高级英语学习指南.doc

高级英语引言高级英语是全国高等教育自学考试英语专业高级阶段（本科段）一门核心课程，又称精读课，属必考课程。其重要性，毋庸多言。现在就如何学好这门课程，从本人的教学实践以及学员们在学习中遇到的一些问题等方面谈自己的体会。本人对自学考生有一份由衷的欣赏之情你们在简易的学习条件下要通过十几门的严格考试，非有坚强的毅力和踏实的学习精神不可。这也就是为什么自考文凭在社会上含金量较高，认知度较高的一种文凭。 高级英语的学习是建立在学员已打好了英语基础之上。英语基础学习好比是万丈高楼的基石，只有过去牢固的英语基石才有现在遨游于高级英语之中的“自由”。高级英语学习宗旨高级英语学习的重点已从基本的英语语音，词汇，语法的掌握上升到：一、 阅读理解及词汇应用：能够区分、应用同、近义词；很好地理解文章的主题与内容。二、 提高英语的表达能力：学员应能用英语解释英语难句，进行有一定难度的英汉互译，用英语对文章内容进行归纳，并对文章进行简要的分析、评论。高级英语学习方法学习时应该注意下列一些方面：首先，牢记教材是根本。以前，教材单调，教辅条件简陋，照样培养出学贯东西的语言大师来。现在英语读物多了，时尚的学习工具多了，英语并没有变得容易学了。究其原因是人们的心态变了，变得浮躁了。对什么都这山望着那山高，今天这个时髦得学习方法，明天那本最新教材。殊不知一切方法都建立在一定的基础上的，一个人的兴趣、悟性、修行没有到达那个层面，再美好的东西跟你也是无缘。而且从高级英语考试大纲规定来看，以教材为本这一思想也是显而易见的，试卷中60%分值的题目都是根据教材中课文内容设计的。也许有人会说，这岂不是说要死读书不成。我们学习英语不是要提高交际能力，提高听、说能力吗？试问没有一定词汇量的积累，一定的句法结构，一定的语法水平，你如何张嘴，如何听懂别人说的话。不要用任何借口放弃（或说逃避）对教材学习应该付出的那份心血和艰辛。其次，要培养自己对教材中三十二篇课文的兴趣和热爱。这些课文不但是帮助我们学好英文语言知识，而且帮助我们学到很多为人处世的道理。从“Rock Superstars: What Do They Tell Us About Ourselves and Our Society”，我们知道：摇滚乐是一种社会心理的表现； Rock is the music of teenage rebellion; By a mans heroes ye shall know him.从“The Trouble with Television”, 我们可以看出电视对社会和文化的负面影响：人们的注意力下降，读写能力出现危机等。从 “On Human Nature and Politics” , 我们知道从事政治活动的人有四个动机，那就是：占有欲，竞争欲，虚荣心及权利欲。（这里只举三篇课文为例）通过精读、熟记这些课文，我们不但可以扩大词汇量、掌握许多句型结构，而且在与他人交谈时不再是只会一点乒乓英语 几个来回，短平快就说不下去了，而是能够使自己说的话既有深度，又有广度，同时有能通过高级英语自学考试。以后，我们谈到摇滚不只会说闹心，谈到电视只会说费时，谈到国际政治只会说虚伪，而是可以做到探讨每一个话题的多个方面。这样一举多得的事何乐而不为呢？考试要求与应试方法命题是自学考试的核心，是实现专业考试计划规定的专业标准的关键。因此了解命题的原则与要求、题型、试卷的难易度等，对考生学习是很有帮助的。现在我们一块来看一下高级英语自学考试大纲详见高级英语下册第335页，通过高级英语的考试要求，结合以往的试题及课后练习，我们提出一些学习方法及应试指导一、 高级英语考试命题原则高级英语考试命题原则如下：1 高级英语试卷总结构和所占分数比例每份试卷包括两大部分，第一部分考核教材内容，占总分的60%左右；第二部分是水平考试，使用教材以外的一篇短文，占总分的40%。2 高级英语考试项目的技能结构每份高级英语试卷中考读、写、译三种技能。“读”包括内容理解和词汇掌握；“写”为回答就课文所提的问题；“译”为英译中和中译英。3 高级英语考试题目的难度结构与课程内容有关的题目占60%左右，水平考试的题目占40%左右，其中易占20%左右，较易占30%左右，较难占30%左右，难占20%左右。二、 高级英语试题类型试题分为两个大部分：A考核课程内容B水平考试，重点为阅读理解能力。（ 注：下列题型作为参考，每次试卷中只选用其中几种。考核课程内容的五类；水平考试的四类。）A 高级英语考核教材内容1 完形练习考核学生对课文内容的掌握，从课文句子或段落中抽去一个词或词组，学生需从试卷提供的词或词组中选择与课文一样的填入空中。例如：（2003年考题）The following paragraphs are taken from the textbooks, followed by a list of words or expressions marked A to X. Choose the one that best completes each of the sentences and write the corresponding letter on your answer sheet. One word or expression for each blank only. (12 points, 0.5 point each) Rumors 1 quickly that I was a FBI agent. I was 2 because I was not 3_ to return. Some people said I was either a federal agent or a 4 , for no 5 man, they said, returns to Watts by 6 . Television 7 on advertising to an even greater 8 than newspapers, and since advertising is big business, advertising is by 9 Republican. Yet nowhere in network newscasts or network commentaries on current events have I 10 the intense partisanship, the often rabid 11 that colors the editorial 12 of the majority of newspapers in this country. The chances had 13 to one in eight when the 14 clerk drew the second slip. He 15 his throat and 16 his pince-nez as though he had to make sure he was not 17 . “Ah, Monsieur Voisin,” he said with a 18 undecided smile, “May I join you?” Some people believe that the time of death is 19 by God and that no man should _20 the clock back on another. 