名师非常阅读(4-1).doc

中考阅读理解题命题特点与解题策略阅读理解题作为考查学生综合语言阅读能力的手段，它分值高，难度大，在中考试题中有着举足轻重的地位。因此，学生只有了解了阅读理解题的设计规律，掌握了正确的解题技巧，才能做到“知己知彼，百战不殆”。一、命题特点中考阅读能力测试要求学生要：1、掌握所读材料的主旨大意，以及用以说明主旨大意的细节和事实；2、既要理解具体事实，也要理解较为抽象的概念；3、既要理解字面意思，也要理解较深层的含义，包括作者的态度、意图等；4、既要理解某句某段的意思，也要理解全篇的逻辑关系，并据此进行推理和判断；5、既要根据材料所提供的信息去理解，也要结合初中生应有的常识去理解。从以上要求中，我们可以得出这样的启示：阅读理解不仅仅是考查学生的理解能力，还侧重考查学生的逻辑思维能力。从试题所考查的角度和侧重点来看，阅读理解题的命题特点有：1、直接信息题：这类试题往往是针对语言材料中的某一段落或某一具体细节和事实而设置的，考查学生是否真正理解了短文中的事实和细节。其题目的设计方式一般为：以who ,what ,when ,where ,how等疑问词开头的疑问句，提问短文相关内容；就文中具体内容进行简单的计算、排序、识图等；以According to the passage ,From the passage开头，考查某一细节。2、推理判断题：这类考题要求学生透过文字的表层理解，抓住其内在含义，做出合乎逻辑的推理和判断。此类题目难度大、设计面广，如考查人物的性格、心理，故事的结局、寓意，文章的出处，作者的态度等。其题目的设计方式一般为：We can infer(推断)from the passage that .The story suggests(暗示) that .Which of the following might happen later?The passage is probably taken from a .3、主旨大意题：这类题目要求学生通过对短文或某一段落的主题或大意的理解作出判断，要求说出短文或该段落的主要大意或给短文选择合适的标题。其题目的设计方式一般为：What is the whole passage mainly about?What is the best title/topic of the passage?That is the main idea of the passage/paragraph?The main purpose of this article is .4、猜测词义题：有时题目会选出短文中的某一个生词，要求学生选择其正确的意思。遇到这类题，学生可在正确理解上下文的基础上，通过词语的同义法，近义法及它的构词法来猜测词义。其题目的设计方式一般为：The word “freeze” in this passage means .Whats the meaning of the underlined word “puzzle” in this passage?5、经验常识题：此类题目主要是考查多项综合知识，包括社会、文化、史地、科普及生活知识的掌握程度。这要求学生平时多加观察、多积累。二、解题策略1、审核标题。有的阅读材料有标题。标题是材料主题的高度凝聚，从标题我们可以想象材料的内容和走向。这样做有助于对材料的理解，提高做题效率。2、通读全文，掌握全貌。浏览全文，目的在于初步了解材料的主要内容，以及所涉及的主要方面。同时要学会扫描式快速阅读法。一般情况下，阅读速度要掌握在每分钟80100个词，对那些无关紧要的地方可一扫而过，在关键之处要适当放慢速度加以思考。最后，把标题和材料内容结合起来想一想，全文的梗概就会一清二楚。3、细读材料后面的题目。快速通读全文之后，细读后面的题目，明确要求，做到心中有数、有的放矢。然后复读全文。由于带着问题去读，便可格外留意与问题有关的信息点，这样能加深理解要点，有利于捕捉有效信息，从而提高答题速度和准确率。4、复读全文，着手答题。再次复读全文时要精读，可边读边做标记，把有关的人物、事件、时间、地点、起因（即who ,what ,when ,where ,why）划出来。经过这样的处理，会对材料内容细节更加清楚、一目了然。5、分析推理，精选答案。有些理解题的答案很明显，可以直接从材料中找到，学生可断然选定，不必浪费时间。有的题较难，要经过分析整理，从已有的信息链中判断阅读材料的内涵意思，然后选出答案。6、复读全文，核对答案。答完题后，要回过头来对与答题有关的内容再加以研读，或对个别理解模糊的关键词再次审核，以加深理解，澄清疑点，提高答题的准确性。另外，学生在解题时还要注意以下几点：1、综合理解所给的意义，切忌将只言片语作为选择的依据。2、要注意排除材料中与考题无关的信息。为了迷惑学生，命题者往往将材料中一些与题目无关的信息编入理解题的干扰项。所以在解题时，要认真审题，注意什么是对解题真正有用的信息，什么是无用信息。3、要注意推理的逻辑性。有些理解题不能从文章本身找答案，学生必须根据短文中已有的信息进行合乎逻辑和常识的推理。有些涉及人物心情的问题，学生不妨置身于故事情节之中，亲身感受，得出结论。三、示例分析A79 Mayfair RoadPlumton , Kent October 10th Dear Rosemary,I was very glad to get your letter this morning. I really ought to have written to you it was my turn , I know but I have been terribly busy. The children seem to take up all my time. Im thinking of sending Ann to a nursery school. Shell be four next month. Baby has just started to walk and doesnt give me a moments peace. But you know what it is like! How are all your children? Im sure they love living in the country.Im afraid we cant come over to see you next Sunday, as you suggest. Toms mother is coming to spend the day with us. What about the Sunday after thatthe twenty second? We are free that day and should love to come. We are longing to see your house.Let me know, then, if the Sunday after next suits you. May I come for lunch? Wed like to leave fairly early in the evening to avoid the heavy traffic on the roads.Love from us allEdna1.Edna can not go to see Rosemary the following Sunday because.A. She is afraid of the traffic B. Toms mother is coming to see them that day C. She prefers to come on the twenty secondD. She is terribly busy with the children 2. What doesnt give Edna a moments peace?A. That she has been thinking of sending Ann to a nursery school.B. That Toms mother will come soon.C. That she has been thinking of going to see Rosemarys new house.D. That her baby has just started to walk.3. We can infer from the letter that Tom is .A. Ednas husband B. Ednas sonC. Ednas neighbour D. Ednas father【答案解析】：1、选答案B。这是一道直接信息题。信的第二段有说明：Edna下星期天不能去看Rosemary因为那天Tom的妈妈要来。2、选答案D。这是一道直接信息题。见信的第一段，孩子刚刚会走路，让母亲整日忙乱不堪。3、选答案A。这是一道逻辑推理题。从信的倒数第二段Tom的母亲要来呆一天可知A项符合逻辑。