Deconstructionism.ppt

Deconstructionism JacquesDerrida RolandBarthes HillisMillerandPauldeMan Contents Whatisdeconstruction DeconstructionandPost structuralismDerridaandhisDifferenceTextualanalysis MadameButterflyTheGreatGatsby Whatisdeconstruction Clouds humanbeings plantandanimals God Notionalstructure Godvs everything Godvs man WetendtobelievethataboveeverythinginthephysicalworldthereexistsaGod whoassumesasupremeposition andwhocreatestheworldandassignsmeaningstoalltheindividualentitiesinourphysicalworld Whatisdeconstruction Anyliteraryworks centralideas orthematicconcerns notionalstructure theme s vs work Weinsistthatanyliterarytextshouldhaveitscentralideaorthematicconcern otherwisethisworkwouldmakenosensetous Whatisdeconstruction Acivilizationintheremotepast source cause effect Notionalstructure sourcevs thepresent Intermsofphilosophyofhistory foranyhistoricaleventsorepisodes wearedisposedtotracetheirorigins whichwethinkdeterminewhattheyare andfurtherthehistorywillmovetowardanend Whatisdeconstruction NowcouldyoupossiblychangeyourviewpointsherebyacceptingthatGodisdead aliterarytexthasnointendedmeaning s origincannotbesoughtoutandhistoricalevents WhatisDeconstruction Deconcstructionismasappliedinthecriticismofliterature designatesatheoryandpracticeofreadingwhichquestionsandclaimstosubvertorunderminetheassumptionthatthesystemoflanguageprovidesgroundsthatareadequatetoestablishtheboundaries thecoherenceorunity andthedeterminatemeaningsofaliterarytext Deconstruction notReversal Deconstructiondoesn tsimplyreversetheopposition nordoesitdestroyit Insteaditdemonstratesitsinherentinstability Ittakesitapartfromwithin andwithoutputtingsomenew morestableoppositioninitsplace Whatisdeconstruction Tall Short Themostfundamentalstructuralpattern Janeistall Tall vs short Doesshehaveaninbornorimmanenttraitof tallness Tobespecific Thecenter theprivileged Meaning1 Meaning2 Meaning3 Themarginalized underprivileged Meaning1 Meaning2 Meaning3 Binaryopposition thethreepairs Post structuralismandDeconstruction Prefix Post 后 or dismantle subvertorreverse question context Post structuralismdesignatesabroadvarietyofcriticalperspectivesandproceduresthatinthe1970 sdisplacedstructuralismfromitsprominenceastheradicallyinnovativewayofdealingwithlanguageandothersignifyingsystems Post structuralism anti metaphysicsoranti foundationalism 反本质 undercutsthephilosophicalinfrastructureofWesternMetaphysicsbyadvocatingdecentralizationandopposingWesterntraditionalbinaryopposition 去中心 拆解二元对立 anti humanisminitsemphasizingtherelationshipbetweenhumanbeingsorwhattheycallinter subjectivity 主体中心消解 regardlanguageasthemediumexclusivetohumanbeingstounderstandthereality andevenidentifyingtheworldthatlanguageconstructswiththereality 语言转向 FourPillarsofPost structuralisminFrance Derrida Lacan Foucault Barthes ThegangoffourinYale PauldeMan HillisMiller GeoffreyHartman HaroldBloom JacquesDerridaandhis difference Frenchphilosopher whoseworkoriginatedtheschoolofdeconstruction astrategyofanalysisthathasbeenappliedtoliterature linguistics philosophy lawandarchitecture In1967Derridapublishedthreebooks SpeechandPhenomena OfGrammatology andWritingandDifference whichintroducedthedeconstructiveapproachtoreadingtexts Derridaandhis difference Derridareadhispaper Structure Sign andPlayintheDiscourseoftheHumansciences at1966conferenceatJohnsHopkinsUniversity ThusthevogueofdeconstructioncametotheU