21 if a patients philosophical views embrace _ 22 , it is not clear why the religious 23 of others should intrude 24_ his death.A. reasonable B. put C. bias D. choice E. nature F. yet G. mistaken H. lives I. thin J. encountered K. euthanasia L. fool M. spread N. objections O. pages P. extent Q. elderly R. suspect S. cleared T. narrowed U. put on V. on W. supposed X. appointed该题正如考核要求规定，是要检查学员对课文的熟悉程度。假如考生对所学教材了然于心的话，该题做起来当然如探囊取物。这也就是我们为什么在学习高级英语方法时，特别强调要牢记教材课文的原因之一。由于完型填空题不但测试考生使用词汇和语法结构的能力，同时又测试考生对短文篇章的理解，它是对考生综合运用语言能力的测试，所以考生在考试时确实遇到了困难（最好不要在这样的考题上出麻烦），我们也有一些办法可以采取。完型填空题的一般解题技巧是：解题技巧：1 通读该段文章。首先了解材料内容，做到心中有底。2 找相关信息。通读之后，从第一个空格开始依次完成。3 根据语感，快速试填充一遍。4 然后逐题推敲。5 根据上下文确定词义。使所选词的词义符合上下文逻辑意思的需要；尤其关注实词。6 根据句子结构确定词形。使所选词的形式符合所在句语法结构上的要求；重点关注虚词。7 着眼整体、注意关键词。如：but, however, even so 说明后面的意思与前面的相反或对照，所选的词可能与前面某个词互为反义词。8 抓住关键句型，作直观判断。比如常考的句型有：定语从句中缺少引导词；比较从句中漏了than；其它从句中的表示语法结构关系词例如sothat；hardlywhen 等是否遗漏。9 注意常用词语搭配，关注词语间的互为提示。10 然后通篇审核。具体到自学考试高级英语考题，我们可以借鉴上面的技巧，重点做到如下：1、 把所给的词或短语按照词性分类：动词、名词、介词、副词、形容词等；2、 对所给段落中的句子进行分析，确定所空缺的地方需要什么词性的词；3、 然后再根据上下文意义、结构，确定答案。我们以第三小段选自高级英语上册第十课第142页为例: The chances had 13 to one in eight when the 14 clerk drew the second slip. He 15 his throat and 16 his pince-nez as though he had to make sure he was not 17 . “Ah, Monsieur Voisin,” he said with a 18 undecided smile, “May I join you?”通过分析得知：13、15、16处应该填动词；14，17，18处则须用形容词。这样一来，每一个填空处需要排除的选项就少多了。然后根据一些固定搭配可以进一步区分选项。如： 13处是一个固定搭配 clear ones throat; 在14处，假如考生认识这个词 pince-nez p:nsnei 是 夹鼻眼镜，就能很快想到动词短语 put on （戴上）。17处前面有一个短语 make sure（确信），人们通常是确信事情一切正常，没有错误, 所以该处选择 mistaken 也就合情合理。当然这一切分析是要建立在很好的英语基础之上，更何况这样的词 pince-nez对于不熟悉课文的人来说是很难认识，所以纯粹依赖技巧、分析并非很可靠，况且很费时。另外，一个很好的基础从何而来？还得要心里装的东西多，而熟记一些文章是很好充实自己的办法。其它几个段落分别选自：第一小段选自高级英语下册第九课第143页 第二小段选自高级英语下册第三课第39页 第四小段选自高级英语上册第四课第49页答案：Key1. M2. R3. W4. L5. A6. D7. H 8. P9. E10. J11. C12. O13. T14. Q15. S 16. U17. G18. I19. X20. B21. F22. K23. N24. V2 用英语回答有关课程内容的问题考核学生对课程内容的和理解程度，以及一定的用英语笔头表述的能力。提出的是有关课文大意、背景、故事内容、人物等和理解课文有关问题。1. How does the author, J.B. Priestley, think of the matter of sleep? When he is sleepless, what will he do? 