2017年公共英语三级考试(pets3)复习方法.docx

公共英语三级考试复习方法之词汇记忆攻略掌握词汇是学好英语的先决条件，其中道理不言自明，就像建大楼离不开砖瓦一样。词汇学习贯穿英语学习的始终，是英语学习的基础环节，词汇的掌握程度直接影响着听、说、读、写、译等诸项技能的提高。事实上，英语中的重要语法点在中学阶段已经基本学完，进入大学后制约英语水平提高的一大因素就是词汇。词汇知识的积累和英语水平的提高有着密切联系，英语应用能力高的人往往具备较大的词汇量。词汇学习决不像某些人想象的那样，背背词汇表就行了。学习词汇如同了解一个人，要分两个阶段：先要知其相貌，进而熟其脾性。先要了解其是男是女、老幼中青、黑白丑俊、高矮胖瘦。做到这些之后，还要深入了解其脾性如何、背景如何、交往圈子如何等。对于词汇学习，“知其相貌”就是要记住词汇的形、音、义、性;“熟其脾性”则是要进而了解其所属语域(正式、口语、俚语、粗俗等)、专业领域(医学、物理、天文、音乐、摄影等)、用法、搭配等。当然，正如我们不可能、也没有必要深入了解我们见过的每一个人一样，对于有些词汇混个脸儿熟即可，例如名词，一般情况下知道其“相貌”就够了;而对于另外一些词则务求甚解，直至通达，比如动词，往往只知意思是不够的，还必须了解它的“脾性”。因此，词汇学习首先要弄清哪些词汇“知其相貌”即可，哪些则须“熟其脾性”。换言之，“知其相貌”是指在学习用法单一的词汇上要在广度上下工夫，即要广泛涉猎，多混一些熟面孔;“熟其脾性”则意味着在学习用法复杂的词汇时要在深度上下工夫，深入探查其用法以求通达。那么，如何判断哪些词要在广度上下工夫，哪些词又要在深度上下工夫呢许多学习者往往一看到拼写很长的词语心里就犯嘀咕，觉得不好掌握，实则不然。专家研究发现，真正难以掌握的并不是这些“大高个”，而恰恰是很多人觉得简单得不能再简单的“小个子”。仔细想来，这话不无道理。不是吗?很多“大高个”的意义和用法都很简单，加之因其“身材高大”能给人留下深刻印象的先天优势，这些词是很容易混个脸儿熟的，而且往往混个脸熟们首先都具有意义和用法单一这个特点，而且它们的词形根据读音、构词法都是不难记住的。而对于词汇中的“小个子”，我们往往会因为它们身形较小而没有引起足够重视。例如，get, make, do，go, at 这些词看似简单，但根据词典中这些词所占的篇幅来看，哪个不是真正的大块头?不是真正难啃的硬骨头?在某种程度上可以说，越长的词越容易掌握，越短则越难。不少人学习词汇时把过多的精力都用于死记一些长词、大词，忽视对小词的精雕细琢，甚至将长词、大词作为炫耀的资本，这就难怪他们写起文章来语体错乱，讲起话来不像是在和人交流，倒像是宣读科学论文了。词汇研究专家根据词的使用频率将词汇分为两种：低频率词汇(low-frequency words)和高频率词汇(high-frequency words)。英语学习者应该着重掌握最基本的、日常生活中使用频率最高的词汇，在这个基础之上可以根据个人兴趣和能力进行扩展。目前，许多依托语料库编纂而成的词典都提供词频信息，告知使用者某个词的使用频率如何、使用领域如何等。这样，学习者就可以做到心中有数，知道对于自己来说哪些词是重点，哪些不是。例如，朗文当代高级英语辞典(英英英汉双解)(以下简称朗当)是最早对词频进行标注的学习型词典之一。随手翻开朗当，你会发现奇数页的页脚上有这样一行：口语及笔语中最常用的1000词，2000词，3000词，它提供了以下信息：旁边标有此类符号的单词是口语或笔语中最常用的1000、2000或3000词。有了这些标记，学习者就不至于在日常交流中乱用大词，talk like a book了;也不至于在写作中不顾语体乱用一气了。可以说，掌握3000词汇就可以完成大部分交流任务了，这也正是朗当所标出的高频词汇范围。但实际上，这些词汇才是最难掌握的，它们千变万化，用法灵活得很。而低频率词汇的用法则相对较少，比较固定，容易掌握。所以，高频词汇一定要认真掌握，低频词汇混个面熟通常就行了。从词性的角度来看，情况大致是这样的：对于名词，知道意思就行了;形容词，除了意思之外，还要知道都能修饰哪些名词，还是根本就只能做表语，什么词都不能修饰;动词是重点，必须做到知其形，晓其义，熟其用。这样一来，词汇记忆的负担就减轻了不少，有助于增强学习词汇的信心，好钢要用在刀刃上，有的放矢，才不会空耗精力。只有在句子中才能体会到其用法。所以平时除了完成正常的学习任务之外，大量泛读是很有帮助的。选材不要太难，尽量选自己感兴趣的话题，循序渐进，由易到难。虽然难以速成，但词汇学习还是有一些具体方法可资借鉴的：1. 利用构词法。熟记前缀、字根、后缀、派生词构成规律、合成词构成规律等，遇到生词时往往就可以猜测出它的意思。例如，前缀semi-表示“(一)半”，那么就容易推出semicircle是“半圆”的意思了。2. 归类法。只要注意归类比较，意义上的相近、相反，读音、词形、所属范畴的相近等都可以成为加强记忆的手段。将同类一组词放在一起记忆，当遇到其中一个词时，脑海中就会浮现出一组词，这样效率就大大提高了。例如，我们可以把表示“笑”的词语放在一起来记：smile, laugh, giggle, grin, chuckle, beam, smirk, sneer, chortle等。3. 有计划地反复重现。教育心理学把记忆分为瞬时记忆、短时记忆和长时记忆。顾名思义，瞬时记忆储存时间很短，我们需要将它转化为长时记忆才能达到掌握的目的。科学研究证明，遗忘的规律是先快后慢，新记忆会在最初几个小时内遗忘得最快，如果4至7天内不重复出现，记忆将会受到抑制，甚至完全消失。而有计划地反复重现已学词汇则有增强记忆的效果。可以制作一个小单词本，随时随地翻一下。也可以选择一本词典，勤翻翻，多看看，多模仿，多思考，多回顾。朗文当代高级英语辞典(英英英汉双解)是较适合大学生使用的学习型词典，它收词量达8.2万余条，更为重要的是，它所有的例句均选自词量达3.28亿之巨的庞大语料库，无论口语或是书面语，都可以保证语言的纯正地道，这样学习者模仿时就有了可靠的依据。而且，根据学生常犯错误安排了数百条用法说明，时时刻刻提醒学习者单纯把握词义是不够的，还要“熟其脾性”。总之，词汇学习决非死记硬背，而是有规律可循的;同时又非一日之功，需日积月累。