大学英语语法5——同位语.ppt

CollegeEnglishGrammar GrammarandWriting ByZhuXiangjun Unit5 Modifiers AppositivesGrammar AppositivesWriting Correcting CluttersRewriting Howtoorderyourideas Appositives Anappositiveisanounorapronounthatisplacednexttoanothernounorpronountoidentifyitorgiveadditionalinformationaboutit Jackisourneighbor Heisawell knowncaptain OurneighborJackisawell knowncaptain Anappositivephraseisanappositiveplusanywordsthatmodifytheappositive St PeterisoneofthemostfamousfortsinEurope Itisoftenvisitedbyyoungmeninwinter St Peter oneofthemostfamousfortsinEurope isoftenvisitedbyyoungmeninwinter Wegenerallyusecommastosetoffanyappositiveorappositivephrasethatisnotessentialtothemeaningofthesentence SheissavingmoneytotraveltoRome RomeisthecapitalofItaly SheissavingmoneytotraveltoRome thecapitalofItaly TheappositivephrasethecapitalofItalyisnotessentialbecauseItalyhasonlyonecapital Anessentialappositivegivesnecessaryinformationaboutanounandisnotsetoffwithcommas TheScarletLetterisHawthorne sbook Thebookhasbeentakenasoneofthemostcontroversiallovestories Hawthorne sbookTheScarletLetterhasbeentakenasoneofthemostcontroversiallovestories Hawthornewrotemanybooks soTheScarletLetterisnecessarytomakeclearwhichoneistheoneofthemostcontroversiallovestories Apartfromindicatingallmeaningofthenounorpronounitgoesalong anappositivecanalsodenotepartofitsmeaning WeChinesepeoplearebraveandhardworking Heisinterestedinsports especiallyballgames Weoftenseedashesbeforesuchexpressionsasnamelyandforinstance expressionsthatintroduceappositives Allofthem namely mostofthem havethecourse Somevegetables forinstance carrotsandgarlic canhelpcurecertaindiseases Whenapronounisfollowedbyanappositive choosethecaseofthepronounthatwouldbecorrectiftheappositivewereomitted Weareyoungmen Weshouldtakethetaskofreconstructionofourhomesaftertheearthquake Weyoungmenshouldtakethetaskofreconstructionofourhomesaftertheearthquake Sheisthebestteacherofthecollege Thecollegegaveheranawardforexcellence Thecollegegaveher itsbestteacher anawardforexcellence Appositivegiveextrainformationaboutthesubjectbutdon tchangeitsnumber Makesureyoudon tmistakeawordinanappositiveforthesubjectofthesentence Thestudentseachhasadictionary Thestudentseachhaveadictionary E T isoneofmyfavoritefilms ItisdirectedbyStevenSpielberg E T oneofmyfavoritefilms isdirectedbyStevenSpielberg Anappositiveprovidesmoreinformationaboutanounlikeanadjectiveclause Infact wemaytakeanappositiveasasimplifiedadjectiveclause thatis toomittherelativepronounandtheverbbe ToniMorrison whoisthewinnerofNobelPrizeforliteraturein1993 isanAfro Americanauthoress ToniMorrison thewinnerofNobelPrizeforliteraturein1993 isanAfro Americanauthoress Hehassentathank youlettertothecompany whichisafriendlyacquirerinatakeover Hehassentathank youlettertothecompany afriendlyacquirerinatakeover However notalladjectiveclausescanbereducedtoappositivesinthisway onlythosethatgiveextrainformationandalsohaveaformoftheverbtobe is are was were 1 Kindsofappositives Appositivesusuallyappearinfourforms 1 SingleappositiveThemostcommontypeofappositivesissingleappositivewhichisanounoranounphraseusedtoidentifyorrenameanouninasentenceandsometimesmayinsteadrepeatanounforthesakeofclarityandemphasis Titanicwasagreatship TheshipwasinSouthampton TheshipsailedonApril10th 1912 ItsdestinationisNewYork Thegreatship Titanic sailedforNewYorkfromSouthamptononApril10th 1912 2 MultipleappositivesTwo three orevenmoreappositivesmayappearalongsidethesamenountogiveanexplanationorextrainformation Myhousewasflooded Allofmyschoolworkgotwashedaway Myschoolworkincludesphysics literature sociology andcalculus Allofmyschoolwork physics literature sociology andcalculus gotwashedawaywhenmyhousewasflooded Commasordashesmaybeusedtosetoffanappositive Dashesareusefultopreventconfusionwhentheappositiveitselfcontainscommas Also usingdashesinsteadofcommasservestoemphasizetheappositive 3 ListappositivesListappositivesoftengobeforeapronounsuchasallorthoseoreveryone Thepronounhelpstoclarifythesubjectbydrawingtheitemstogetherthoughitisnotessentialtothemeaningofthesentence theopeninglistcouldservebyitselfasthesubject Thehillseemstoimpactonme Theriverseemstoimpactonme Eventhetreeseemstoimpactonme Eventhepieceofrockseemstoimpactonme Thehill theriver eventhetree thepieceofrock allseemtoimpactonme 4 NegativeappositivesMostappositivesidentifywhatsomeoneorsomethingis buttherearealsonegativeappositivesthatidentifywhatsomeoneorsomethingisnot Negativeappositivesusuallybeginwithawordsuchasnot never orratherthan Malestudentsareunlikelytotakenursingclassesatschool Femalestudentsaremostlikelytotakenursingclassesatschool Femalestudents notmalestudents aremostlikelytotakenursingclassesatschool Peoplearetherealcreatorsofthehistory Heroesarehardlytherealcreatorsofthehistory People ratherthanheroes aretherealcreatorsofthehistory 2 Positionofappositives