选自高级英语上册第十一课Answer: The author thinks that sleep is just like a coy mistress who is much given to a teasing inconsistency and forever demanding to be wooed. In other words, to him, sleep always plays with him, and torments him but seldom lets him have it.He often lies in bed, passing hours in sleeplessness. The more he wants to fall asleep, the more sleepless he becomes. However, as soon as he intends to write an essay, he feels an overpowering desire for sleep. The author believes that artificial ways of inducing sleep are countless, but none of them works for him. Therefore, when he cant fall asleep at night, he has a dialogue with an imaginary friend until he either laughs or falls asleep.2. How did American young people look at the adult world in general according to the text “Four Choices for Young People”? What did they do about it?Answer: American young people viewed the adult world with great skepticism and even worse, with increasing rejection, according to the lesson “Four Choices for Young People.They saw this affluent society of America filled with poverty, injustice and hypocrisy. They became rebellious. They rejected the beliefs and values of society. While some young people fought against poverty, racial injustice at that time, others showed their discontent through passive ways. They were addicted to drugs and refused to take any social responsibilities.解析：作该题型的题目时，要记住首先要有一个基本的观点“ARGUMENT”（当然，这个观点是从所学课文中，合理地、符合逻辑地得出来的，并非自己臆断或杜撰出来的。 所以这一切也是建立在对课文熟练掌握基础上的。），然后，提供一些左证”SUPPORTING IDEAS”。课文中的内容要能做到会归纳，会用自己的话来转述；另外，要写完整的句子。少用“yes or no” 这样的方式来回答问题；最后，通读自己的答案，检查文法，尽可能消除拼读、语法错误。3 填空考核学生对语法和词汇的运用能力。每句一个空格，要求学生从所提供的单词或词组中选择正确的答案填入空中。单词或词组选自课文中要求算重点练习的词语。Fill in the blank in each sentence with the best word or expression from the box below, changing its form when necessary:motivate in the long run regardless of be held to blamesquander to a great extent with honors take advantage ofsurvive be credited with fall victim to have trouble doing sth.1. The chairman of the board of directors was forced to resign, _ the power struggle among the directors.2. Intelligent and hard-working, he passed _ in degree examinations.3. Some girls are so shy as to _ mixing socially with people.4. No one _ for the loss of the game; each had done her best.5. He enjoyed great popularity among the students, _speaking five foreign languages.6. The president decided to run for the second term, _ the state of his health.7. The small restaurant owner _ all his hard-earned money in gambling within a year.8. To increase productivity, we have to get the workers _, but do you think material incentives will always work?答案：1. falling victim to2. with honors3. have trouble4. was held to blame5. credited with6. regardless of7. squandered 8. motivated解析：这种题目的做法可以借鉴上面题型的处理办法，1 首先研读一下供选择的词做到心中有底，把词大致分分类。2 然后仔细研读每一个句子，了解句子内容，做到心中有底。3 根据语感，快速试填充一遍。4 接下来逐句推敲。5 根据上下文确定词义。使所选词的词义符合上下文逻辑意思的需要；尤其关注实词。6 根据句子结构确定词形。使所选词的形式符合所在句语法结构上的要求；重点关注虚词。7 着眼整体、注意关键词。如：but, however, even so 说明后面的意思与前面的相反或对照，所选的词可能与前面某个词互为反义词。8 抓住关键句型，作直观判断。比如常考的句型有：定语从句中缺少引导词；比较从句中漏了than；其它从句中的表示语法结构关系词例如sothat；hardlywhen 等是否遗漏。9 注意常用词语搭配，关注词语间的互为提示。