勤奋刻苦辅以良好的学习策略方可成功!Security and Commodity ExchangesSecurity and commodity exchanges are trading posts where people meet who wish to buy or sell. The exchanged themselves do no trading; they merely provide a place prospective buyers and selling can meet and conduct their business.Wall Street, although the best known, is not only the home of the exchanges in the United States. There are the cotton exchanges in New orleans and Chicago; and grain exchanges in many of the large cities of the Midwest. Some exchanges, like the Chicago Board of Trade, provide market services for several kinds of products. These trading posts where products may be bought or sole are called commodity exchanges.The security exchanges, on the other hand, are meeting places where stocks and they may become very dangerous. In 1929, the security exchanges, or stock market, contributed to a crash-a sudden, sharp decline in the value of securities. Many people lost fortunes; many corporations were bankrupted; many workers lost their jobs. The Crash of 1929 has been attributed to many causes, among them wild and unwise speculation by many people and dishonest practices on the part of some businessmen and of some members of the exchanges.Today, however, investing through security exchanges and trading on commodity exchanges has been made safer by regulations set up by the exchanges themselves and by regulations of the United States government in 1992, the government instituted the Commodity Exchange Commission which operates through the Department of Agriculture; and in 1934, the Securities and Exchange Commission, to protect investors and the public against dishonest practice in the exchanges.6. Security and commodity exchanges are meeting places for buyers and sellers of _.A. stocksB. grainC. securitiesD. all of these7. Security exchanges handle_.A. securitiesB. grainC. bondsD. both A and C8. Among the reasons for the Crash of 1929 were _.A. unwise speculation by many peopleB. dishonest practices by some businessmenC. strict regulations of the Commodity Exchange CommissionD. both A and B9. Investing in securities has been made safer by the _.A. Security and Exchange CommissionB. Commodity Exchange CommissionC. Chicago Board of TradeD. Chicago Mercantile Exchange10. Which of the following is implied but not stated?A. Some exchanges provide market services for several products.B. The role of the government has been an important factor in curing dishonest practices on the exchanges.C. Investing in securities is unwise.D. Buying and selling is dishonest.解析：6. D根据第二段和第三段,这一交易所可进行多种交易.7. D 根据第三段,债券交易所可以进行债券和证券的交易. The security exchanges, on the other hand, are meeting places where stocks and bonds are traded.8. D根据第三段, The Crash of 1929 has been attributed to many causes, among them wild and unwise speculation by many people and dishonest practices on the part of some businessmen and of some members of the exchanges. 1929年的股市危机是由于许多人投机和一些商人不诚实的行为造成的.9. A 最后一段, and in 1934, the Securities and Exchange Commission, to protect investors and the public against dishonest practice in the exchanges. 