英美诗歌选读复习内容

.名词解释1、epic:alongandnarrativepoemwritteninanelevatedstylethatrecountsthe adventures of a hero, who often embodies the traits of a nation or people. theearliestepictalessurvivedforcenturiesasoraltraditionsbeforetheywerefinally written down.epics typically share a wide variety of characteristics:1) the protagonist is a hero of great stature and significance;2) the setting is vast in scope, often involving more than one nation;3) the action requires noble, fantastic, and even superhuman actions;4) thethemereflectstimelessvalues,suchascourageandhonor,and encompasses universal ideas, such as good and evil or life and death;beowulf is the oldest surviving epic poem in english.2、sonneta sonnet is a poetic form which originated in italy. in the 13th century, sonnet refers to a 14-line lyric poem with a complicated rhyme scheme and a definedstructure, usually written in iambic pentameter. sonnet can be divided into 3 types according to different structures:1) petrarchan sonnet. it was derived from the great italian poet petrarch;2) shakespearean sonnet. the shakespearean sonnet form contains 3 quatrains and a heroic couplet. the rhyme scheme is abab cdcd efef gg. the most famous sonneteer is william shakespeare;.3) spenseriansonnet.itwasintroducedinbritainbysirthomaswyatt.it contains 3 quatrains and a couplet. what is unique to the spenserian sonnet isthe interlocking rhyme scheme:abab bcbc cdcd ee.3、pastoralapastoralisapoemthatpresentsshepherdsinidealizedruralsettings.renaissance poets like marlowe and raleigh used the pastoral form to express their feelings and thoughts about love and other subjects. shepherd in pastoraltendtousecourtlyspeech.thepoemsusuallyhavemetricalpatternsand rhyme schemes that help give them a musical or songlike quality. the imageryderives from commonplace country settings.4、metaphysical poetrymetaphysical poetry is term adopted by samuel johnson to describe a schoolof highly intellectual poetry marked by bold and ingenious conceits, incongruous imagery, complexity of thought, frequent use of paradox, and often by deliberate harshness or rigidity of expression. the main themes of themetaphysical poets are love, death, and religion. the metaphysical poetry canbe difficult to understand. they share several traits:1) simple, conventional vocabulary, but complex sentence patterns;2) metaphysicalconceits,atypepfextendedmetaphorcomparingvery dissimilar things;3) paradoxes, or statements that seem to contradict themselves;4) disruptions of poetic meter;5) witty and imaginative plays on words.the chief representative of this school was john donne.5、elegyelegy is derived from the greek work“elego s ” , which means mournful poem or song . the forms of elegies we see today were introduced in the 16th century.elegy is a form of literature which can be defined as a poem or song in the form of elegiac couplets, written in honor of someone deceased. it typically laments or mourns the death of the individual.elegyis oneoftherichestliteraryformsbecauseithasthecapacitytohold emotions that deeply influence people. the strongest of the tools elegy uses isitsrelianceonmemoriesofthosewhoare nomore.mostofthepoetswho wrote elegies were evidently awed by the frailty of human beings and how theworld completely forgets about the deceased at some point.afamousexampleis “ elegy writteninacountrychurchyard”b ythomas gray.6、satiresatireis a techniqueemployedbywriterstoexposeandcriticizefoolishness andcorruptionofanindividualorasocietybyusing humor, irony, exaggeration or ridicule. it intends to improve humanity bycriticizingitsfolliesandfoibles.awriterinasatireusesfictionalcharacters, which stand for real people, to expose and condemn their corruption.usually satire has two style:1) the gentle, playful, and sympathetic approach of horatian satirethe famous writer who wrote satiric poetry in horatian mode is alexander pope,pokingfunatthedandiesandladiesofhighsocietyandaddressingmoral political, and philosophical issues in clever, elegant couplets.2) the darker, biting style of juvenalian satirethe representative writer of this kind of satire is jonathan swift, who attacked educators, politicians, churchmen, and any others he saw as corrupt.诗歌分析the passionate shepherd to his loveby christopher marlowe(paraphrase)come live with me and be my love. we will try all the pleasure offered by valleys, roves, woods and mountains.i want us to sit upon the rocks with shallow rivers falling under our feet, seeingthoseshepherdsfarawayfeedingtheirsheep,andhearingbirdssing beautifully around us.and i will use roses to make beds decorated with a thousand sweet-smelling posies for you to lie. i will weave a flower cap, and make you kirtle fringed withmyrtle leaves.we pull out of the finest wool from our lambs to make a pretty gown. and a pair of high-qualited slippers will be made for you, to keep you from being cold. on the slippers i will put buckles, which was made of purest gold.also, i will make you a belt of straw and ivy buds with coral clasps and amber studs. if these pleasure may touch your heart, come live with me and be my love.the young shepherd shall dance and sing in each may morning to delight you,and if you may be touched by these delights, then live with me and be my love.analysis“thepassionateshepherdtohislove ” isalovepoemthatcontainssix quatrains of rhyming couplets in iambic tetrameter. the rhyme meter is aabb.itssimple,musicallanguageandfancifulimagerycreateanidyllofinnocent love. the tone of the poem is passionate, eager and fanciful.inthispoem,the shepherdpersona speakstohis beloved,evoking“allthepleasures” of a peaceful springtime nature. he promises her the delights ofnature and his courtly attention. the first quatrain is the invitation to“come live with me and be my love.” next, the speaker describes the pleasant naturalsetting in which he plans that they will live. their life will be one of leisure; theywill“sit upon the rocks,” watch the shepherds, and listen to the birds. the writer used a lot of natural images such as valleys, groves, hills, etc, to express atypical atmosphere of pastoral poem, describing life in a idealized way.marlowe s “the passionate shepherd to his love” is