BVisit the forest zooCome and see the Indian elephants and the new tigers from Northeast of China. The beautiful birds from England are ready to sing songs for you, and the monkeys from Mount Emei will be happy to talk to you. The lovely dogs from Australia want to laugh at you. Sichuan pandas will play balls for you. The giraffes from Africa are waiting to look down on you.TicketsGrown ups(成年人): 3Children :Over 1.4m 2 Under 1.4m FreeOpening time 9:00 a . m.4:00 p.m.Except Friday 10:00 a . m.3:00 p.m.Keep the zoo cleanDo not touch, give food or go near to the animals1.Why does the writer introduce so many animals from different places to us?A. To frighten us in the zoo. B. To make us lovely in the zoo.C. To attract us to the zoo.D. To show animals can do everything.2.How much does Mr Smith have to pay if he visits the zoo with his son of three?A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 63.At which of the following time can we visit the zoo?A. 8:30 a.m. Wednesday. B. 9:30 a.m. Friday.C. 3:00 p.m. Sunday. D. 5:00 p.m. Tuesday.4.What should we do in the zoo?A. To spit() everywhere.B. To throw things everywhere.C. To keep the zoo clean.D. To keep the zoo full.5.From the passage we can infer() a giraffe must be a very animal.A. fat B. short C. strong D. tall6.Which of the following can we do in the zoo?A. To touch the monkeys.B. To give some food to the animals.C. To go near to the tigers. D. To watch the animals carefully.【答案解析】：1、选答案C。这是一道主旨归纳题。从语言的运用上我们可以看出它带有广告的意味，其目的是吸引我们去参观动物园。2、选答案A。这是一道直接信息题。此题涉及到计算，关键是读懂Grown ups: 3和他三岁的儿子不可能高于1.4m，故Mr Smith无需给他儿子买票。3、选答案C。这是一道直接信息题。“9:00 a . m.4:00 p.m. except Friday 10:00 a . m.3:00 p.m.”从这里可知动物园的开放时间。4、选答案C。这是一道直接信息题。从下面的Keep the zoo clean 可知答案。5、选答案D。这是一道经验常识题。生活中我们知道长颈鹿个子高。也可从look downon you得出答案。6、选答案D。这是一道逻辑推断题。从Do not touch, give food or go near to the animals 可推断出正确答案应是。CThe Winter Olympics is also called the White Olympics. At this time, many colorful stamps are published to mark the great Games. The first stamps marking the opening came out on January 25,1932 in the United States for the 3 rd White Olympics. From then on, publishing stamps during the White Olympics became a rule.During the 4th Winter Olympic Games a group of stamps were published in Germany in November 1936. The five rings of Olympic were drawn on the front of the sportswear. It was the first time that the rings appeared on the stamps of the White Olympics. In the 1950s, the stamps of this kind became more colorful. When the White Olympics came, the host countries(东道国) as well as the non host countries published stamps to mark those Games. China also published four stamps in February 1980, when the Chinese sportsmen began to take part in the White Olympics.Japan is only country that he never held the White Olympics. Altogether 14,500 million stamps were sold to raise(筹集) money for this sports meeting.Different kinds of sports were drawn on these small stamps. People can enjoy the beauty of the wonderful movements of some sportsmen.1. The White Olympics and the Winter Olympics .A. are the same thing B. are different gamesC. are not held in winter D. are held in summer2. The world made it a rule to publish stamps to mark the great world Games .A. after the year 1939B. after the 3 rd White OlympicsC. before the 3 rd White OlympicsD. before the year 19323. The White Olympics is held once .A. every two years B. every three years C. every four years D. every five years4. Which of the following is True ?A. Only the host countries can publish stamps to mark those Games.B. Only the non host countries can publish stamps to mark those Games.C. All the counties can publish stamps to mark those Games.D. Japan hasnt published stamps to mark those Games. 5. What may appear on the stamps of the White Olympics ?A. One ring B. Two rings C. Three rings D. Five rings【答案解析】：1、选答案A。这是一道直接信息题。从文章的第一句话可知冬奥会也叫白色奥运会。2、选答案B。这是一道直接信息题。从From then on ,一句中可知then是指1932年，也就是the 3 rd White Olympics。3、选答案C。这是一道直接信息题。由第一段的1932年的第3届冬奥会到第二段的1936年的第4届冬奥会，可知冬奥会是每4年举行一次。4、选答案C。这是一道推理判断题。从the host countries as well as the non host countries published stamps to mark those Games可知所有的国家都可以发行邮票纪念奥运会。5、选答案D。这是一道经验常识题。从第二段的最后一句和奥运会常识可知五环代表五大洲，是奥运会的标志。