大学体验英语视听说教程3-u2

大学体验英语视听说教程,第三册,高等教育出版社,北京科技大学,UNIT 2,Nature or Nurture?,Quetu,Its not that Im so smart; its just that I stay with problems longer.,Quetu,Albert Einstein,Background Information,Unit Overview,Lesson 1,Lesson 2,Supplementary Reading,Agenda,Home listening,What led to Einsteins success? This has been discussed for a long time. In thi s unit, two contrasting views on this issue will be presented. Students will get to know Nature vs. Nurture theories through listening, viewing and reading. Various activities will inspire students to talk about the nature-nurture argument by using the words and expressions in this unit. And finally, they will conduct a project on Einstein with their peers.,Unit Overview,Background Information,How to Define Nature vs. Nurture Theories There are three distinctive schools of thought.1. Personality is Natural: This group believes that your personality is the result of evolutionary process. You inherit behaviors due to a complex interaction of genes. That controls your behaviors, so you dont have the ability to act otherwise.2. Personality is Nurtured: This group argues that your personality is not inherited. Your mind is a blank slate at birth. It is your environment, education and culture that influence your behavior. You have “free will” to change your behavior.3. Personality is Spiritual: This group claims that your personality is result of neither nature nor nurture. It is a gift of a deity. They are split on the issue of “free will”.,Nature vs. Nurture Theories and Evolutionary Psychology Darwins theory of evolution led William Hamilton, George Williams and many others to the idea of personality evolution. They propose that, like physical organs, your personality is the result of natural selection for survival of the fittest. You do as your genes dictate. They suggest that fear of death, fear of injury, fear of snakes, shyness, addiction, criminality and sexual orientation are examples of heritable behaviors. Steven Pinker (2004) includes religiousness, liberalism and conservativeness on the list. William Paley considers cognitive capabilities, temperaments and cheating behaviors heritable.,Background Information,Background Information,However, there is strong criticism on this idea:1. There is no single universal behavior which can be proved evolutionary. Even fear of death, which seems natural to all, has been overridden in crusades, suicides and suicide bombings.2. You are made of 25,000 to 30,000 genes; that is merely twice the number of a fruit fly. Chimpanzees share 95% of your genetic characteristics. However, they dont share even 10% of your behavior.3. People dont differ in behavior as they differ in skin pigments. Extroverts, introverts, optimists, pessimists, criminals, liberals, etc. are found in all societies and cultures. Even identical twins (with 100% similar genes) and fraternal twins (with 50% similar genes) behave differently in most of the cases.,Background Information,Nature vs. Nurture Theories and PhysicsDiscoveries in physics have always provided new meat to nature vs. nurture theories. The conclusions of Newton and Einstein helped people believe that future events can be predicted through knowledge of matterand natural laws. This led psychologists to suggest that your future behaviors can be predetermined. The whole mechanism of psychometrics follows this hypothesis. However, quantum physics has changed the situation altogether. Evidence proves that you cant make two (almost) simultaneous measurements of observables correctly. For example:1. Position and momentum of a particle2. Position and direction of a particle3. Time and frequency of a sound wave4. Wavelength and magnitude of a sound waveQuantum physics has shaken determinism so much so that scientists had to devise the “Heisenberg uncertainty principle” which challenges the notion that any physical event can be predicted precisely in timeand space. Do you think that particles are too small to affect big events? Reconsider that thought. What would have happened if Hitler had died in his young age of cancer, which can occur with a slight genetic mutation?,Lesson One,Lead-in,Audio studio,Video studio,Speaking workshop,Project bulletin,Lead-in,Task 1,Task 2,Task 3,Task 1 Describing the Picture,Describe the pictures first and then discuss the question “What leads to Einsteins success?”.,What is the person in the left picture doing?,Do you agree to the statement “For Albert Einstein, the road to the stars was paved with questions” in the right picture?,If you had a chance to ask Einstein about the key to his success, what do you think Einsteins answer would be?,Task 2 Reflecting on the Reading,1. What is the binary argument on what leads to genius?,Read through the Supplementary Reading passage on page 126, and answer the following questions.,Answer: Geniuses are those who have the intelligence, enthusiasm and endurance to acquire the needed expertise in a broadly valued domain of achievement and who then make contributions to that field that are considered by peers to be original.,Answer: Is it nature or is it nurture?,2. According to the passage, whats the definition of genius?,3. How did people deal with Einsteins brain after his death?,Answer: Thomas Harvey at Princeton Hospital removed Einsteins brain and decided to keep it for study.,4. According to the passage, whats Professor Simontons opinion on the genius debate?,Answer: The traits contributing to genius success are only partly inherited. They are also shaped by environment.,5. According to the passage, whats Gladwells opinion?,Answer: He believes that kids need a chance to show how hard they can work; society should provide opportunities