10 然后通篇审核。不同的是选择对了词之后，在填充时还要根据句子的意思确定词形的变化。这给考生增加了不少难度。例如：例句1中选择对了“fall victim to ”，还要知道该句子中不缺谓语动词，必须将“ fall victim to”变成非谓语形式，即用分词短语“falling victim to ”。例句4中，在选择对了“be held to blame ” 之后，还要注意时态及主谓一致原则，所以应将“be held to blame ”变成“be held to blame ”。事实上在以往的试题中，按上面这种形式出题很少见，多采取下面的形式。这些题目的答案就不存在词形转换问题，相比来说，要容易一些。这里是一些从以往试卷里挑选的题目：There are 15 sentences with a blank in each, followed by a list of words or expressions marked A to X. Choose the one that best completes each of the sentences and write the corresponding letter on your answer sheet. One word or expression for each blank only. (1 point each, 15 points)1.“Oh, no!” he said quickly, smiling at her out of that unfailing_of contrition a sort of chivalry. 2.At last, with the Vietnam War, Americans are beginning to realize that they are_original sin as much as Europeans are.3.The value of snobbery in general, its humanistic “point”, consists in its power to_activity. 4.It is not altogether easy to decide what is the_of the love of excitement.5.The American dream promised older people that if they worked hard enough all their lives, things would_well for them.6.I believe that over a period of decades newspapers have become a habita function.7.Her time was_, but she continued to sit by the window, leaning her head against the window curtain, inhaling the odour of dusty cretonne.8.They are always on trial, always on the_of failure, collectively and individually.9. From the start of that campaign, I faced _ hostility because of my sex.10. A beautiful woman came along and _ her bunch of violets, and a little boy ran after to hand them to her, and she took them and threw them away as if theyd been poisoned.11. Words mean more than what is set down on paper. It takes the human voice to _ them with the shades of deeper meaning.12. If it be true that our thoughts and mental images are perfectly _ things, like our books and pictures, to the inhabitants of the next world, then I am making for myself a better reputation there than I am in this place.13. Although I had to search, and did search, for the right words, I seemed to be making this descriptive effort almost against my will, under a kind of _ from outside.14. _ a man does not have to work so hard as to impair his vigor he is likely to find more zest in his free time than an idle man could possibly find.15. And so we are suddenly _ a sickening situation in this country.A. undisguised B. tangible C. stimulate D. vergeE. infuse F. compulsion G. ridge H. dropped I. faced with J. screened K. escalated into L. provided M. vanguard N. root cause O. rather than P. subject toQ. turn up R. retrenching S. increased T. retainingU. turn out V. pretending W. reason X.impulse答案：1. X2. P3. C4. N5. U6. O7.D8. V9. A10. H11. E12. B13. F14. L15. I4。