阅读理解实战演练（一）根据短文内容，选择最佳答案Passage 1In England, three foreigners came to a bus stop and waited. About five minutes later, a bus came along. They were just going to get on when suddenly there was a noise behind them. Someone shouted at them and pushed them out of the way. The bus conductor went down the stairs to see what happened. The three foreigners seemed all at sea(茫然). No one had told them the British custom of lining up for a bus that the first person arrives at the bus stop is the first person to get on the bus.Learning the language of a country isnt enough. If you want to have a pleasant visit, find out as much as possible the manners and customs of the country. You will be surprised how different they can be from your own. A visit to India could make you remember that it is impolite to use the left hand to pass food at table. And in many parts of India, shaking your head means agreement. So does in Bulgaria. In that country, nodding means “No”.When you take a party in countries on the Arabic Peninsula(阿拉伯半岛), you will find that glass is repeatedly filled as soon as you drink up. If you think that you have had enough, you should take the glass in one hand and place the other hand over the top.In Europe, it is usual to cross your legs when talking to someone even at an important meeting. Doing this in Thailand(泰国), however, could bring trouble. Also, you should try to avoid(避免) touching a persons head, which is very impolite for Thai people.（ ）1. What were the three foreigners going to do when suddenly someone shouted at them and pushed them out of the way ? A. They were going to get off the bus.B. They were going to get on the bus.C. They were going to fight against him.D. They were going to talk to the bus conductor.（ ）2. Who should be the first person to get on the bus according to the British custom of lining up for a bus ?A. The person who comes to the bus stop first. B. The person who arrives at the bus stoop last.C. The person who stands nearest to the bus.D. The person who knows the bus conductor.( ) 3. Which hand can you use to pass food at table if you are in India ?A. The right hand. B. The left hand. C. Both hands. D. Either the right hand or the left hand.( ) 4. How do you let others know that youve had enough drink and dont want any when you take a party in Arabic Peninsula ? A. Take the glass in both handsB. Give the glass to your friendC. Ask someone to take the glass awayD. Take the glass in one hand and place the other hand over the top( ) 5.In which country can you cross your legs when talking to someone ?A. In Thailand. B. In England. C. In Africa. D. In Japan.Passage 2Have you ever heard of Maria Mitchell? She was an American astronomer. She was born in 1818.She liked to watch stars. When she was a little girl, her father gave her a telescope.She liked it very much because she could see stars better. A few years passed, she became more and more interested in the stars. She heard people talk about comets. “I want to find one, a new one,” she thought. So night after night she searched the sky. She went to school in the daytime, did all the homework after school, and searched for a new comet at night. She never went to parties. She never went to the theatre. People thought it was strange that a young girl spent so much time looking into the sky. But Maria didnt care what people said. She liked to look at the sky. She wanted to find a new comet. Then one night her wish true. The date was October 1st,1847,Maria looked through her telescope. At 10:30 pm, she saw something in the sky. It looked like a star, but it was moving slowly. It had a long tail. It was a new comet! Maria had found a new comet at last.( ) 1. Astronomer means person who . A. dirves a plane B. studies the universe C. only watches stars D. only uses telescopes( ) 2. What does the world telescope mean in the passage ? . A.眼镜 B.望远镜 C.显微镜 D.照相机 ( ) 3. Night and night she looked at the sky . A. to see the stars B. to see the moon C. to find a new comet D. to see the sky( ) 4. Which of the following is Not true ? A. She did all her homework. B. She never went to the theatre. C. She searched for a new comet day and night. D. Her dream came true at last.