for all.,Task 3 Expanding Your Vocabulary,A. very importantB. power believed to control eventsC. to make (sth) manageableD. without any plan, aim, or patternE. to put (money) to a particular useF. to fill the mind of sb continually,Read through the words in the left-hand column, and match each of them with the appropriate meaning in the right-hand column.,1. obsess,2. random,3. crucial,4. invest,5. tame,6. destiny,Audio Studio,Word Bank,1. encode 将 (信息等) 译成代码2. equation 等式3. poverty-stricken 非常贫穷的4. compelling 必须接受或同意的,Task 1,Task 2,Audio Task 1 Identifying the Gist,1. Whats the topic of this audio clip?A) A brief introduction to Nurture vs. Nature theories.B) An investigation into childrens intelligence.C) President Obamas new education policy.2. What can be inferred from the recent data?A) Nature is as important as nurture.B) Nature is more important than nurture.C) Nurture is more important than nature.,Listen to the audio clip, and choose the right answers to the questions.,Audio Task 2 Checking the Facts,1. _, there has always been one _ question: Is intelligence a function of nature? Is it simply encoded in a childs genes?2. If we take two identical twins, _3. If we put identical twins in different environments, we would find differences in their intelligence several years later, which indicates that _.4. _ clearly helps give children from poverty-stricken areas the chance at a stronger start in school and in life.5. We will _ and begin investing greater sums at the early childhood level.,Listen to the audio clip again and fill in the blanks according to what you have heard. Repeat the sentences after you have completed them.,Script,When it comes to intelligence,fundamental,chances are that they will be as intelligent,environment does play a crucial role in,Investing in quality pre-school opportunities,take a hard look at this compelling data,as each other,When it comes to intelligence, there has always been one fundamental question: Is intelligence a function of nature? Is it simply encoded in a childs genes? Or is it a function of nurture? Is it more about the environment that a child grows up in? On the one hand, if we take two people at random from the crowd, it is very likely that their degrees of intelligence will be completely different. However, if we take two identical twins, chances are that they will be as intelligent as each other. Therefore, a conclusion can be drawn that intelligence is to some extent something we are born with. On the other hand, though, if we put identical twins in different environments, we would find differences in their intelligence several years later, which indicates that environment does play a crucial role in peoples intelligence. Recently, data has clearly indicated that nurture is indeed more than 50% of the equation. That is good news for educators, but even better news for society as a whole. Fortunately, President Obama has come out in strong support of early childhood education, particularly for those children most at risk of school failure. Investing in quality pre-school opportunities clearly helps give children from poverty-stricken areas the chance at a stronger start in school and in life. If we are serious about helping our children succeed in school, if we are truly interested in “Leaving No Child Behind,” we will take a hard look at this compelling data and begin investing greater sums at the early childhood level.,Script,Video Studio,Word Bank,1. harness 治理，控制 square 平方2. riddle 谜语3. disembodied 脱离肉体的4. neurophysiologist 神经生理学家5. parallel 相似特点6. scenario (对可能出现情况的) 描 述，预测7. stamina 毅力，持久力8. hunt sth down 搜寻，寻找,Task 1,Task 2,Task 3,Video Task 1 Matching &Predicting,Dr. Jim Al-Khalili _ the works of his hero Einstein.2. Mark Lythgoe _ secrets of creativity inside the human mind.3. Dr. Mark Lythgoe believes scientists can _ what made Einstein a genius.4. Now, Ive trained to develop the stamina in my muscle, hopefully then I can _ to this hole for a period of time.5. It is now understood that more and more parts of the brain _ a muscle.,Complete the following statements with the phrases given below. Predict what will be talked about in the video. Then check your answers after watching the video clip.,hunt for behave like find out hold on to be obsessed by,is obsessed by,hunts for,find out,hold on,to,behave like,Video Task 2 Bridging the Gap,Watch this part of the video again and fill in the blanks.,Not referred to,Einsteins genius came from his _,Jim Al-Khalili,imagination,n o ma n o r n o,machine can,measure that.,physicist,Mark Lythgoe,brain specialist,Einsteins genius came from _,He is a keen climber and find s p a r a l l e l sBetween_ _,his,hobby and,his profession.,nerve,cells, which,can be analyzed.,Video Task 3 Checking Your Comprehension,Watch this part of the video clip and answer the following questions.,1.Einsteins life changed when he was given a compass.Correction: Einsteins life changed when he was given a book on geometry.,2. Mark and Jim went to Germany to look for Einsteins brain.Correction: Mark and Jim went to America to examine Einsteins brain.,3. The first scenario is the idea that the brain is like a skeleton.Correction: The first scenario is the idea that the brain is like a muscle.,4. In Einsteins day, people believed the brain was like a skeleton without any limits.Correction: In Einsteins day, people believed the brain was like a skeleton with natural limits.,5. It is now understood that more and more parts of the brain can grow on its own.Correction: It is now understood that more and more parts of the brain can expand with use.,Script,Script Einsteins destiny as a great physicist was not obvious. As a child, his passion was