选题考核学生对词义的正确理解，学生根据上下文选择正确答案勾出。Each of the following sentences is given two choices of words or expressions. Choose the right one to complete the sentence. 1.The burn needs a (an) (A application, B treatment) of ointment three times a day, or it will get infected.2.Porters laden with heavy bags were now (A walking, B Working) their way slowly across a rope bridge.3.The (A studied, B learned) casualness of the strangers manner put us on guard immediately.4.This pretty girl seems to have plenty of confidence, but appearances are sometimes (A deceptive, B deceitful).5.To get (A permitted, B admitted) to the university, a student must have good results from the junior college.6.Some plants are very (A sensible, B sensitive) to light; they prefer the shade.7. As the living standard improves, the (A. span, B. length) of life is getting longer and longer.8. The poor emperor was forced by the usurper to (A. abandon, B. abdicate).9. I find it difficult to operate this computer. Can you (A. demonstrate, B. exemplify) it for me?10. The formal declaration of the news went four (A. documents, B. drafts) before it was submitted to the conference.11. I had a fantastic (A. stretch, B. stroke) of luck last weekend. I picked up a genuine Stradivarius violin for only $20.12. In the A-series football match, AC-Milan (A. beat, B. defended) all the other teams and became the champion as expected.13. Some people watch television so much that they cannot (A. conceive, B. imagine) of living without it.14. Filled with great (A. adulation, B. admiration) for their integrity and courage, he was determined to be a man like them.15. The professor looked over our papers with a hasty (A. sight, B. glance).16. He was born in a small town (A. lived, B. inhabited) by about 1,500 people.17. Mary made one last (A. attraction, B. appeal) to her father for permission to go to the party.18. The old man thought their behavior was (A. contemptible, B. contemptuous), but he didnt say anything in front of the hostess.答案：1. A2. B3. A4. A5. B6. B7. A8. B9. A10. B11. B12. A13. A14. B15. B16. B17. B18. A解析（限于篇幅只分析13-18题）：这一部分主要检查学员对同、近义词的区分与应用。13题区分A. conceive, B. imagine：都有“想象”的意思。imagine 表达“想象, 设想, 幻想”时，是及物动词, conceive 表达“想象；构想；设想”（常与by连用）。故此题选择A。14题区分A. adulation, B. admiration：两词都有“对别人表达好意”之义，但前者表示“谄媚, 奉承”之意，有贬义；后者则有“赞美；钦佩；赞赏”之意，故答案为B。15题区分A. sight, B. glance：都有“看”的意思。glance更有“匆匆一看”的意思，结合该句填空处前面一词 “hasty (匆忙的)”，我们可以断定应选择B。16题区分A. lived, B. inhabited：都有“住”的意思。live作及物动词有“过着, 度过, 经历”之意，作不及物动词才有“活着, 生活, 居住”之意, inhabit有“居住; 栖息; 占据”，常作及物动词，且常用于被动语态。根据题意，应选择B。17题区分A. attraction, B. appeal：都有“吸引，招人喜欢”的意思。attraction是“吸引; 吸引力”的意思； , appeal除了有“吸引力”之意，还有“请求, 呼吁, 要求”的意思。这句话中明显要求是后一个意思，故答案应选B。18题区分A. contemptible, B. contemptuous：都有“瞧不起的”之意。contemptible是“可鄙的， 下贱的， 不齿的， 可轻视的”之意；contemptuous为“轻蔑的， 目空一切的， 傲慢的”。