第6章形容词和副词(2).doc

第6章 形容词和副词（二）二、副词副词的作用是修饰动词，也可以修饰形容词和其他副词甚至整个句子，用以表示时间、地点 、状态或程度。1.副词的种类按照词意，副词有下列几种：时间副词：today 今天，yesterday 昨天，now 现在，soon 很快，already 已经，before在以前地点副词：here 在这里，there 在那里，in 在家，out 在外，home 家程度副词：almost 几乎，enough 足够，very 很，much 很，nearly 几乎方式副词：slowly 慢慢地，fast 快快地 ，carefully 仔细地，badly 糟糕地，well 好频度副词：often 经常，always 总是，usually 通常，sometimes 有时，never 从不，seldom 很少 ，once 曾经其它副词：also也,either也,only仅仅，perhaps可能按照结构，副词可分为：简单副词：hard, once, often, soon, far合成副词(或复合副词，由两个单词构成)：tonight 今晚，nowhere 没有地方，meanwhile 在期间，sometime 在某时。短语副词：通过连词把两个副词连接起来的词组。now and then 不时地，here and there 到处，up and down 上上下下，again and again 一次又一次地。派生副词：（通常在形容词词尾加后缀-ly而成副词）：happy-happily 幸福地quick-quickly 迅速地slow-slowly 缓慢地usual-usually 通常注意：有些形容词也是以-ly结尾的。如：lovely 可爱的，friendly 友好的，silly 笨的，lively 生动的，orderly 有秩序的。有些词可以作副词，也可作形容词。a high building 一座高楼(形)The plane flew high.这架飞机飞得很高。(副)a cheap shirt 一件便宜的衬衣(形)He got it cheap.他便宜地买下了它。(副)这类词还有：late, long, clear, cheap, clean, straight, close, fast, early, hard 等。2.副词的用法作状语：主要用于修饰动词、形容词、副词、数词或全句。He is working hard on the problem.他正在努力解那道难题。(修饰动词)The boy is too young to it.这孩子还太小，做不了这件事。(修饰形容词)The girl swims quite far.这姑娘游得真远。(修饰副词)作表语：Tom, is your father in?Sorry, he is out.汤姆，你父亲在家吗?对不起，他出去了。Class is over. 下课。作定语：副词的位置通常放在所修饰的词之后。The new words below is easy to remember.下面的生词很容易记。The weather here is very hot in July.每年七月，这里的天气非常热。She always meets him on her way home.她总是在回家的路上碰见他。作宾语补足语(复合宾语)：When the young man got off the bus, he nearly knocked the child down .那个年轻人下车时，差一点把这小孩撞倒。“Dont leave me alone at home.” The boy cried.“别把我一个人留在家里。”那男孩喊道。May I ask the girl in?我可以让那姑娘进来吗?修饰介词短语：He was then nearly to the top of Mount Tai.他那时已经快要到达泰山山顶了。He is often out of tune whenever he sings.他无论何时唱歌，经常走调。3.一些常见副词用法的区别ago与beforeago用于一般过去时，与表示一段时间的词或短语连用。He came back an hour ago.他是一小时以前回来的。(不能用 before)She worked here in this factory 20 years ago.二十年以前她在这家工厂上班。(不用 before)ago的用法:立足现在往前算。出来“挑重担”before用于完成时，与表示点的时间连用。He had finished all the homework before school was over a t 530.他在五点半放学以前就把作业都写完了。They had already had their supper before I came back home.他们在我回到家以前已经吃完晚饭了。too 与 enoughtoo 用于形容词或副词之前，表示“太，过分”。Dont eat too much sugar!别吃太多的糖!This river is too dangerous for the children to sw im in.这条河对孩子们来说太危险了，不能在里面游泳。Its too high for me to climb up.那太高了，我爬不上去。注意：too 与某些形容词如 eager(渴望的)，easy(容易的)，ready(准备的)，kind(好的)，anxious(焦急的)等连用时，其后的不定式不含否定的意思。这时 too 相当于very。The man from Taiwan is too eager to go home and see his old mother.那个从台湾来的人太渴望回家看他的老母了。You are too kind to show me the way.你给我领路真是太好了。enough作副词使用时，经常放在被修饰的形容词、副词或动词的后面。Is this water clean enough to drink?这水清洁得能饮用吗?Has he eaten enough?他吃够了吗?Your mother is not well enough.你妈妈的身体恢复得还不够。much too 与 too much：much too 用于修饰形容词或副词，强调“实在”或“太”的语气。