语法重点总结范文.doc

语法重点总结范文 语法重点总结独立主格、虚拟语气、非谓语动词、主谓一致、倒装独立主格特征1.充当句子的状语。 2.有自己的主语，同句子的主语不一致。 3.名词（代词，形容词，副词，介词）+分词4.With+名词（代词）+分词(形容词）例a)It beingraining,I decidedto stayat home.b)Speech having been delivered,discussion started.c)he enteredthe room,with hishands open（holding arifle).真题剖析 (1995)45cliffs nolonger crumbling,the beaches are46of thematerial whichwould47feed them.45.A.For B.As C.With D.Because练习Do what you needto doto keepthe wolf_7_from the door,the world_8_your thesis adviser,team leader,or laboratorydirector.Then usethe restof yourtime,perhaps atnight oron theweekends,to do_9_you reallywant to do.8.A.is B.having C.being D.be虚拟语气虚拟语气 （2）1.（should）+动词原形It+be动词+形容词(-able)(essential,odd,vital,absurd,regrettable,desirable)+that从句It+be动词+名词(pity,shame)+that从句It+be动词+过去分词(ordered,begged,voted,moved)+that从句部分名词/动词(表示建议，劝告，决定等)+that从句2.Its(high,about)time that+动词过去式would rather+动词过去式真题剖析 (1997)I wouldnt betruthful if I47say thatteaching ishard work.47.A.do B.did C.dont D.didnt (1993)The Caironewspapers thenext daycarried bannerheadlines about the studentdemonstration52,and they53that theprofessor be sent home.53.A.ordered B.pleaded C.decided D.demanded练习Years agothe expertswarned usthat thecar-ownership explosionwould demanda lotmore give-and-take fromall roadusers.It ishigh timethat we_15_this messageto heart.15.A.took B.would takeC.will takeD.should take(xx.3)It isedifying,and itis asource ofinner satisfactioneven_54_other facetsof lifeprove disappointing.(even ifother facetsof lifeshould provedisappointing.)54.A.shall B.will C.would D.should Should/would/could+动词原形Were to+动词原形Should+动词原形与将来事实相反Would/should/could+have+done Had+done与过去事实相反Should/would/could+动词原形Were;动词过去式与现在事实相反主句从句非谓语动词动名词、分词、不定式。 主动或被动。 (doing/done,to do/to bedone)发生在谓语动词之前还是之后。 (doing/having done/having beendone,to do/to havedone/to havebeen)To在什么情况下作介词，什么情况下作不定式引导词。 真题剖析 (2000)In theinner citiesof America,newspapers regularlyreport onnewborn babies60into garbagebins bydrug-addicted mothers.60.A.dropped B.to dropC.dropping D.drops(xx.3)A heroinaddict,for instance,leads a59life:his increasingneed forheroin inincreasing dosesprevents himfrom working,from maintainingrelationships,from developingin humanways.59.A.destructive B.dissatisfied C.damaged D.derivative主谓一致1.整体及抽象概念作主语，谓语通常用单数形式。 How yougot theredoesnt concernme.Growing vegetablesneeds constantwatering.2.表示时间、距离、重量、容量、价值等概念作主语，谓语多用单数。 Eight hundreddollars isenough tolive on.3.以-s结尾的专有名词（linguistics,economics,measles,diabetes等），谓语通常用单数形式。 4.“分数或百分数+主语”，谓语跟主语保持一致。 Two thirdsof thevillages areflooded(the areais under water).5.不定代词(one,each,everyone,everybody,everything,no one,nobody,nothing,anyone,anybody,anything,someone,somebody,something等)作主语，谓语用单数。 Everyone knowsthat youve ehere.If anybodywants tosee me,let themwait tillI eback.(-thing的情况例外)6.谓语同并列主语的第一部分保持一致（as wellas,with,along with,together with,as much as,aompanied by,besides,but,except,in addition to,like,more than,no less than,rather than,including等）He nolessthanJohn isinterested inliterature.7.谓语同最贴近的主语保持一致。 (or,eitheror,neithernor,not onlybut also,notbut,partlypartly等)Either myfather ormy brothersare ing.8.each,every,many a,no+主语，谓语用单数。 Many astudent andteacher hasbeen tothe GreatWall.真题剖析 (2000)Mexico Cityalready52twenty millionpeople andCalcutta twelvemillion.Aording tothe WorldBank,53of Africas citiesare growingby10%a year,54of urbanizationever recorded.53.A.none B.few C.any D.some倒装全部倒装1.“There(Here)+be+主语”There standbig buildingsin thisdistrict.Here on the desklies apile ofbooks.2.单个副词(in,out,now,up,down,away,off,then)位于句首(短语动词不可拆，如it blewup.)In camethe boss./Ahead sat an oldman.3.