政府建立的证券交易委员会使投资变得更加安全.10. B 答案A.在文章第二段直接提到了.Some exchanges, like the Chicago Board of 文章中指出了政府的努力来维护正常的交易秩序,暗示了政府在制止不诚实交易行为中所起的重要角色,但并没有在文中直接陈述这一点.Relationship Bankingone of the more dissembles trends in the financial-service industry in recent times has been the adoption of programs designed to encourage more personalized relationships between an institutions employees and its clients, particularly those who are major depositors. The expression most commonly used to describe the type of program is “relationship banking.” A good definition is provided in the 1985 book Marketing Financial Services:In relationship banking the emphasis is on establishing a long-term, multiple-service relationship; on satisfying the totality of the clients financial need; on minimizing the need or desire of clients to splinter their financial business among various institutions.Implicit within any definition of relationship banking is recognition that the financial-service requirements of one individual or relationship group. A successful relationship-banking program is, therefore, independent individual in a large part on the development of a series of financial-service “package,” each designed to meet the needs of identifiably homogeneous groups.Another dimension of relationship banking is the development of highly personalized relationships between employee and client. In most financial institutions today the client is serviced by any employee who happens to be free at the time, regardless of the nature of the transaction. personalized relationships are therefore difficult to establish. In a full relationship-banking program, however, the client knows there is one individual within the institution who has intimate knowledge of the clients requirements and preferences regarding complex transactions. over time, the client develops a high level of confidence in this employee. In short, a personalized relationship evolves between client and employee.1. With what subject is the passage mainly concerned?A. the decline of the financial-service industryB. variety within financial servicesC. a way making more personalD. increasing everyday banking transaction2. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about relationship banking programs?A. they have recently been discontinuedB. they are already being usedC. they will shortly usedD. they will be used in the distant future3. What is the meaning of the word “institutions” in the first paragraph?A. banksB. schoolsC. hospitalsD. police stations4. According to the definition of relationship banking quoted in the passage, one of the main aims of this type of banking is to encourage clients to _.A. consult with each other concerning their financesB. keep all their business with a single bankC. recognize their own bankingD. keep their financial requirement to a minimum5. According to the passage, what is a necessary firs