S inthelate1960s ABriefReviewofSaussure sNotions Saussure sNotions 1 DiachronicandSynchronicstudies2 Signifier Signified ArbitraryBond 3 LangueandParole4 systematicdifferencedeterminesthemeaning s Thestructureoflanguageisthenegativerelationamongsigns onesigniswhatitisbecauseitisnotanothersign andthesesignifiersfora signifyingchain onesignifierhasmeaningonlybecauseitisnotsomeothersignifiers Derridaandhis difference Thetermreferstotheoriginalworddifferre andtheFrenchverbdifferermaintainstheoriginalsenseofdifferinganddeferring Butthenounformdifferencedoesnotcarrythesenseofdeferralordeferment ThereforeDerridacoinstheworddifferancetorefertodefer postponeordelayandtodiffer tobedifferentfrom Derridaandhis difference WhatIamtodoinordertospeakoftheDifferance Itgoeswithoutsayingthatitcannotbeexposed Onecanexposeonlythatwhichatacertainmomentcanbecamepresent manifest thatwhichcanbeshown presentedassomethingpresent abeing presentinitstruth inthetruthofapresentorthepresenceofthepresent Derridaandhis difference Derridaispracticinghisdifferinganddeferringstrategiesherebyputtinginarrayaseriesofphases say abeing presentinitstruth inthetruthofapresentorthepresenceofthepresent here todigoutlayerafterlayerofthemeaning s of beingpresent Derridaandhis difference Difference inonesense impliestheactionofputtingoffuntillater oftakingintoaccount adetour delay arelay areserve arepresentation temporization Theothersenseofdifferenceisthemorecommonandidentifiableone tobenotidentical tobeother discernible Differencereferstoboththedifferinganddeferringofthemeaningofasignifier Derridaandhis difference Thesignisusuallysaidtobeputintheplaceofthethingitself thepresentthing thing standingequallyformeaningorreferent Thesignrepresentsthepresentinitsabsence Ittakestheplaceofthepresent Whenwecannotgrasporshowthething statethepresent thebeingpresent whenthepresent wesignify Derridaandhis difference Allindividualentitiesinourphysicalworld beforetheyarerepresentedinourlanguage aremysticalandpossessiveofallthepotentialmeanings Butwhentheyhavebeensubstitutedforinourlinguisticworld thesignshavebecometheirsubstitutes whichmayaccountforwhyDerridaheresays T hesignrepresentsthepresentinitsabsence Derridaandhis difference Forinstance Jane beforesheisrepresentedinwordsorsigns istherepertoryofallthepotentialmeanings Butwhenshe thephysicalbeing isreplacedwiththewordsorsignifiers hermeaningwillalwaysbedeterminedbyherdifferentiationfromalltheothersignifiers Youcanneverexhausthermeanings whicharealwaysdifferinganddeferring Admittedlywesignifyhere butwewillneverreachtheontologicalentityofJanethoughwemaytryeverypossiblemeanstouseallthesignifierstoexhausthermeanings TwoWorlds MaterialWorld LinguisticWorld Structure phonology grammar syntax Deepfracture Derridaandhis difference Withoutlanguage whatwouldtheworldbelike Thenwithlanguage howaboutthelinguisticworldweareprivilegedwith Thecirculationofsignsdefersthemomentinwhichweencounterthethingitself makesitours consumeorexpendit touchit seeit intuititspresence Thisstructurepresupposesthatthesign whichdeferspresence isconceivableonlyonthebasisofthepresencethatitdefersandmovingtowardthedeferredpresencethatitaimstoreappropriate Derridaandhis difference Itwouldbeeasyenoughtoshowthattheconceptofstructureandeventheword structure itselfareasoldastheepisteme thatistosay asoldaswesternscienceandwesternphilosophyandthattheirrootsthrustdeepintothesoilofordinarylanguage