music, not physics. “I often think in music. I live my daydreams in music. If I were not a physicist, I would probably be a musician.” But Einsteins life changed when he was given a book on geometry. The universe could betamed through numbers. His lifes work would be to control the music of the universe. During his life, Einstein changed our concept of space and time forever. He harnessed energy, mass and the speed of light in the most famous equation all time E equals MC squared.What made Einsteins brain so exceptional? Dr. Jim Al-Khalili, like Einstein, is a physicist and is obsessed by the work of his hero. Brain specialist Mark Lythgoe hunts for secrets of creativity inside the human mind. “My name is Dr. Jim Al-Khalili I believe Einsteins genius came from his imagination, and noman or no machine can measure that. Am I right?”,. “My name is Dr. Mark Lythgoe and I believe that Einsteins genius comes from nerve cells,which can be analyzed. We can find out what made Einstein a genius. Am I right?”So which view is correct? To solve the riddle of Einsteins genius, Mark and Jim would have tojourney to America to hunt down and examine Einsteins disembodied brain. Nature or nurture? Biology or training? Are geniuses born or are they made? Neurophysiologist Dr. Mark Lythgoe is a keen climber and finds parallels between his hobby and his profession.“Now, there are two scenarios for how the brain works. The first scenario is the brain is like amuscle. Now Ive trained to develop the stamina in my muscle, hopefully then I can hold on to this hole for a period of time. The second is that the brain is like a skeleton and it doesnt matter how much Ive trained, Im never, ever going to be able to reach that hole right up there. “Now, in Einsteins day they believed that the brain was like a skeleton that had natural limits, but that view is changing today. Instead, it is now understood that more and more parts of the brain behave like a muscle. They can expand with use. Then, if all of our brains are like muscles, could it be that we all have the ability to become Einstein?”,Speaking Workshop,Expressions & Structures to Use,1 when it comes to2 grow up3 at random4 chances are that .5 to some extent6 be born with7 play a crucial role in8 nature versus nurture,Task 1,Task 2,9 in strong support of10 at risk of11 invest in12 be obsessed by13 hunt for14 hunt down15 hold on to16 behave like,Speaking Task 1 Summarizing,Discuss with your peers and complete the following tips with the information you have learned in the video clip. Then prepare an oral presentation with the help of the tips.,Tips: When it comes to intelligence, there . Some hold that intelligence is . Others believe that environment . What made Einsteins brain so exceptional? Now, there are two scenarios about . The first scenario is . The second is that . In Einsteins day they believed that . but that view is changing today. Instead, it is now understood that .,Speaking Task 1 Summarizing,Tips: When it comes to intelligence, there . Some hold that intelligence is . Others believe that environment . What made Einsteins brain so exceptional? Now, there are two scenarios about . The first scenario is . The second is that . In Einsteins day they believed that . but that view is changing today. Instead, it is now understood that .,Speaking Task 1 Summarizing,Summary:When it comes to intelligence, there has always been one fundamental question: Is it a function of nature, or is it a function of nurture? Some hold that intelligence is to some extent something we are born with. Others believe that environment plays a crucial role in peoplesintelligence. What made Einsteins brain so exceptional? There are two scenarios about how the brain works. The first scenario is that the brain is like muscle. The second is that the brain is like a skeleton. In Einsteins day they believed that the brain was like a skeleton with natural limits, but that view is changing today. Instead, it is now understood that more and more parts of the brain behave like a muscle; they can expand with use.,Situation1 Work in groups. Suppose your group members were scientists. You have invented a machine that can act and think like Einstein. You were supposed to list some functions of your invention.2 You have 15 minutes to discuss within your own group, and then you may move about and find out what other groups have listed.3 Two groups will be selected to report their results. The rest of the class will vote for the one they feel happy to support.,Speaking Task 2 Solving the Problem,Work with your peerson the situation below and try to come up with a solution to the problem described. You are expected to share your ideas and justify yourself in this process. Use as many phrases from the “Expressions & Structures to Use” box as possible.,Speaking Task 2 Solving the Problem,Alternative SituationAbout Einstein:Work in groups. Each one in the group should write at least three questions about Einstein.1. What do you know about Einstein?2. Would you like to meet Einstein and why?3. What would you like to know about Einstein and why?4. What have you learned from this text about Einstein?5. What questions would you like to ask Einstein?6. What would be his answers to those questions?,Speaking Task 2 Solving the Problem,Alternative SituationEinstein Survey:After discussing, each pair or group should write at least five questions about Einstein in thetable.Interview the students in other groups and write down their answers.,Work on the following real-life project with your group members and present your report in the next class.,Real-Life Project Make a video clip of “Show the World What Einstein Did Not Know.” All thegroup