Its much too expensive!这东西太贵了!The shoes are much too tight for me.这鞋我穿太小(紧)了。The soup is much too salty!这汤太咸了。too much 用于修饰不可数名词，其本身也可以作代词或副词使用。You drink too much!你喝酒喝得太多!Its harmful for your health to eat too much sugar.吃太多的糖对你的健康有害。Too much has been done to it.为这件事所做的已经很多了。much too 与 too much 去掉修饰语看中心词，句意不变放心用；much可接不可数(n.),too 则修饰形(adj.)或副(adv.)so 与 suchso 用于修饰形容词或副词，意为“如此地”；而such用于修饰名词(such 为形容词)，意思是“如此的”。Ive never read so interesting a book before.我以前从未看过这么有趣的书。Its such a difficult problem that I have to do m uch to work it out.这是一道如此难解的题，以致我得费很大力气才能把它做出来。so 可以用于修饰many、much、few、little等与名词构成的短语，但such不可以这样使用。Theres so little time left that we have to take a taxi to the r ailway station.所余下的时间太少了，以致我们不得不乘出租车直接去火车站。He is lonely and has so few friends.他很孤独，几乎没有什么朋友。so 与 such名前such，形副 so，多多少少也用so。 Little属特殊，“小”用 such，“少”用 so。quickly, fast 和 soonquickly 意思是指某一动作“迅速完成”，含有“从发生到结束毫不耽误”的意思；而 fast 则是强调某一运动速度之快；soon 的含义主要是指未来将要发生的动作(或状态)或是过去短时间之后发生的动作(或状态)。Dont drive so fast.不要(把车)开得这样快。She speaks so fast that I dont catch her words.她说得如此之快以致我不知道她说的是什么。The girl quickly picked up some grapes and handed them to us.那姑娘很快摘了一些葡萄递给了我们。It will soon be twenty years since they came to work in Beijing.自从他们来到北京工作，转眼已快20年了。He thought he would soon get a big sum of money.他想他很快就会得到一大笔钱。how often, how long 和 how soon这三个都是针对时间提问的疑问词组，但所提问的意义不同。how often 强调频率，即每隔多少时间进行一次，通常用于一般现在时或一般过去时。 答话经常是 once a week, twice a month, every other day, every two days 等。-How often should I take this medicine?-Every four hours.-这种药我应该多长时间吃一次?-每隔四小时服一次。-How often do you go to see your grandma?-Once a week.-你多久去看你奶奶一次?-每周一次。how soon 是指还要多长时间才能发生某一动作或达到某种状态，通常用于一般将来时， 回答经常用 in 组成的表示将来时间的介词短语。如：in two hours, in a few days 等。-How soon will they arrive here?-In 20 minutes.-他们还要多久才能到达这里?-20 分钟以后。-How soon will the summer vocation be?-In a month.-还有多长时间放暑假?-还有一个月。how long 是强调某一动作或状态持续多长时间，通常用于完成时或持续性动词的一般时 。通常的回答是 for a long time, for two hours 等。-How long have you been in America?-For two years.-你在美国呆了多久?-两年。-How long did you wait for me yesterday?-For about half an hour.-你昨天等了我多长时间?-大约半个小时吧。almost 与 nearly通常这两个词可以通用，都可以修饰名词形容词或动词，表示“几乎”，“差一点”。The woman is nearly/almost sixty.这位妇女将近 60 岁了。They nearly/almost caught that thief a moment ago.刚才他们差一点就把那个小偷抓住了。当修饰不容易衡量其程度的事物时，要用 almost 而不应该用 nearly。I almost agree with what you say.我差一点同意你所说的话。It was almost impossible for him to realize the idea at that time.那时对他来说实现这个想法是不可能的事。She almost missed the flight.她差一点没赶上那班飞机。表示全部肯定或全部否定的词，如all, every, no, never, nothing, nobody, none 等可以用almost 修饰而不能用 nearly。Almost everybody in the class took part in the sports meet。几乎班上所有的人都参加了运动会。Almost none of them agreed to this arrangement.几乎没有人同意这种按排。There were almost no (hardly any) people on the tr ain this morning.