intowhosedeepestrecessestheepistemeplungestogetheroncemore makingthempartofitselfinametaphoricaldisplacement Derridaandhis difference PlatoandotherGrecianphilosophersweremuchconcernedwiththatontologicalworldoridealworldwhereonlyidealsandtruthexist aworldwhichresidesabovethephysicalworld ThosethinkersinRenaissanceandtheEnlightenmentmadeaninvestigationofhowweknowtheworld oradoptingwhatmethodologiesorfollowingwhatproceduresmemayknowthetruthorobtaintheknowledgeaboutusandtheworld Thephysicalbeingswillnotspeakforthemselves ratherthelanguageassignsthemeaningtotheworld tothephysicalbeings Thatisthereasonwhywesay Languageconstructstheworld orassignsthemeaningtoit aBinaryopposition Abinaryoppositionisapairofopposites thoughtbytheStructuraliststopowerfullyformandorganizehumanthoughtandculture Manysuchoppositionsimplyorareusedinsuchawaythatprivilegesoneofthetermsoftheopposition creatingahierarchy Male Female 阳刚的 理性的 稳定的 阴柔的 感性的 易变的 ABinaryopposition Becausetheestablishingofonecenterofunityautomaticallymeansthatanotherisdecentered Derridaconcludesthatwesternmetaphysicsisbasedonasystemofbinaryoppositionsorconceptualoppositions ABinaryopposition simplyneutralizethebinaryopposition oneofthetwotermscontrolstheother holdsthesuperiorposition Todeconstructtheoppositionwemust overthrowthehierarchy Voice Writing Identicalwiththeintention presence substitutesforthevoice absence Phonocentrism Inplacingspeechintheprivilegedposition phonocentrismtreatswritingasinferior whereasspeechimpliespresence writingsignifiesabsence therebyplacingintoactionanotherbinaryopposition presence absence DerriddeanDeconstructionofPhonocentrism Sincespokensigns likewrittenones workonlybyaprocessofdifferenceanddivision speakingcouldbejustmuchsaidtobeaformofwriting aswritingissaidtobeasecond handformofspeaking byTerryEagleton Male Female Feminism fragile irrational vs powerful rational History Fiction NewHistoricism empirical andpositivistvs fictionalandimaginary EuropeanCenter Marginalizedcolonies Post colonialism Orientalism White Black darkness danger evil etc andpurity goodness civilized etc adeconstructivereadingstrategy Discoverthebinaryoperations Commentonthevalues conceptsandideasbehindtheseoperations Reversethesepresentbinaryoperations Dismantlepreviouslyheldworldviews Acceptthepossibilityofvariouslevelsofatextbasedonthenewbinaryinversion Allowthemeaningofthetexttobeundecidable M Butterfly Playwright sNotes AformerFrenchdiplomatandaChineseoperasingerhavebeensentencedtosixyearsinjailforspyingforChinaafteratwo daytrialthattracedastoryofclandestineloveandmistakensexualidentity Mr Bouriscot M Gallimard wasaccusedofpassinginformationtoChinaafterhefellinlovewithMr Shi SongLiling whomhebelievedfortwentyyearstobeawoman 胡蝶夫人 MadameButterfly 日本歌妓同来日本逗留的美国海军军官皮克顿结婚并相爱 婚后不久 皮克顿回国 秋秋桑在漫长的岁月中等待 心中充满对爱的信心 她坚信丈夫会回来 谁知这一等就是三年 终于他回来了 不过是带着他美国的老婆 还要强行带走他和秋秋桑所生的儿子 秋秋桑悲愤万分 含恨自杀 此时的皮克顿悔之晚矣 黄哲伦 蝴蝶君 剧本开始 巴黎监狱 加利马尔默念 蝴蝶 蝴蝶 舞台的另一角 两男一女在议论他们的案子 加利马尔介绍 蝴蝶夫人 的剧情 他进入平克顿 宋利玲扮演蝴蝶夫人 北京德国驻华大使馆 加利马尔观看宋演蝴蝶夫人 为宋的美貌所倾倒 宋邀请他去京剧院看表演 两人开始交往 加利马尔被提拔为副领事 他告诉了宋 宋说 我是你的蝴蝶 然后两人同居 黄哲伦 蝴蝶君 越南战争爆发 宋从加利马尔那里收集美国对越战争计划的情报 文革爆发后 宋因为和法国外交官的交往 下放到河南农村劳动 加利马尔回到法国 向妻子提出离婚 1970年 宋被派到法国 找到加利马尔 利用后者继续搜集情报 1986年 他们东窗事发 宋在法庭上陈述自己如何女扮男装 从加利马尔那里搜集情报 加利马尔羞愤交加 最后自杀 WhatisimpliedinMadameButterfly discoverthebinaryoperations TheOccident TheOrient东方女子被定性为美丽漂亮 温顺可人的蝴蝶夫人 她们无怨无悔地爱上了残忍薄情的西方男子 甘愿为西方男子献出一切 包括生命和尊严 西方人尤其喜爱蝴蝶夫人自杀的结局 