考研英语阅读理解精选试题及答案解析

.考研英语阅读理解精选试题及答案解析;.part aunit1directions: read the following four texts. answer the questions below each text by choosing a, b, c or d. mark your answers on answer sheet 1. （40 points） text 1it s plain common sense? d the more happiness you feel, thless unhappinessyou experience. it s plain common sense, but it s not true. recent research reveals th happiness and unhappiness are not really two sides of the same emotion. they are twodistinct feelings that, coexisting, rise and fall independently.people might think that the higher a person lsevel of unhappiness, the lower their levelofhappiness and vice versa. butwhen researchers measure people s average levelsofhappiness and unhappiness, theyoften findlittlerelationshipbetween the two.the recognition that feelings of happinessand unhappinesscan co-exist much like love and hate in a close relationship may offer valuable clues on how to lead a happier life. it suggests, for example, that changing or avoiding things that make you miserable may wellmake you less miserable, but probably won tmake you any happier. that advice is backed up by an extraordinary series of studies which indicate that a genetic predisposition for unhappiness may run in certain families. on the otherhand, researchers have found happiness doesn t appear to be anyone s heritage. thecapacity for joy is a talent you develop largely for yourself.psychologists have settled on a working definition of the feeling ?d happiness isa sense of subjective well-being. they have also begun to find out who s happy, who isn t and why. to date, the research hasn t found a simple formula for a happy life, but it has discovered some of the actions and attitudes that seem to bring people closer tothat most desired of feelings.why is unhappiness less influenced by environment? when we are happy, we are more responsive to people and keep up connections better than when we are feelingsad. this doesn t mean, however, that some people are born to be sad and thatgenes may predispose one to unhappiness, but disposition can be influenced by personal choice. you can increase your happiness through your own actions.1. according to the text, it is true that. a unhappiness is more inherited than affected by environment. b happiness and unhappiness are mutually conditional. c unhappiness is subject to external more than internal factors. d happiness is an uncontrollable subjective feeling.2. the author argues that one can achieve happiness by a maintaining it at an average level. b escaping miserable occurrences in life. c pursuing it with ones painstaking effort. d realizing its coexistence with unhappiness.3. the phrase“ to date ” (pabre.4b)ecsat nreplaced by a as a result. b in addition.c at present.d until now.4. what do you think the author believes about happiness and unhappiness? a one feels unhappy owing to his miserable origin. b they are independent but existing concurrently c one feels happy by participating in more activities. d they are actions and attitudes taken by human beings.5. the sentence“ that s that” (par. 5) probably means: some people are born to be sad a and the situation cannot be altered. b and happiness remains inaccessible. c but they dont think much about it. d but they remain unconscious of it. text 2the legal limit for driving after drinking alcohol is 80 milligrams of alcohol in 100 millilitres of blood, when tested. but there is no sure way of telling how much you can drink before you reach this limit.it varies with each person depending onyour weight, your sex, if you ve just eaten and what sort of drinks you ve had.people might reach their limit after only about three standard drinks.in fact, your drivingability can be affected by just one or two drinks.even if you re below the legal limit, you could still be taken to court if a police officer thinks your driving has been affected by alcohol.it takes about an hour for the body to get rid of the alcohol in one standard drink.so, ifyou have a heavy drinking in the evening you might find that your drivingability is still affected the next morning, or you could even find that you re sthe legal limit.in addition, if youve had a few drinks at lunchtime, another one ortwo drinks in the early evening may well put you over the legal limit.in a test with professional drivers, the more alcoholic drinks they had had, the more certain they were that they could drive a test course through a set of movable posts. and the less able they were to do it!so the only way to be sure younroet stoafderiinsk at all.alcohol is a major cause of road traffic accidents. one in three of the drivers killed in road accidents have levels of alcohol which are over the legal limit, and road accidents after drinking are the biggest cause of death among young men. more than half of the people stopped by the police to take a breath test have a blood alcohol concentration of more than twice the legal limit.it is important to remember that driving after youve been drinking doesnt justaffect you. if youe involvred in an accident it affects a lot of other people as well, notleast the person you might kill or injure.6. the amount of alcohol a driver can drink within the legal limit is a about 80mg of pure alcohol. b about three standard drinks. c in proportion to his weight. d varying with different people.7. you might be accused of drunk driving when a you drive upon having some drinks. b you become a helpless alcohol addict. c your driving is found abnormal for drinking. d your alcohol percentage fails the test.8. a test showed that drunken professional drivers could a have greater confidence than sober ones. b move away a set of posts on the test ground. c fail in the