( ) 5. Whats the best title for the article ? A. A Telescope. B. A New Comet. C. Maria and Her New Comet. D. A Comet Has a Long Tail.Passage 3Canada geese are large blue and white birds. When autumn arrives, they have to fly south where the weather is warmer. The winters are so cold in Canada that the birds die if they stay there.Last spring, Bill Lishman found sixteen young Canada geese on his farm. They had lost their parents. Bill thought, “These young birds wont know what to do in the autumn.”Bill had a small plane and he decided to teach the birds to follow him. All through the summer, he went on short trips in his plane and the young geese flew after him.When the cold weather arrived in autumn, Bill flew to Virginia in the United States, 600 miles south of his home in Canada. The geese followed him all the way. Bill left the geese in Virginia and he returned home.This spring, Bill was waiting for the birds to come back. They didnt arrive, so Bill flew to Virginia to get them. He looked for them for two weeks but couldnt find them.When he arrived back home, Bill found the geese waiting for him. They had found their way home without him!( ) 1. Canada geese have to fly south after . A. spring B. summer C. autumn D. winter( ) 2. After Bill found the sixteen geese on his farm, he . A. taught the birds to fly after him B. gave the birds much food and drink C. left the birds on his farm D. ate them all( ) 3. Bill took the birds to Virginia because . A. there was enough food there B. they could found their mother there C. its colder there D. its warmer there( ) 4. The birds returned to Bills home . A. in the winter B. in the summer C. in the spring D. with their parents( ) 5. From this passage we can know that . A. The birds are clever B. Bill likes birds very much C. The birds are Bills D. Bill found the birds in Virginia againPassage 4It is known that Friday is an unlucky day and the 13th is an unlucky number. The reason came from a story of the Bible(圣经). According to the Bible, the Lord God created(创造) the first man, Adam. Then he took a rib (肋骨) from Adams body and out of it created the first woman, Eve. It was said that Adam was created on a Friday and it was on Friday that Adam and Eve ate the forbidden fruit(禁果), and on a Friday they died. Another story from the Bible tells us that Christ sat down with his 12 disciples(信徒), which made up the number 13, and at the last supper Judas(犹太), one of the 12 disciples, betrayed(背叛) Christ. Christ was killed by nailing(钉) on the cross the following day on a Friday. So people got the idea that 13 people sitting at a table to have dinner was unlucky.( ) 1. People know that is an unlucky day and the is an unlucky number. A. Monday, thirteen B. Friday, thirteenth C. Sunday, thirtieth D. Tuesday, third( ) 2. Adam and Eve. A. were friends B. were the first man and woman created by the Lord God C. liked eating the forbidden fruit D. had a boy and a girl( ) 3. On a Friday. A. Adam was created B. Adam and Eve ate the forbidden fruit C. Adam and Eve died D. A, B and C( ) 4. Judas . A. died on Friday. B. was one of Christs disciples and betrayed Christ at the last supper C. was a bad boy D. loved Christ very much( ) 5. was killed by nailing on the cross on a Friday. A. Adam B. Eve C. Judas D. ChristPassage 5Every people has its own way of saying things, its own special expressions. Some of these expressions are easy to understand. The words create a picture in your mind. “As Easy as Falling off a Log(圆木)” is one such expression. It describes a job that does not take much effort(努力). If you ever tried to walk on falling tree log, you understand what the expression means. It is easier to fall off the log than to stay on it. The expression is often used today. For example, you might hear a student say to her friend that her spelling test was as easy as falling off a log.There are several other expressions that mean the same thing. And their meaning is as easy to understand as falling off a log. One is “Easy as Pie”. Nothing is easier than eating a piece of sweet pie, unless it is a piece of cake. “A Piece of Cake” is another expression that means something is very easy to do. A friend might tell you that his new job was a piece of cake.Another expression is “As Easy as Shooting Fish in a Barrel(桶)”. It is hard to imagine why anyone would want to shoot fish in a barrel. But clearly, fish in a barrel will be much easier to shoot than fish in a stream(河流). In fact, it would be as easy as falling off a log.Sometimes, things that come too as easily also leave us just as ea