介词短语作状语位于句首In themiddle of the roomstood thenaughty boy.4.表语位于句首Especially remarkablewas hisflat nose.Not farfrom hereisafamous university.5.so,nor,neither,no more位于句首,代表前文She wasnt angry,and neitherwas I.Peter doesnt likepop music.No moredoes hisbrother.6.分词短语位于句首（分词+be+主语）Gone foreverwere thedays thatwe dependedon foreignoil.部分倒装1.疑问句2.否定副词(seldom,rarely,scarcely,hardly,little,never,few,not until,not only)位于句首（作形容词时例外）Never didJohn speakrudely to his parents.3.“only+状语”位于句首Only whenhe esback canbe leave.4.“hardlywhen”,“scarcelywhen”,“no soonerthan”,“not only(but also)”位于句首No soonerhad hegot into the classroomthan theclass began.5.not,no组成的词组位于句首(in noway,under nocircumstances,on noaount)By nomeans shouldyou breakthe rules.At notime shouldwe givein todifficulties.6.虚拟倒装(had,were,should放到句首)7.“形容词/名词/动词+as/though（尽管,虽然）+be动词”Small thoughthe roomis,it canhold morethan twentypeople.Search as they would,they couldfind nothingin thehouse.真题剖析 (2000)Faster thanever before,the humanworld isbeing anurban world.By themillions theye,the ambitiousand thedown-trodden of the worlddrawn by the strangemagism ofurban46.46.A.way B.life C.area D.people限定词的用法1.Both,each,either,neither(只指两个)2.All,every,each,some,any,no(指两个以上)3.Some,any,more,(the)most,all,a lot,lots,enough,none(复数可数或不可数)4.Much,(a)little,a good/great deal,less,(the)least(不可数)eg.“Got anymoney?”“None atall.”eg.“Does eitherside ofthis street get moresun that the other?”“No,neither sideis sunnierthan theother.”从句为考察重点 (1999)The answersgiven by200women tothose intimateopen-ended questionsmade merealize that51was wrongcould notbe relatedto educationin theway it was thenbelieved to be.51.A.which B.what C.it D.that (1998)They learnedto51their farminghabits tothe climateand soil.52they selectedthe fourthThursday ofNovember fortheir Thanksgiving53,they invitedtheir neighbors,52.A.While B.When C.So D.If (1993)In theUnited Statesa mentatorremarked that45Japan apparentlystill usedsome“primitive tools”,46a Japanesementator expressedastonishment thatthe Americanpens wroteso poorlythey couldsafely beused onlyonce andthen discarded.46.A.though B.when C.while D.and thatomitting thesubject Ratherformal use让步状语从句以a alltth ho ou ug gh h,tthhoouugghh,w whhiille e,o orrwwh hiillsst t开头时通常与主句共享主语,从句谓语用分词形式。 Whilst heliked cats,he neverlet theme into his house.Whilst likingcats,he neverlet theme intohis house.Both thejournalists,though greetedas heroeson theirreturn fromprison,not longafterwards quietlydisappeared fromtheir newspapers.这四个词还可用在名词、形容词或副词词组前，如It wasan unequalmarriage,although astable and long-lasting one.Though not very attractivephysically,she possesseda senseof humour.WHILE1.He stayedwith mewhile Dadtalked withDr.Smith.2.I oftenknit whilewatching TV.3.While I have somesympathy forthese fellows,I thinkthey wenttoo far.AND1.often usedto linkclauses Icame herein1922and Ihave livehere eversince.2.When youare givingadvice ora warning,you canuse“and”to saywhat willhappen ifsomething isdone.Go bytrain and youll getthere quicker.Do as youre toldandyoull beall right.WHERE1.She wasstanding exactlywhere youare standingnow.2.In1963we movedto Boston,where mygrandparents lived.3.The treatmentwill continueuntil thepatient reachesthe pointwhere hecan walkcorrectly andsafely.4.You aresaying thateveryone should be equal,and thisis whereI disagree.5.Now,where werewe?Oh yes,we weretalking aboutJohn.6.Where othersmight havebeen satisfied,Dawson hadhigher ambitions.(difference)WHICH(本身无意义，必须接在名词或代词后面)1.定语从句引导词Did yousee theletter whichcame today?Now theywere drivingby thehouses whichAndy haddescribed.2.