test despite their self-affirmation. d serve as alarming examples to potential drivers.9. alcohol is the major cause of traffic accidents because a more than 30% road casualties are drink drivers. b drinking affects peoples mind and emotion. c about one-third drivers are used to drinking. d young drivers are familiar among traffic victims.10. about drink driving, the author warns you of the fact that you a may be taken to court by the police. b are putting yourself in danger. c may hurt or kill another driver. d are setting other people at risk. text 3there are various ways in which individual economic units can interact with one another. three basic ways may be described as the market system, the administered system, and the traditional system.in a market system individualeconomic units are free to interact among eachother in the marketplace. it is possible to buy commodities from other economic units or sell commodities to them. in a market, transaction may take place via barter or money exchange. in a barter economy, real goods such as automobiles, shoes and pizzas are traded against each other. obviously, finding somebody who wants to trade my old car in exchange for a sailboat may not always be an easy task. hence, the introduction of money as a medium of exchange eases transactions considerably. in the modern market economy, goods and services are bought or sold for money.an alternative for the marketsystem is administrative control by some agencyover all transactions. this agency will issue edicts (orders) or commands as to how much of each good and service should be produced, exchanged,and consumed by each economic unit. central planning may be one way ofadministering such an economy. the central plan, drawn up by the government, shows the amounts of each commodity produced by the various firms and allocated to different householdsfor consumption. this is an example of complete planning of production, consumption, and exchange for the whole economy.in a traditional society, production and consumption patterns are governed bytradition;everyperson splacewithintheeconomicsystemisfixedby parentage(origin), religion,and custom. transactions take place on the basis of tradition, too. people belonging to a certain group or caste(social class) may have an obligation to care for other persons, provide them with food and shelter, care for their health, and provide for their education. clearly, in a system where every decision is made on the basis of tradition alone, progress may be difficult to achieve. a stagnant (unchanging) society may result.11. the main purpose of the text is to a interpret the essence of general economics. b compare barter and cash-exchange markets. c outline contrasting types of economic systems. d argue for the superiority of a certain economy.12. the word“ real ” in“ real goods” (par.2) cpolaucldedbebsyt be re a genuine.b concrete.c durable. d practical.13. according to the text, a barter economy may lead to a unfair transaction.b direct conflicts. c gradual deflation.d trading troubles.14. in an administered system, business activities are under the direction of a major economic organizations.b general public advisory body. c large commercial companies.d certain official departments.15. allofthe followingare mentioned as factors determining one splace ina traditional society except a family background.b age and education. c religious beliefs. d established experience. text 4it psossible that whileyou are at work,you may dream about a month ofsundays, but your boss wishes for a week of tuesday. thatshe/hespbroebcaabulsyeknows that productivity is one of the main factors bolstering (supporting) a company growth. and a recent poll shows that workers are most productive on tuesdays!accountemps, an employment agency, conducted a national survey of office managers, whichshows thatbythemiddleofthe week, theysee a dramatic productivitydecrease.while monday is considered second in “ productivityvalue,” only nine percent of office managers think wednesday is the peak productivity day.five percent believe it is thursday. and friday, well, you can just imagine! however, forty-eight percent of the managers polled said that tuesday is, by far, the most productive day of the week.a close analysis of workweek rhythms would turn up some obvious reasons forthose survey results. first of all, monday is overloaded with meetings, designed to “ getthings moving, ”a nd everybody knows meetings aren vtery productive. wednesday is “ hump da驼y峰”日( ) ?d get over it as painlessly as possible, a worker thinks, and the week is more than halfway over. on thursday, people are running outof steam; and friday, everybody s thinking about the weekend. there are reasons why the other days aren ttipvreo,dbuuct what makes tuesday special?tuesdays, employees hit peak performance because they are very focused onday-to-day activities. also, it s usually the first day of the week when they re on their own task. theyirne mnoetetings that take them away fromtheir primaryresponsibilities. actually, tuesdays can be quite hectic (full of excitement and without rest). workers are arriving at work fairly frantic (wildly excited). and so, in 10 hours, they re doing -2h0our work. that s productive, but it s also tough.this does not mean that nothing happens on the last three days of the workweek.things do not get so lax that people are sitting with their feet on desks, sipping coffeeand talking on the phone all day, but there s a definite lack of focutse.ntshe pace sof and the rhythm slows down. and this is not healthy: it produces fatigue and lowersproductivity. to prevent this midweek slowdown, some management consultants suggest that employers avoid