English Shorthand.doc

English Shorthand英语速记(English Shorthand), 顾名思义，是用来记录英语语音的符号系统。 1888年，美国人John Robot Gregg 发明了英语速记，共有20个基本速记符号。 每年全世界都有100万人在学习英语速记。英语速记对美国的商业革命做出了不可抹煞的巨大贡献。培德锦绣英语同声传译培训班认为，英语速记是英语同声传译的基本功，可见学习好英语速记很重要哟！关于速记的定义问题，在国际速记打字联合会第31届、32届和第33届大会上曾经多次进行过讨论：速记是指单一的手写方式，还是指包括速记机、速录机在内的多种方式？大多数人认为，不妨把速记的定义理解的宽泛一些，不管采取什么方式，凡能达到快速记录目的的就叫速记，其中包括传统的手写速记方式，也包括速记机、速录机和语音机。同声传译是速记的最好的归宿一、缩略词英语当中缩略词使用的频率很高，如IMP: important, ASAP: as soon as possible。很显然如果能熟练掌握缩略词，会对考试大有裨益。缩略词的写法一般为四种方式：1.拿掉所有元音MKT: market MGR: manager MSG: messageSTD: standard RCV: receive 2.保留前几个字母INFO information INS insurance EXCH exchangeI owe you IOU In stead of I/O3.保留开头和结尾个发音字母WK week RM room PL people4.根据发音R are THO though THRU through 口译听力常用英语缩略词表缩略词 原词 APT Apartment ACC Accountant ACDG According ACPT Accept AD Advertisement ADS Address ADV Advice AMAP As much/many as possible AMT AmountAPV Approve ASAP As soon as possible BAL Balance BLDG BuildingCERT Certificate CFM Conform CNCL Cancel CNF ConferenceCMI Commission CMP Complete CMPE Compete/competitive CMU CommunicationCONC Concern/concerning/concerned COND Condition CO. Company DEPT DepartmentDISC Discount DPT Departure EXCH Exchange EXPLN Explain EXT ExtentFLT Flight FNT FinalFRT Freight FYR For your referenceGD Good GUAR GuaranteeH.O. Home office INFO InformationIMPS Impossible IMP(T) ImportantINCD Include INDIV IndividualINS InsuranceINTST Interested I/O In stead ofIOU I owe you IVO In view ofMANUF Manufacture MDL ModelMEMO Memorandum MGR MangerMIN Minimum MKT MarketMSG Message NCRY NecessaryNLT No later than OBS ObserveOBT Obtain ORD OrdinaryPAT Patent PC PiecePKG Packing PL PeoplePLS Please POSN PositionPOSS(BL) Possible PROD ProductQLTY Quality QUTY QuantityRCV Receive REF ReferenceREGL Regular REP Representative RESN Reservation RPT Repeat RESPON ResponsibleSEC Section SITN SituationSTD Standard TEL TelephoneTEMP Temporary TGM TelegraphTHO Though TKS ThanksTRD Trade TRF TrafficTTL Total U YouUR Your WK WeekWL Will WT WeightXL Extra large二、字母Z 表示人people/person，因为Z看上去像个人头，它通常被写在一个词或符号的右上角。例如：日本人：JZ。G表示政府，统治：government，P 表示政治：politics, political希腊字母P读/pai/,近似politics, political。那么politician就可以表示为 PZE 表示总数：total, totally, entire, entirely, on the whole, all in all, to sum up, ect. E 数学符号表示总值。G 表示效率：efficient, effective。G为效率符号。Q 表示通货膨胀：inflation因为这个符号酷似一个上升的气球。A 表示农业: agriculture. agriculture经常用到，所以用首字母代替。B 表示商业：business。C 表示冲突，矛盾：conflict， confrontation C中的表示反对，字母C将反对的概念缩小为conflict 和 confrontation。W 表示工作，职业: work, employ 等。它是work的第一个字母。所以WZ就可以用来表示worker, 而W(Z在字母上方表示employer, 在字母下方表示employee)。三、图像i 表示工业: industry, industrial 字母i 像只烟囱，所以用来可以用来表示工业。U U 看酷似一个酒杯，在笔记中表示合同、协议（treaty, agreement）一般只有在谈判成功、协议成交后才会表示举杯祝贺。如果在U内填入2，就可以表示为bilateral（双边的）, 填入3表示为trilateral(三边的)。填入在U中填入1表示: Unilateralism（单边主义），填入m (multiple) 表示多边主义。如果在U上加一个/表示谈判破裂。O 表示国家、民族、领土等：country, state, nation, etc.gO表示进口，Og表示出口这个符号酷似一把椅子，可以表示主持、主办：chair, host, preside over。那么在此符号上加Z表示主席，主持人：chairman, host, etc. T 表示领导人：leader, head那么head of government, head of company 便可以表示为 CT 圆圈表示一个圆桌，中间一点表示一盆花，这个符号就可以表示会议、开会等：meeting，conference， negotiation，seminar，discussion，symposiumk 这个符号看上像条鱼，所以表示捕鱼业等合fishery 有关的词汇。O 圆圈代表地球，横线表示赤道，所以这个符号就可以表示国际的、世界的、全球的等: international, worldwide, global, universal, etc.J 表示开心：pleasant, joyful，happy，excited, etc.L 表示不满、生气unsatisfied, discomfort, angry, sad, etc.EO 表示听到、总所周之：as we all know, as is known to all, as you have already heard of, etc.O 表示漠不关心、无动于衷：indifferent, apathetic, unconcern, dont care much, etc四、 数学符号+ 表示多: many, lots of, a great deal of, a good many of, etc.+(+2) 表示多的比较级：more+3 表示多的最高级：most 表示少: little, few, lack ,in short of/ be in shortage of etc. 表示错误、失误和坏的概念：wrong/incorrect，something bad，notorious，negative, etc. 表示多于概念：bigger/larger/greater/more than/better than, etc.表示高 概念：superior to，surpass, etc. 小于 波折 会议、会面 进入 接触、交往 分歧 非常、十分重要 * 坚持 关键 ！ 奇观 ! 有关 替换为 但是 与比较而言 空洞 代表 做口译笔记时的注意事项 1.口译笔记应记要点，切忌求记“全”。口译笔记是记忆的延伸或补充，不应也不必取代记忆。口译笔记的主要内容是概念、命题、名称、数字、组织机构和逻辑关系（如小、先后、正反、上下、升降、因果关系等），笔记单位以表达意群的词语和符号为主。 2.口译笔记求快求精，但不可潦草。 3.口译笔记可使用来源语，也可使用目标语，也可以双语兼用。只要有利于口译的准确性和流利性，不必拘泥于某种文字或符号。例如，“联合国会”可笔录为“UN”或“联”。 4.口译笔记使用量常见略语，例如：cf(compare), Co(company), eg(for example), etc(and so on), esp(especially), ie(that is), max(maximum), min(minimum), ref(reference), std(standard), usu(usually),等。