前这表达被别人瞧不起，后者是瞧不起别人。故选择A。5。英译中考核学生对课文难句的理解及用汉语加以正确表达的能力。a) Some sociologists say that your answers to them could explain a lot about what you are thinking and about what your society is thinking in other words, where you and your society are. 选自高级英语上册第一课译文：有些社会学家认为你对这些问题的回答可以充分说明你在想些什么，这个社会在想些什么 换句话说，有关你及社会的态度。b) When he was saying all those things against the government and against the council, he became more and more ugly and embittered and I used to be afraid for him. 选自高级英语上册第六课译文：他在发表那些反政府、反对美国印第安人事物委员会言论时，总会变得越来越气愤、充满怨恨。我曾为他担忧。解析： 做这种题目时，还是要求考生对教材的内容有很好的把握。翻译什么最难词、句、段落、篇章？。很多人会认为，难度是按照“词、句、段落、篇章”依次递增的。其实不然。一个单词的通常是多义的，单独出现，常人是很难穷尽其所有意义；而当该词与更多的词发生联系，其受到的制约越来越多，其意义范围越来越小，翻译起来也越好把握。我们在翻译这些句子时，往往脱离了篇章（除非你能记得起来课文内容），所以句子的许多代词很难知道它们确切所指。而英文往往多使用代词，以避免重复；中文则不同，要表达明了，有时不忌讳重复。上面例句 1中, “them” 指代什么？另外很多词、短语在不同的上下文中，都有不同的意思：例句 1中，where you are 不是“你在哪儿”，而是“你是什么态度”。例句 2中, be afraid 不是“害怕”，而是“担心；担忧”。6。中译英考核学生运用所学语言的能力。i. 美国食品虽然包装考究和富有营养，但味道却一年比一年逊色。有些蔬菜味道就像图书馆里的浆糊。低温冷藏过的肉变成了皮革。这就是所谓的科学和经济学应用到食品生产上的恶果。参见高级英语下册第八课译文：Although American food is handsomely packaged and nutritious, it tastes less good year by year. Some vegetables have the flavor of the library paste, Deep-frozen meats turn into leather. This is the consequence of the so-called science and economics applied in food production. ii. 美国人比看电视花时间更多的事只有工作和睡眠。参见高级英语上册第九课译文：The only things Americans do more than watch television are work and sleep.iii. 现在对美貌的狂热崇拜并不只是（从数学意义上看）财富的作用。参见高级英语上册第十五课译文：The modern cult of beauty is not exclusively a function (in the mathematical sense) of wealth.解析： 因为都是比较难的句子，所以这些句子中要么涉及许多“术语”，要么句子结构较为复杂。例句 1中，“包装考究”，“图书馆里的浆糊”要译成“handsomely packaged” “the library paste”。不要把 “考究”译成“ observe and study” 或“carefully ”， 不要把“浆糊”译成“glue”.或 “starch”。例句 2中，译文中需用到“do more than watch television”这个结构。注意在这种结构中“watch ”前不需要“to ”, 这是一个重要语法现象。例句 3中，“狂热崇拜”，“从数学意义上看”要译成“cult ”及“ in mathematical sense”，不要译成“adoration ”，“in mathematical view ”。B 水平考试要求考生在阅读试卷中与课程难易程度相当的、600800字的短文后（不可使用辞典，如有超出教材要求的认知词汇的词语，考卷中附词汇表），回答考卷中题型中的题。题型如下：1 选择题考核学生对短文的综合理解程度。考生根据短文内容勾出正确答案。2 单项选择考核学生对词语在上下文中的确切含义的理解。考生根据该词语在文中含义从所提供的解释中勾出正确答案。3 英译中考核学生对难句的理解。4 用英语回答有关短文内容的问题（80100个字）我们先来谈一下对阅读理解总的看法，然后就这一部分的题型别做一些解释： 如何认识阅读理解阅读理解部分要求考生有一定的词汇量和语法结构知识，有较宽的知识面，有一定的阅读速度和准确率。衡量一位考生的阅读能力的标准主要有三个方面：1、阅读速度；2、理解能力；以及3、阅读技巧。这三者之间的关系是相辅相成的，某一方面有不足，都会影响到考试的成绩。但我们发现不少考生在复习迎考时，特别注意扩大自己的词汇量，学习语法结构知识，也做了不少的题目，但表现总不是很理想。有的考生能一目十行，可对所阅读的内容却不知所云；有的考生理解能力强，却在规定的时间完不成考试要求；还有的考生速度也上去了，自觉对内容也理解，可是一做题就发蒙，总觉得每个选择答案都有道理。其中的原因在于有些考生对阅读理解的认识存在一些错误。首先，对阅读理解的目的不清楚。不少考生误认为阅读理解就是按照原文顺序一句一句地从头读到尾，并对每个词、每个句子或每段落节都应给予同样程度的重视。事实上，阅读理解的目的在于为了获取我们所需要的信息。其次，对英文行文特点和篇章结构布局不了解，不知道重要的和非重要的信息的一般出现在何处。实际上，正规英文文章是很有特点的，尤其是议论文和说明文，而这方面的文章又是我们接触最多的。如果一篇短文包含多个段落，那么，短文的首尾两段常常包含重要信息。因为作者往往会在文章的首段开宗明义地告诉读者他想说明什么，或者他想就什么论点展开讨论或分析，既所谓的文章的