英美社会文化要点总结.doc

英语国家社会与文化要点1.J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur is the first important American author to ask the question, What is an American? ”He is a new man, leaving behind all his ancient prejudices and receives new manners from the new mode of life.2the conceptofmeltingpot . It refers to a society with people of different cultures, races, and religions combined together to form a multi-ethnic society(多民族社会) and each group of people retain (保持)their own integrity(完整性) and flavor. 3.anewland thefirstfrom AisaThey are earliest settlers of America(美洲最早的定居者) and ancestors of Native Americans.(印第安人的祖先)thesecond form Europe and Afirica3.Changes in the 16th and 17th Century(1)theDevelopment of bourgeois and capitalism(2)theRenaissance(3theReligious Reformation4.Martin Luthers BeliefMan is born sinful. (Original Sin原罪)Man have direct relation with God, not through Church or Pope.The only guide to God is Bible.Man can be saved by reading Bible.5.CalvinismJohn Calvin: French Protestant Reformer Calvinism: 加尔文主义Total Depravity完全堕落Limited Atonement有限拯救UnconditionalElection无条件选择Hard work and get wealth 5.HenryVIII and Church of England6.The Settlement in Virginiathey named after their king and begain to build a Jamestown.The colonists settled in Virginia and survived by imposing strict discipline on themselves and by transplanting tobacco into the colony of Virginia.(John rolfe was the first man to plant tobacco)7.Two Great Events in VirginiaIn 1619, the settlers elected their delegates （代表）and set up the House of Burgesses (市民议会).In1619，a Dutch ship sent twenty black people to Virginia as servants. Starting points of American Democracy and Slavery System8.Puritan New EnglandNew England: the six states in Northeastern America. Massachusetts马萨诸塞州, Connecticut,康涅狄格州，New Hampshire新罕布什尔州, Vermont佛蒙特州, Maine缅因, and Rhode Island罗德岛州King henry VIII cut off the political relationship with Pope in Rome and set up the Church of England ,but there was reform in religious beliefs and pratices9.Puritan Doctrines.(1): God is incomprehensible to Man. (上帝不可知论)(2)：Human is predestined by God. (人命天定论)(3)：Success of calling is sign of Gods elect. (事业成功说)(4): Individual can contact God directly by Bible. (天人相通说)10.Pilgrim Fathers (清教先驱) Puritans in England Puritans in England were persecuted for their beliefs, and some fled to Holland. In Holland, they moved to North America to seek religious freedom on the Mayflower in 1620. Before landing on New England, they signed the Mayflower Compact (五月花公约)for the future civil government. Puritans in New England were called the Pilgrim Fathers.11.Puritan LegacyThe influence of Puritanism on American culture Puritans have left rich cultural heritage to future Americans. The American values such as sense of mission to build “City Upon Hill”, individualism, hard work, respect of education owe very much to the Puritan beliefs.12.Catholic MarylandThe founder was the second Lord Baltimore, who carried out his fathers will to set up a colony in North America (in todays Maryland) in 1632 and became the owner of the colony. He wished to introduce a feudal system similar to the manor system in Europe to his colony. because the wilderness of North America provided plenty of land while labor was scarce.It was impossible to have the feudal plan executed.13.Quaker Pennsylvania(1)Quakers were a group of Protestants. They believed that people could communicate with God because Gods divine light was in everyones heart. (2)They believed in God through faith without the help of church or priest. (3)Those religious beliefs taught them that people were born equal, and not sinful.(4) They worked hard and lived a simple life in order to please God. 14.The American Revolution(注意事件的先后顺序）(1)In 1773, the “Boston Tea Party ” tossed British merchants tea into Boston harbor(2)The Americans disobeyed the Intolerable Act passed by British Parliament and boycotted British trade.(3)On April 19, 1775, the first shot was fired. The American war of Independence began. And it ended in 1781.15 founding fathers (1). George Washington(2).Thomas Jefferson (3)Benjamin Franklin (4)John Adams16.The Articles of Confederation (这是1777年11月国会通过的美国第一部宪法性文件,规定联合新独立的13个州的松散的邦联政府的职能.1787年美国制订联邦宪法，邦联随之终止).17.Constitution The Articles of Confederation failed. The Congress decided to hold a constitutional convention to revise the Articles of Confederation. The delegates from 12 states (Rhode Island refused to participated) gathered in Philadelphia in 1787 and end up in writing a new constitution and set a federal system with a strong central government. 18.The 3 branches of the U.S federal governmentThree Fears （1）New government may create tyranny.1.Checks and balances: set up three branches of government: executive, judicial and legislative.(三权分立制)（2）New government may take away powers of the states. Federal System: （联邦体制） powers are shared between federal and state government.（3）New government may violate peoples rights. Bill of Rights: （人权法案）guarantee the basic rights and freedom of people19 Legislative BranchHouse of Representatives:众议院Membership is based on population. Each state has at least one representative. Senate: 参议院（Senator）Each state has Two Senators.20 在美国法律草案如何变成法律 Major Functions of Congress: make lawsBill is introduced in one chamber-studied by Special Committees-subjected to all members of chamber-passed by vote-subjected to another chamberConference Committee is needed when two chambers pass different versions of a bill.The Act is then subjected to President to sign. The President may veto it, but his veto can be “overridden” by 2/3majority in both chambers21 Officials of CongressVice President of U.S. is President of Senate.(副总统即是参议院主席)Vice President has no vote in Senate, except in a “tie”. (equal vote)Speakers of the House （众议院议长） is leader of House of Representatives.Speaker of the House is usually leader of major party in the House.22 Executive BranchHead of executive branch is the President. President is head of state, leader of all armed forces23 Presidential PowersLegislative Power:Propose legislation to CongressVeto bills passed by CongressJudicial Powers:Appoint federal judges, Supreme Court Judges (approved by Senate)Give reprieve and pardon. Foreign Affairs: Appoint ambassadors (approved by Senate)Assisted by Secretary of State, manage all foreign affairs and form foreign policyExecutive Powers: chief duty of President“take care that law be faithfully executed”Issue regulations and “executive orders”Commander-in-chief of armed forcesAppoint senior officials of executive branches. (approved by Senate)24 Supreme Court: highest court of U. S.25 Judicial BranchSupreme CourtFunction:1. Settle disputes about interpretations ofhe laws and Constitution.（司法解释权）2. Judge if laws and executive actions violate Constitution.（判断违宪权）3. Settle appeals from lower courts. (judicial review，司法复审权)26 .America after Revolution was an “Agricultural Country”, with 90% people employed in farming. (判断题，美国在独立战争之后还是一个农业国家）27 Development of American IndustryFirst Secretary of Treasury, Alexander Hamilton established a protective Tariff, to encourage American industry. 1776-1860, Industrial Revolution spread into US and changed American industry.First Development: Introduction of factory system. (工厂体系)The first American factory is a cotton textile mill, established in 1793 by Samuel Slater.Second Development:“American system” of mass production（美国式的大规模生产）1. Eli Whitney: invent Cotton Gin(轧棉机) invent interchangeable parts (standardized parts)（标准件）2. Henry Ford: invent “moving assemble line”Result: Mass production increased efficiency, lowered costs and prices.Third Development:Application of new technology（应用新科技）The Fourth Development: New Form of Business(新商业组织形式)（National Bank and Corporation） 1. in 1863，national banking system was set up with standard paper money. 2. advantages of Corporation: a: more