今天早晨火车上几乎没什么人。almost no=hardly any.三、形容词与副词的比较级和最高级多数的形容词和部分的副词可以分为原级、比较级和最高级三个等级来表示和区分程度的不同。1.形容词和副词等级的构成由原级到比较级，到最高级的变化有两种方法：规则变化和不规则变化。(1)规则变化单音节词在词尾加-er构成比较级，加-est构成最高级。原级 比较级 最高级long longer longestshort shorter shortestclever cleverer cleverestfast faster fastesthard harder hardest以e结尾的形容词和副词，只加r构成比较级，加-st构成最高级。原级 比较级 最高级nice nicer nicestlate later latestfine finer finest以辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节，要双写这个辅音字母再加-er 构成比较级，加-est 构成最 高级。原级 比较级 最高级hot hotter hottestfat fatter fattestthin thinner thinnest以辅音加 y 结尾的，改 y 为 I 再加-er 构成比较级，加-est 构成最高级。原级 比较级 最高级easy easier easiesthappy happier happiestlazy lazier laziest多音节词和部分双音节词，在词的前面加 more 和 the most(副词最高级可不加 the)。原级 比较级 最高级beautiful more beautiful the most beautifuldelicious more delicious the most deliciousquickly more quickly most quicklycarefully more carefully most carefullyoften more often most often(2)不规则变化原级 比较级 最高级good(well) better bestbad(badly,ill) worse worstmany(much) more mostlittle less leastfar farther(further) farthest(furthest)2.形容词与副词原级的用法(1)表示两者相同，用“as+原级+as”：You are as tall as I.你跟我一样高。He runs as quickly as a deer.他跑得像一只鹿一样快。(2)表示前者不如后者，用“not as+原级+as”或“not so+原级+as”。He is not as serious at his study as he was before.他对学习不像以前那么认真了。She is not so honest as she used to be.她不像以往那么诚实了。You dont speak English as fluently as your sister.你说英语不如你的姐姐流利。He doesnt run so fast as a car.他不如汽车跑得快。(3)表示前者与后者一样：“as+原级+a(an)+名词(可数)+as”或“as+原级+名词(不可数)+as”。Tom is as good a player as his brother.汤姆像他的哥哥一样是个出色的运动员。This is as hot a dish as the other.这道菜和那道菜一样辣。We have as much homework as (we had) yesterday.我们的作业(今天)与昨天一样多。She asked the teacher as many questions as she could in class.课上她向老师提问尽可能多的问题。同级比较歌同级比较用原级，asas 永不离。若是否定加not，asas加 not，只说两者有区别，soas加 not,后者总是强前者.3.形容词与副词比较级的用法(1)两者进行比较，用比较级：比较级+thanYou are two years older than I.你比我大两岁。The city Beijing has a larger population than any other cities in the north of China.北京的人口比中国北方任何其他的城市都多。(2)表示“越来越”，用“比较级+and+比较级”。The wind is blowing harder and harder.风刮得越来越大。He stayed there and felt more and more hungry.他呆在那里觉得越来越饿。(3)“the+比较级，the+比较级”表示“越是就越”。The sooner, the better.越快越好。The higher he climbs, the colder he feels.他越往高处爬，越觉得寒冷。The more you read, the wiser you are.你读书越多，就越聪慧。(4)修饰语在比较级的前面经常使用much, still, even, a lot, a great deal, a little, a bit等 词，以加强比较的程度和语气，使意思更加明确。He is much stronger than his father.他比他爸爸强壮得多。Why dont you do it a little earlier?你何不早一点做这件事?4.形容词与副词最高级的用法三者或三者以上进行比较，用最高级。形容词最高级前必须加 the；副词的最高级不用加 the。其后可带 of 或 in 等短语(表明比较的范围)。The Yangtze River is the longest river in China.长江是中国最长的河流。English is one of the most important subjects in middle school.英语是中学最重要的科目之一。Susan works hardest in our class.苏姗是我们班里最用功的学生。Li Hong ran fastest