jamming so many meetings into mondays. work deadlines can be rescheduled to stretch out the workflow. variations in productivityare only natural, but both workers and bosses win when the peaks and valleys are less dramatic than they are now.16. according to the poll, which of the following days is most productive? a thursday.b friday.c monday. d wednesday.17. the peak productivity day of the week is marked by a violent excitement and activity. b due enthusiasm and creativity. c hurried and disordered movement. d full concentration and efficiency.18. the word“ lax ” in the last paragraph means a usually negligible. b lacking in control. c totally distractive. d worthy of relaxing.19. with respect to the changes in productivity, the text suggests that a work deadlines can be readjusted. b they are reasonable and expectable. c monday meetings may be called off. d their differences are to be minimized.20. the author has explained all of the following except a the steps taken to alter workweek rhythms. b the productivity on the 6th day of the week. c the reason why midweek slowdown takes place. d the concern bosses have about low productivity.part bdirections:youare going toread a listofheadings and a textabout marketing strategies. choose the most suitable heading from the list a ?d f for each numbered paragraph (21 ?d 25). the first and last paragraphsof the text are not numbered. there is one extra heading which you do not need to use. markyour answers on answer sheet 1 . (10 points) a which marketing tactic must an entity take? b quality first, competition second c exemplify offensive measures d complex factors cause due market analysis e the motive for proceeds also functions f strategy varies with external conditionsthere are three general marketing strategies that an organization can adopt. 21.the first isan aggressive strategy, characterized by generating a great deal of promotion,varyingprices,changingthetimesandplacesatwhichthe products/services are offered, differentiatingthe products/services fromthose of competingorganizations,hiringcreativesalespersonstopromotethe products/services, spending lots of money on marketing activities, and so forth.22. the second general marketing strategy is a minimal one, characterized by doing very little promotion, pricing below market, offering services at traditional places and times, spending very little money on promotionand salespersons, and so forth. the third is a balanced marketing strategy, an in-between strategy that differsfrom an aggressive strategy and a minimal strategy only in degree. these three strategies are appropriate alternatives for any organization. however, not every organization needs an aggressive strategy, nor does every organization need a balanced strategy or a minimal one. the situation facing each entity is obviously different, calling for an analysis of the factors that dictate whichof the three alternative strategies is most suitable for each organization.23. thefirstmajorfactoristhenature ofthemarketcompetitionfacingthe organization. if it is in a monopoly position, with no direct competitors in its market area, then a minimal marketing strategy is suitable. however, if the organization is in an oligopolymarket position, witha few competitors initsmarket area, then abalanced marketing strategy is called for. if there is a high degree of competition and several competing products/services initsmarket area, thiswouldsuggest an aggressive marketing strategy. further, ifthere are many other forms ofindirect competition, then the organization should pursue a balanced marketing strategy.24. the second major factor is the quality of the products/services offered. if the organization has high-quality products/services, a minimal marketing strategy is called for, other factors being equal. if it is in a weak market position with low-quality products/services, a minimal marketing strategy should be pursued. if the products/services are of medium quality, this would suggest a balanced strategy.25. the third major factor is the revenue strategies that the managersmay desire topursue. for example, if the managers want to maximize the organization s revenue fromitsproductsse rvices, thentheorganization shouldadoptan aggressivemarketing strategy. if it wants to minimize revenues, then it should pursue a minimal strategy. however, ifitwants to balance its revenues? d not maximizingand not minimizing ?d then a balanced marketing strategy is called for. these factors may be summarized and put into decision model for an administrator to use in deciding which general marketing strategy his/her organization should use. once the strengths and weaknessesare weighted for each factor, an overallevaluation can be completed, allowingthe administrator to arrive at an overalldecision ?d that is ,whether to follow an aggressive, balanced, or minimal general marketing strategy.part cdirections: read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segmentsinto chinese. your translation should be written clearly on answer sheet 2.(10 points)not long ago, technology in the home was carved up into well-defined territories:the pc ?d care of microsoft,intel, dell,and the like?d presided over the home office. the television and stereo were king and queen of the living room. these days, though, the digital revolution is shaking up that comfortable ease. (26)with the advent of mp3 music files, personal video recorders, game machines, digital cameras, and ahost of other media and services, it s no longer clear who controls which bit of homefloor. and that has set off a battle for dominance in home entertainment.the shake-up covers the technology spectrum. microsoft corp. is spending