Whatisfurtherimpliedinthisstatement commentonthevalues conceptsandideasbehindtheseoperations 西方人和东方人 前者统治 后者统治 代表着东方主义所谓的 西方的力量 和 东方的儒弱 西方的 中心主义 西方 东方的二元对立中 西方处于中心位置 以西方强权为基础 西方人在心目中培养的种族主义的优越感 蝴蝶夫人 的故事中有着深深的种族主义和殖民主义的痕迹 它帮助西方人构建了对东方人的定型的形象 Center s BinaryOppositions TheOccident TheOrient 文明的 理性的 先进的 基督教的 强大的 神秘的 落后的 迷信的 异教的 柔懦的 TheOccident TheOrient HowtoDeconstructWesternCentrism reversethesepresentbinaryoperations 蝴蝶君 与 蝴蝶夫人 构成了鲜明的对比 残忍薄情的西方男子被一个东方的男子所取代 而无怨无悔的东方女子却由一个对东方女子有着强烈的爱恋 并最终为此付出生命代价的西方男子所代替 黄哲伦的戏剧成为与西方中心主义相对立的它者的声音 对东西方认知模式与表达方式里面潜在运作的文化霸权进行了惊人的颠覆 StructuralSubstitution 皮克顿 美国海军军官 秋秋桑 日本歌妓 法国外交官 M Gallimard SongLiling 京剧名伶 Whatisimpliedinthisplot dismantlepreviouslyheldworldviews 他幻想自己是 蝴蝶夫人 中那个残忍的美国军官 有一个温柔婉约的东方女性心甘情愿地为他牺牲 他渴望自己自己也能得到一个蝴蝶夫人 从她那里感受到作为男人的尊严和力量 黄哲伦揭示出东方模式形象普遍存在于西方人的东方观念中 而这种幻想更是西方社会对整个东方根深蒂固的歧视和偏见 Whatisthereal Orient acceptthepossibilityofvariouslevelsofatextbasedonthenewbinaryinversion法国外交官如愚人般地坠入了宋利玲的情网 也坠入了 他 宋 早已编织好的情网 表面上外交官 征服 了宋利玲 而宋利玲一直处于暗处 以导演加表演者的姿态 成为这出戏的唯一主角 而外交官只是一个卑微的角色 一枚棋子而已 一直处于被蒙骗利诱的状态中 如果说蝴蝶夫人是东方文化被西方文化摧残和践踏的玩物 那么外交官则是西方文化被东方文化诱骗和撕裂的木偶 东西方的文化政治因此被解构 WhatwillbetherelationshipbetweentheOrientandtheOccident allowthemeaningofthetexttobeundecidable这一点虽然没有在黄的戏剧中揭示出来 但也许我们可以从中读出积极意义 东西方应该互以对方为主体 学会理解和尊重彼此 积极展开多方位 多层次的对话 世界上的两个部分才会和谐共处 ADeconstructiveReadingofTheGreatGatsby Identifythebinaryopposition MeaningV S ThemeDualityofmaincharacterTheparadoxicalnarratorUnexpectedend Dualityofmaincharacter Gatsbyisfavoredinthetitleasthenovel smaincharacter Nickisthesurvivorwhoisfinallyfavoredandlivestotellthestory ThissubtleinversionallowsNicktoreplaceGatsbyasthemaincharacter Theprivilegedform Gatsbyisultimatelyplacedundererasurebythesecondaryform Nick Theparadoxicalnarrator NickdefertoGatsby smemorybysuggestingadmirationisthereasonforwritingthisstory buthelaterdemonstrates unaffected orevensincere scorn forGatsby indicatingquiteadifferentrelationshipthanwhatispresentedatthebeginningofthestory Heassertshishonestyinhisnarration yetinsteadofbeingareliableman heisratherdeceitfulandhypocritical whichcouldbeperceivedasourreadingproceeds AnUnexpectedend Inthebeginning Gatsbyturnedoutallright Fitzgerald2 ReadersarethusledbyNicktoacceptthisassertionandexpectthatGatsbyissuretotriumphintheend yettheywillgetperplexedwhenthey witness theviolentdeathofGatsby Readers desireforahappyendingencountersuneasydisappointmenttriggeredbythefactthatGatsbyiskilled DeconstructingInnocence Decadence AlthoughNickisthenovel schiefspokesmanagainstthedecadenceoftheage heisverymuchattractedbyit Nicksays Isupposeshehadbegundealinginsubterfugeswhenshewasveryyounginordertokeepthatcoolinsolentsmileturnedtotheworldandyetsatisfythedemandsofherhardjauntybody p 63 ch 3 Asimilarattractiontothedecadencethenovelcondemnsisrevealedinthenarrator sattractiontoJordanBaker She sacheatandaliar andNickknowsit Butit sherdishonestthatattractshimbecausehebelievesitservestomaskasecret illicitsexualitythathewantstoexperience IbegantolikeNewYork theracyadventurousfeelofitatnightandthesatisfactionthattheconstantflickerofmenandwomenandmachinesgivestotherestlesseye IlikedtowalkupFifthAvenueandpickoutromanticwomenfromthecrowdandimaginethatinafewminutesIwasgoingtoenterintotheirlives andnoonewouldeverknowordisapprove Sometimes inmymind Ifollowedthemtotheirapartmentsonthecornersofhiddenstreets andtheyturnedandsmiledbackatmebeforetheyfadedthroughadoorintowa