分割句子，补充说明The house,which waspleted in1856,was famousfor itshuge marblestaircase.He waseducated atthe localgrammar school,after whichhe wentontoCambridge.She mayhave missedthe train,in whichcase shewont arrivefor anotherhour.THAT多用于同位语从句和thing的定语从句中。 WHAT(有实际意义，可用于宾语从句和主语从句)1.No oneknows exactlywhat happened.2.It is not clearto whatextent theseviews wereshared.3.I couldget youa jobhere ifthats whatyou want.4.What thatkid needsis somelove andaffection.5.What mattersis theBritish peopleand Britishjobs.AS1.比较His lastalbum soldhalf amillion copiesand wehope this one will be justas popular./They wantpeace asmuchaswe do.2.作为，正如Wed betterleave thingsasthey are untilthe policearrive.David,asyouknow,has not been welllately.3.看作，看待The resultof lastweeks electionwill beseen asa victory.4.当时候=while orwhen Isaw Peteras Iwas gettingoff thebus.5.原因As itwas gettinglate,I turnedaround tostart forhome.6.让步=thoughTry asshe might,Sue couldntgetthe dooropen.The baghas narrowstraps,so itmay beworn overthe shoulderor carriedin thehand.Idbein troubleifIlet on.So Ikept mum.When themeal wasfinished,Rachel washedup andmade coffee.I wouldhave likedto havelearnt French,but Iwas denied(=not given)the opportunity.The opportunitywas denied(to)me atschool.The prestigeis denied(to)the classroomteacher.The classroomteacher isdenied theprestige.过去分词与形容词的语义差1.Destructive:causing damageto peopleor thingsthe destructivepower ofmodern weaponsDam aged:being ina badstate emotionallydamaged children2.Respected:admired bymany becauseof achievementsHesoneofthe most respectedmanagers in the game.Respectful:feeling orshowing respectThey listenedin respectfulsilence.3.Preferred:Her ownpreferred methodsof exerciseare hikingandlongcycle rides.Preferable:A bigearthquake along wayoff ispreferable toa smallerone nearby.Preferential:Bank officialsdenied givingthe senatorany preferentialtreatment.4.Unim agined:Others seea newgolden ageof businessand technologythat willlift themarket tounimagined heights.Unim aginative:That meansthe traditionaloffice layoutof lined-up cubiclesand workstations isseen asrigid andunimaginative.5.Loving:She wasa devotedwife anda veryloving mother.Lovable:a sweetlovable childLovely:We hada lovelyholiday.6.Tolerated:While Patchesare generallywell toleratedthey arenot alwayssuitable foreveryone.Tolerant:trees thatare tolerantof saltsea windsTolerable:All inall,itwasbetter to have atolerable tenementthan theideal whichno onecould afford.虚拟语气非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。 为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义，我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。 1不定式和动名词作主语的区别 (1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。 Smoking isprohibited(禁止)here这里禁止抽烟。 (抽象)It isnotverygood foryou tosmoke somuch你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。 (具体) (2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。 不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。 Climbing mountainsis interesting爬山很有趣。 (经验)Driving acar duringthe rushhour istiring在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。 (经验) （3）不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。 It tookme onlyfive minutesto finishthe job.2不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别 (1)不定式作表语1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。 To dotwo thingsatatime is to doneither-次做两件事等于未做。 What I would suggestis tostart workat once.我的建议是立刻开始干。 2）如果主语是不定式（表示条件），表语也是不定式（表示结果）。 To seeis to believe.百闻不如一见。 To workmeans toearn aliving工作就是为了生活。 3)如果主语是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。 His wishis tobuy aluxurious carin thenear future他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。 