化剂nonrenewable resource不可再生资源unit 3periodic table（元素）周期表atomic structure原子结构magnetic磁 学 的 optical光学的microstructure微观结构macrostructure宏观结构positively charged nucleus带正电的原子核atomic number原子序数proton质子atomic weight原子量neutron中子negatively charged electrons带负电的电子shell壳层magnesium镁chemical bonds化学键partially-filled electron shells未满电子壳层bond成键metallic bond金属键nonmetal atoms非金属原子covalent bond共 价 键 ionic bond离子键unit 4physical properties物理性质chemical properties化学性质flammability易 燃 性 corrosion腐蚀oxidation氧化oxidation resistance抗氧化性vapor (vapour)蒸汽，蒸气，汽melt熔化solidify凝 固 vaporize汽化，蒸发condense凝聚sublime升华state态plasma等离子体phase transformation temperatures相变温度density密度specific gravity比重thermal conductivity热导linear coefficient of thermal expansion线性热膨胀系数electrical conductivity and resistivity电导和电阻corrosion resistance抗腐蚀性magnetic permeability磁导率phase transformations相变phase transitions相 变 crystal forms晶型melting point熔点boiling point沸腾点vapor pressure蒸气压atm大气压glass transition temperature玻璃化转变温度mass质量volume体积per unit of volume每单位体积the acceleration of gravity重力加速度temperature dependent随温度而变的，与温度有关的grams/cubic centimeter克 每 立 方 厘 米 kilograms/cubic meter千克每立方米grams/milliliter克每毫升grams/liter克每升pounds per cubic inch 磅每立方英寸pounds per cubic foot 磅每立方英尺alcohol 酒 精benzene苯magnetize磁化magnetic induction磁感应强度magnetic field intensity磁场强度constant常数vacuum真空magnetic flux density磁通密度diamagnetic反磁性的factor因 数 paramagnetic顺磁性的ferromagnetic铁磁性的non-ferrousmetals非铁金属，有色金属brass黄铜ferrous含铁的ferrousmetals含铁金属，黑色金属relative permeability相对磁导率transformer变压器，变换器eddy current probe涡流探针unit 5hardness硬度impact resistance耐冲击性fracture toughness断裂韧度，断裂韧性structural materials结 构 材 料 anisotropic各向异性orientation取向texture织构fiber reinforcement纤维增强longitudinal纵 向 transverse direction横向short transverse direction短横向a function of temperature温度的函数，温度条件room temperature室温elongation伸长率tension张力，拉力compression压缩bending弯曲shear剪切torsion扭转static loading静负荷dynamic loading动态载荷cyclic loading循环载荷，周期载荷cross-sectional area横截面stress应力stress distribution应力分布strain应变engineering strain工程应变perpendicular垂直normal axis垂直轴elastic deformation弹 性 形 变 plastic deformation塑 性 形 变 quality control质量控制nondestructive tests无损检测tensile property抗张性能，拉伸性能unit 6lattice晶格positive ions正离子a cloud of delocalized electrons离域电子云ionization电离，离子化metalloid准金属，类金属nonmetal非 金 属 diagonal line对角线polonium钋semi-metal半金属lower left左下方upper right右上方conduction band导带valence band价 带 electronic structure电子结构synthetic materials（人工）合成材料oxygen氧oxide氧化物rust生锈potassium钾alkali metals碱金属alkaline earth metals碱土金属volatile活泼的transition metals过渡金属oxidize氧 化 barrier layer阻挡层basic碱性的acidic酸性的electrochemical series电化序electrochemical cell电化电池cleave解理，劈开elemental元素的，单质的metallic form金属形态tightly-packed crystal lattice密排晶格，密堆积晶格atomic radius原子半径nuclear charge核电荷number of bonding orbitals成键轨道数overlap of orbital energies轨道能重叠crystal form晶型planes of atoms原子面a gas of nearly free electrons近自由电子气free electron model自由电子模型an electron gas电 子 气 band structure能带结构binding energy键 能 positive potential正势periodic potential周期性势能band gap能隙brillouin zone布里渊区nearly-free electron model近自由电子模型solid solution固溶体pure metals纯金属duralumin硬铝，杜拉铝unit 9purification提纯，净化raw materials原材料discrete离散的，分散的iodine碘long-chain长链alkane烷烃，链烃oxide氧化物nitride氮化物carbide碳化物diamond金刚石graphite石墨inorganic无机的mixed ionic-covalent bonding离子共价混合键constituent atoms组成原子conduction mechanism传导机制phonon声子photon光子sapphire蓝宝石visible light可见光computer-assisted process control计算机辅助过程控制solid-oxide fuel cell固体氧化物燃料电池spark plug insulator火花塞绝缘材料capacitor电容electrode电极electrolyte电解质electron microscope电子显微镜surface analytical methods表面分析方法unit 12macromolecule高分子repeating structural units重复结构单元covalent bond共 价 键 polymer chemistry高分子化学polymer physics高分子物理polymer science高分子科学molecular structure分子结构molecular weights分 子 量 long chains长链chain-like structure链状结构monomer单体plastics塑料rubbers橡胶thermoplastic热塑性thermoset热固性vulcanized rubbers硫化橡胶thermoplastic elastomer热塑弹性体natural rubbers天然橡胶synthetic rubbers合成橡胶thermoplastic热塑性thermoset热固性resin树脂polyethylene聚乙烯polypropylene聚丙烯polystyrene聚苯乙烯polyvinyl-chloride聚氯乙烯polyvinyl聚 乙 烯 的 chloride氯化物polyester聚酯polyurethane聚氨酯polycarbonate聚碳酸酯nylon尼龙acrylics丙烯酸树脂acrylonitrile-butadiene-styreneabs 树脂polymerization聚 合 （ 作 用 ） condensation polymerization缩 聚 addition polymerization加 聚 homopolymer均聚物copolymer共聚物chemical modification化学改性terminology术 语 nomenclature命名法chemist化学家the noble prize in chemistry诺贝尔化学奖catalyst催化剂atomic force microscope原子力显微镜（afm ）unit 15composite复合材料multiphase多相bulk phase体相matrix基体matrix material基质材料reinforcement增强体reinforcing phase增强相reinforcing material加强材料metal-matrix composite金属基复合材料ceramic-matrix composite陶瓷基复合材料resin-matrix composite树脂基复合材料strengthening mechanism增强机理dispersion strengthened composite弥散强化复合材料particle reinforced composites颗粒增强复合材料fiber-reinforced composites纤维增强复合材料unit 18nanotechnology纳米技术nanostructured materials纳米结构材料nanometer纳米nanoscale纳米尺度nanoparticle纳米颗粒nanotube纳米管nanowire纳米线nanorod纳米棒nanoonion纳米葱nanobulb纳米泡fullerene富勒烯size parameters尺寸参数size effect尺 寸 效 应 critical length临界长度mesoscopic介观的quantum mechanics量子力学quantum effects量子效应surface area per unit mass 单位质量的表面积surface physics and chemistry 表面物理化学substrate 衬底，基底graphene石墨烯chemical analysis化学分析chemical composition化学成分analytical techniques分析技术scanning tunneling microscope扫描隧道显微镜spatial resolution空间分辨率de brogile wavelength德布罗意波长mean free path of electrons（电子）平均自由程quantum dot量子点band gap带隙continuous densi