Anappositivemostoftenappearsdirectlyafterthenounorpronounitidentifies explainsorrenames Hetoldmethisbyhimself HisuncleisnamedJim Hisuncleisablackpoet Hisuncleisworld famous HehimselftoldmethathisuncleJimisaworld famousblackpoet Occasionally anappositivemaycomesbeforeawordthatitidentifiesorrenames Whenatthebeginningofasentence theappositiveisalwaysseparatedbyacommafromtherestofthesentence MexicoCityhasmanyarchaeologicalsites Thesesitesareinteresting MexicoCityisthebiggestcityintheworld Thebiggestcityintheworld MexicoCityhasmanyinterestingarchaeologicalsites Anappositivemayalsobeplacedattheveryendofasentence Theendappositiveisusuallygivenaspecialemphasis Compare a Thetrainfinallyarrivedandtwoyoungmen onebigandbroad theothersmallandslight steppedontotheplatform b Thetrainfinallyarrivedandtwoyoungmensteppedontotheplatform onebigandbroad theothersmallandslight TheappositiveinsentenceAmerelyinterruptsthesentencetogiveextrainformationwhileitmarkstheclimaxofthesentenceB Exercises1 Combinethesentencesineachsetintoonesentencewithanappositivephrase HeisnowanAmericancitizen HeisapersonofFrenchorigin ApersonofFrenchorigin heisnowanAmericancitizen ThomasJeffersonmaybelessfamousthanGeorgeWashington ThomasJeffersonmaybelessfamousthanAbrahamLincoln ThomasJeffersonisthethirdpresidentoftheUnitedStates ThomasJefferson thethirdpresidentoftheUnitedStates maybelessfamousthanGeorgeWashingtonandAbrahamLincoln Theyputthetoolsinplace Thetoolsareofmynewbusiness Thetoolsarecurrycomb brushandpitchfork Theyputinplacethetoolsofmynewbusiness currycomb brushandpitchfork Whoisthatman Themanisthefirstinthefrontrow Whoisthatman thefirstinthefrontrow 5 Maryisplanningtoattendtheuniversity Iknowsomemostintelligentgirls Maryisoneofthem Mary oneofthemostintelligentgirlsIknow isplanningtoattendtheuniversity 6 Myfavoriteprofessorsgavetalks Dr Harryandshearemyfavoriteprofessors Thetalkswereinteresting Myfavoriteprofessors Dr Harryandshe gaveinterestingtalks 7 Grandmotherlefthermoney Themoneywasgiventoherfavoritepeople SimonandIwereherfavorite Grandmotherlefthermoneytoherfavoritepeople Simonandme Clutters Clutter inwritingmaybedescribedasanythingthatclogsupthechannelbetweenthewriter simaginationandthereader sexperience Whenrevising weshouldaimtocutoutanylanguagethatisvague empty orrepetitious Inotherwords clearoutthedeadwood beconciseandgettothepoint Don tuseadependentclauseifaphrasewilldo Don tuseaphraseifawordwilldo 1 ReduceLongClausesWhenrevising trytoreducelongclausestoshorterphrases Mostattributiveclausesthatbeginwith who that which be canbereducedtophrasesbydeletingthepart who that which be Mostadverbialclausesthatbeginwith apronoun be canalsobereducedtophrasesbydeletingthepart apronoun be Wordy Imetayoungladywhowasstillinherteens Concise Imetayoungladystillinherteens Wordy Whenyouareindifficulty youmayaskforherhelp Concise Whenindifficulty youmayaskforherhelp 2 ReducePhrasesSimilarly trytoreducephrasestosinglewords Wordy Whatwillhappenintheeventthatyoufailagain Concise Whatwillhappenifyoufailagain Wordy AstheMinistersays thenumberofthepeopleregularlygoinginforsporthasrisenby95thousand Concise AstheMinistersays thenumberofthepeopleregularlytraininghasrisenby95thousand 3 AvoidEmptyOpenersAvoid Therebe asasentenceopenerwhenitaddsnothingtothemeaningofasentence Wordy Thereisnothingunusualthere Concise Nothingisunusualthere Wordy Therewasasteepriseinprices Concise Pricesrisesteeply 4 AvoidRedundanciesRedundanciesareneedlesswordsthataddnothing ornothingimportant tothemeaningofourwriting Checkoutthefollowinglistofcommonredundanciesandreplacethemwithprecisewordsordeletethewordswithoverlappingmeaningswhilewriting advance forward advance warningadd anadditional brief summaryclassify intogroups combine together completely destroyedconnect together drop down enter into final conclusion join together kneel down meet together might possibly mix together present time reasonis because rise up slow speed small size warn inadvance Exercises Cutcluttersfromthefollowingsentences butdon tcutdetailsorchangethewriter smeaning Therewasathiefrunningacrossthestreet Thereasonwhyhedidn tcomeisbecausehewasill Youngpeopleareoftenunhappywhentheyarewiththeirparents Workersareconstructingabuildingthatismeantforstorage Mygrandmotherissomeonewhoisadmiredverymuchbyherfamily MyolderdaughterJenneywasthefirsttogetup Therewillbeariseinunemploymentnextyear Althoughitwasataskthathasnotyetbeenfinished Ibelieveitwillbecarriedon TheCrossistheonethathasbeenadaptedbyChristiansastheirsymbol Wegrewmanydifferentvegetablesincludingcabbages beans eggplants potatoes tomatoes andetc Correcting 1 Athiefwasrunningacrossthestreet 2 because3 whentheyare4 thatismeant5 issomeonewho6 MyolderdaughterJenneygotupfirst Unemploymentwillrisenextyear itwasataskthathasnotyetbeenfinishedTheCrossistheonethathasbeenadaptedandetc Theexerciseinthissectionistocreateeffectivepassagesbycombiningtheshorts