The functionof LouisSullivans architecturewas toprovide largeuninterrupted floorareas andto allowample lightinto theinterior.The mostimportant thingistonegotiate withthem about the futureofthe plant (2)动名词作表语动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。 Our workis servingthe people我们的工作是为人民服务。 His hobbyis collectingstamps他的爱好是集邮。 (注)动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同，但其所属结构迥异，进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。 动名词做表语，说明主语的性质或情况。 People cannotbut feelpuzzled，for theysimply cannotunderstand howhe could have madesuch astupid mistake.His victoryin thefinal wasno moreconvincing thanI hadexpected (3)分词作表语分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语，这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。 一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite，interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。 所以，凡表示“令人的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到”都用-ed形式。 换句话说，若人对感兴趣，就是somebody isinterested in.,若人/物本身有兴趣时，就是说sb./sth.is interesting.这类词常见的有interesting使人感到高兴-interested感到高兴的exciting令人激动的-excited感到激动的delighting令人高兴的-delighted感到高兴的disappointing令人失望的-disappointed感到失望的encouraging令人鼓舞的-encouraged感到鼓舞的pleasing令人愉快的-pleased感到愉快的puzzling令人费解的-puzzled感到费解的satisfying令人满意的-satisfied感到满意的surprising令人惊异的-surprised感到惊异的worrying令人担心的-worried感到担心的Travelling isinteresting buttiring旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。 The pupilswill getconfused iftheyaremade tolearn toomuch如果要学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。 The argumentis veryconvincing他的论点很令人信服。 They werevery excitedatthenews听到这个消息，他们非常激动。 3不定式和动名词作宾语的区别英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式，也可跟动名词作直接宾语，但有些动词要求 (1)不定式做宾语和宾语补足语1)下面的动词要求不定式做宾语attempt企图enable能够neglect忽视afford负担得起demand要求long渴望arrange安排destine注定mean意欲，打算begin开始expect期望omit忽略，漏appear似乎，显得determine决定manage设法cease停止hate憎恨，厌恶pretend假装ask问dread害怕need需要agree同意desire愿望love爱swear宣誓volunteer志愿wish希望bear承受endeavor努力offer提供beg请求fail不能plan计划bother扰乱；烦恼forget忘记prefer喜欢，宁愿care关心，喜欢happen碰巧prepare准备decide决定learn学习regret抱歉，遗憾choose选择hesitate犹豫profess表明claim要求hope希望promise承诺，允许start开始undertake承接want想要consent同意，赞同intend想要refuse拒绝decide决定learn学习vow起contrive设法，图谋incline有倾向propose提议seek找，寻觅try试图2)下面的动词要求不定式做宾补动词+宾语+动词不定式ask要求，邀请get请，得到prompt促使allow允许forbid禁止prefer喜欢，宁愿announce宣布force强迫press迫使bride收买inspire鼓舞request请求assist协助hate憎恶pronounce断定，表示advise劝告exhort告诫，勉励pray请求authorize授权，委托help帮助remend劝告，推荐bear容忍implore恳求remind提醒beg请求induce引诱report报告pel强迫invite吸引，邀请，summon传唤mand命令intend想要，企图show显示drive驱赶mean意欲，打算train训练cause引起instruct指示require要求deserve应受leave使，让tell告诉direct指导like喜欢tempt劝诱entitle有资格order命令warn告诫enable使能够need需要urge激励，力说encourage鼓励oblige不得不want想要condemn指责，谴责lead引起，使得teach教entreat恳求permit允许wish希望 (2)有少数动词只能用动名词作宾语acknowledge承认，自认cease停止mention说到，讲到admit承认tolerate忍受dislike不喜欢，讨厌advocate提倡，主张plete完成dread可怕appreciate感激，欣赏confess坦白endure忍受avoid避免contemplate细想enjoy享有，喜爱bear忍受defer拖延envy嫉妒cant help不禁delay延迟escape逃跑，逃避cant stand受不了deny否认excuse借口consider考虑detest嫌恶fancy幻想，爱好favor造成，偏爱mind介意repent悔悟figure描绘，计算miss错过resent怨恨finish完成，结束不得pardon原谅，饶恕resist抵抗，阻止forgive原谅permit允许resume恢复imagine设想postpone延迟，延期risk冒险involve卷入，包含practise实行，实践suggest建议hate讨厌prevent阻止save营救，储蓄keep保持quit放弃停止stand坚持，忍受loathe非常讨厌，厌恶recall回想例如I appreciatehavingbeengiven theopportunity tostudy abroadtwo yearsago.我很感激两年前给我出guo学习的机会。 (3)有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别1）forget to do忘记要去做某事（此事未做）forget doing忘记做过某事（此事已做过或已发生）2）stop to do停止、中断（某件事），目的是去做另一件事stop doing停止正在或经常做的事3）remember to do记住去做某事（未做）remember doing记得做过某事(已做)4)regret to do对要做的事遗憾regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔5）try to do努力、企图做某事try doing试验、试一试某种办法6)mean to do打算，有意要mean doing意味着7）go onto do继而（去做另外一件事情）go ondoing继续（原先没有做完的事情）8）propose todo打算（要做某事）proposing doing建议（做某事）9)like/love/hate/prefer+todo表示具体行为；+doing sth表示抽象、倾向概念（注)如果这些动词前有should一词，其后宾语只跟不定式，不能跟动名词。 