一、缩写词： Abbreviations in Note takingUse only the abbreviations that fit your needs and that you will remember easily. A good idea is to introduce only a few abbreviations into your note taking at a time.1Symbols helpful in math - these are commonly used in texts and references.S = sumf = frequencyLeave out periods in standard abbreviations.cf = comparee.g. = exampledept = departmentUse only the first syllable of a word.pol = politicsdem = democracylib = liberalcap = capitalismUse entire first syllable and only 1st letter of 2nd syllable.pres = presentationsubj = subjectind = individualcons = conservativeEliminate final letters. Use just enough of the word to form a recognizable abbreviation.assoc = associatebiol = biologyinfo = informationach = achievementchem = chemistrymax = maximumintro = introductionconc = concentrationmin = minimumrep = repetitionOmit vowels, retain only enough consonants to give a recognizable skeleton of the word.ppd = preparedprblm = problemestmt = estimatebkgd = backgroundgvt = governmentUse an apostrophe in place of letters.amt = amountcontd = continuedgovt = governmenteducatl = educationalForm the plural of a symbolorabbreviated word by adding s.chpts = chaptersegs = examplesfs = frequenciesintros = introductionsUse g to represent ing endings.ckg = checkingestg = establishingdecrg = decreasingexptg = experimentingSpell out short words such as in, at, to, but, for, and key.Abbreviationsorsymbols for short words will make the notes too dense with shorthand.Leave out unimportant words.Leave out the words a and the.If a term, phrase,orname is written out in full during the lecture, substitute initials whenever the term, phrase,orname is used again. For example, Center for Aerospace Sciences becomes CAS thereafter.Use symbols for commonly recurring connectiveortransitional words.& = andw/ = withw/o = withoutvs = against = therefore= = isorequal2. Use technical symbols where applicable.zb = German, for exampleibid = Latin, the same worko = degreesH2O = water More reference:Use standard maths, accounting, and science symbols. Examples:+ plus/ parallelUse standard abbreviations and leave out full stops. Examples:eg exampleIT dept Information Technology departmentUK United KingdomUse only the first syllable of a word. Examples:mar marketingcus customercli clientUse the entire first syllable and the first letter of the second syllable. Examples:subj subjectbudg budgetind individualTo distinguish among various forms of the same word, use the first syllable of the word, an apostrophe, and the ending of the word. Examples:techgy technologygenion generalisationdely deliveryUse just enough of the beginning of a word to form a recognisable abbreviation. Examples:assoc associatedach achievementinfo informationOmit vowels from the middle of words, retaining only enough consonants to provide a recognisable skeleton of the word. Examples:bkgd backgroundmvmt movementprblm problemForm the plural of a symbolorabbreviated word by adding s. Examples:custs customersfs frequencies/s ratiosUse g to represent ing endings. Examples:decrg decreasingckg checkingestblg establishingSpell out, rather than abbreviate short words. Examples:inbutaskeyLeave out unimportant verbs. Examples:iswaswereLeave out unnecessary articles. Examples:aantheIf a term, phrase,orname is initially written out in full during the talkormeeting, initials can be substituted whenever the term, phrase,orname is used again. Example:January Advertising Campaign Budget JACBUse symbols for common connectiveortransition words. Examples: at2 to4 for& andw/ withw/o withoutvs againstCreate your own set of abbreviations and symbols. You may wish to develop separate sets of symbols and abbreviations for different coursesorsubjects.Other Symbols and Abbreviationsas a result of / consequences of resulting in -and / also +equal to / same as =following ffmost importantly *less than especially esp.使用简写笔记符号三原则八、使用简写笔记符号三原则听力考试中应遵循：脑记为主，笔记为辅”的原则。编写中级口译听力简写符号的初衷是帮助考生记忆和理解文章，但不能喧宾夺主完全依赖简写符号进行记忆。听力中的简写符号应遵循: “实用，快速，个性化”的原则。简写符号因人而异，中英文兼可，只要能便于记忆和书写。“坚持练习，产生条件反射”初学简写笔记符号的考生往往还是抑制不住把单词写全的冲动。只有多加练习，才会熟能生巧。九、 能力培养Dictation 三步走第一步：听音先将听力材料先听一遍，看看自己能听懂多少，再听写。开始练习Dictation，可以听半句话写半句话。随着自己听写水平的不断提高，可以将时间间隔拉长听一句写一句，不断加大时间间隔。当你能一次听写两句时候，大脑对英语的记忆容量就“扩容”（memory expansion）到了两句（新闻英语的两句话，还是很有挑战性的）。随着不断记忆