a celebration of youth, innocence, love, and poetry. the poem participates in an ongoing tradition oflyrical love poetry. it casts the lovers as shepherds and shepherdesses who are at home in a beneficent natural setting.the nymphs reply to the shepherdby sir walter raleighthenymph s replytotheshepherd,by walterraleigh,isapoemthatres pondstoandparodiesthepoemthepassionateshepherdtohislove by christopher marlowe. in her reply to the shepherd s invitantyiomnp, hthepresents her rejection of the shepherds courtship for a life of pastoral idyll.raleigh uses the exact same meter (iambic tetrameter) and form (six quatrains, or four-line stanzas) in the nymphs reply. sometimes he uses spondee todisrupt the meter and express his view, like“ time drives the flocks from field to fold”in themarlowepoem,theshepherdproposestohisbelovedbyportraying theiridealfuturetogether:a lifefilledwithearthlypleasuresinaworldof eternal spring.raleigh rseply,however,debunkstheshepherd sfancifulvision.whilemarlowe sspeakerpromisesnature bseautyanda litanyofgifts, raleigh s nymph responds that such promises could only remain valid“ if all the world and love were young.” thus, she introduces the concepts oftimeandchange.in herworld,theseasons causethe shepherd“s shallowrivers”to “ rage,”ro cksto“ growcold” androsesto“ fade.”t heshepherd s gifts might be desirable, but they too are transient: they“break,soonwither” andare“ soonforgotten.i”n theend,thenymphacknowledges that she would accept the shepherd s offer“ could youth last and“ had joys no date.” like the shepherd, she longs for such things to betrue, but like raleigh, she is a skeptic, retaining faith only in reason discount the“ folly” of“ fancy s spring.”sonnet 75by edmund spenserthissonnetwrittenisa typicalspenseriansonnet.ithas3quatrainsanda rhymingcouplet.itsmeteris iambicpentameterandithasa uniquerhyme scheme, interlocking rhyme scheme: abab bcbc cdcd ee.in the first stanza, the poet wrote his lovers name on the sand but the waves came and washed it away. and the poet tried again and again the tide cameand the letter vanished. in the second stanza, the poets lover did not have the confidenceinhiseffortsoftryingtoimmortalizehislovetowardsher.sheargued it is a waste of time as love is a mortal thing. but in the third stanza, thepoetclaimedthathecanmaketheirlovelastforeverdespitemortality.he believe by using his verse their love can pass on eternally. finally in the couplet,the poet says death will destroy mortal things on earth but their love will neverdie through the presence of the sonnet.the sonnet 75 is a poem about a man promising his lover an eternal love. thetoneis sweet,softanddetermined.thethemeofthesonnetiseternallove through verses. the poet believes love can be eternalized through his sonnet,thus expressing his belief in the power of art.sonnet 29by william shakespearethis sonnet is a typical shakespearean sonnet, with 3 quatrains and a rhyming couplet. its is composed in iambic pentameter and rhyme scheme is abab cdcd efef gg.in the first stanza, the poet describe him as outcast and ignored by god. he is indreadfulmoodandfeelingverydepressed.thesecondstanzatellsthatthe poet became jealous of the rich and wish to become more like others. but inthirdstanza,hesuddenlythinkedofapersonheloves,hismoodchanged greatly. he felt extremely happy and excited. then in the couplet he just told usthathewassohappywithhislover s lovethathewouldneverwantedtochange his state with king.the theme of the sonnet is love, wealth and religion. through the whole sonnet,the poet express that as long as he in in love, he wouldnt care how screw up his life is. the tone changes from upset to ecstasy. the poet first describe howterrible his life was so as to contrast with the last part when he express how happy he was to be in love, thus showing his belief in the power of love. it is like a hymn for love.sonnet 116by william shakespearetypical shakespearean sonnet.in the first stanza the poet expressed his strong belief in love, saying that love will never change despite obstacles such as disloyalty. if it does, then that is not true love. in the second stanza, he said the value of love stands high in the skyand will keep shining. in the third stanza, he stressed that even mans beauty will fade away as time pass by, love will still survive. time couldnt influence love. then in the couplet, he said if he can be proven wrong, then there is notrue love in man. he stands firmly of his judgment. the theme is true love and timea valediction: forbidding mourning by john donne“so let us melt, and make no noise,no tear-floods, nor sigh-tempests move,” “if they be two, they are two soas stiff twin compasses are two;thy soul, the fixed foot, makes no showto move, but doth, if th other do.”a valediction: forbidding mourning is a metaphysical poem by john donne. written in 1611 or 1612 for his wife anne before he left on a trip to continental europe. based on the theme of two lovers about to part for an extended time,the poem is notable for its use of conceits and ingenious analogies to describethe couples relationship. the poem hasan abab rhyme scheme and an iambic tetrameter meter.donnes speaker begins with the very weird metaphor of an old man dying. then he shifts gears and compares shallow love to earthquakes that make a big scene and cause a big fuss, but dont have tremendous lasting effects. on the contrary, his love is like the unnoticed, subtle movements of thestars and planets that control the fates of every person. then he says that heand his wife are like a compass when drawing a circle. one foot of the compass(donne) goes way out and travels around, while the other (his wife) stays planted at home and leans after it.the theme: death, love, loyalty, natural phenomenonholy sonnet 10 by john donne petrarchan sonnettheme: death, life, mortality, religionthe lambby william blakethis poem has a simple rhyme scheme : aa bb cc dd aa aa ef gg fe aa. thelayoutissetupbytwostanzaswiththerefrain:littlelambwhomadethee/dost thou know who made thee. in the first stanza, the speaker asks the lamb who his creator is; the answer lies at the end of the poem. here we find aphysicaldescriptionoft