例如I shouldlike tosee him tomorrow10)need,want,deserve+动名词表被动意义；+不定式被动态表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。 Dontyouremember seeingthe manbefore?你不记得以前见过那个人吗?You mustremember to leave tomorrow你可要记着是明天动身。 I dont regrettelling herwhat Ithought我不后悔给她讲过我的想法。 (已讲过)I regrettohavetodothis，but Ihave nochoice我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没办法。 (未做但要做)You musttry tobe morecareful你可要多加小心。 Lets trydoing thework someother way让我们试一试用另外一种办法来做这工作。 I didnt meanto hurtyour feeling我没想要伤害你的感情。 This illnesswill mean(your)going tohospital得了这种病(你)就要进医院。 4不定式、现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别(1）不定式作定语1)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是主谓关系He wasthe lastone toleave schoolyesterday昨天他是最后一个离开教室的。 The trainto arrivewas fromLondon将要到站的火车是从伦敦开来的。 2)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是动宾关系Get himsomething toeat给他拿点儿东西吃。 She hasa lotof worktodoin themorning早上他有很多工作要做。 3)不及物动词构成的不定式做定语，要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系，这里的介词不能省去。 I needa pento writewith我需要一支笔写字。 There isnothing toworry about没有什么值得发愁的。 4)不定式修饰一些表示方向、原因、时间、机会、权利等抽象名词如ability能力，本领drive赶，驾驶movement运动，活动ambition抱负，野心effort努力，尝试need需要，需求campaign战役，运动failure失败，不及格opportunity机会chance机会force力，压力，要点promise许诺，希望courage勇气intention意向，意图reason理由，原因decision决定method方法，方式light光，光线，亮光determination决心，决定motive动机，目的struggle奋斗，努力，tendency倾向，趋势wish希望，愿望，祝愿5）被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next，second,last,only和not a，the等限定词时候，只能用不定式。 6）不定代词something,nothing,little,much,a lot等习惯上用不定式做定语。 John willdo anythingbut workon afarm除了农活，约翰什么都愿意干。 7）如果其动词要求用不定式做宾语，或者其形容词要器接不定式做补语，则相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。 如tend todo-tendency todo；decide todo=decision todo；be curioustodo=curiosity todo Hiswish tobuy acar cametrue他要买辆车的愿望实现了。 Their decisionto giveup theexperiment surprisedus他们放弃这个实验的决定使我们大吃一惊。 He isalways thefirst toe andthe lasttoleave他总是第一个到来，最后一个离去。 (2)分词作定语分词作定语时有下面几个特点1)现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词一般表示被动含意。 2)现在分词表示正在进行，过去分词表示状态或做完(完成)的事。 He rushedinto theburning house他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。 The childstanding overthere ismy brother站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。 The roomfacing southis ourclassroom朝南的房间是我们的教室。 Have yougot yourwatch repaired?你拿到那个修好的表了吗?He isan advancedteacher他是个先进教师。 3）下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但不具有被动意义，这点要注意departed,elapsed,faded,fallen,gone,frown-up,retired,returned,risen,set,vanished,much-traveled,newly-arrived,recently-e (3)不定式和分词作定语时的时间关系一般来说，不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后；现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；过去分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。 例如Do youwant tosee thedoctor tobesentfor fromBeijing?你要见那位将从北京请来的医生吗？Do youwant tosee thedoctor workingon thecase reportin theoffice?你要见那位正在办公室里写病历的医生吗？5不定式和分词作状语的区别 （1）现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别。 现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。 1）现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。 He wentout shuttingthedoorbehind him.他出去后将门随手关上。 Not knowingwhat todo,he wenttohisparents forhelp.由于不知如何办是好，他去找父母帮忙。 2）过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。 Given moreattention,the treescouldhavegrown better.如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。 Faced withdifficulties,we musttry toovere them.在遇到困难的时候，我们必须设法克服。 (2)动词不定式和分词作状语的区别1)分词作状语一般表示伴随，而不定式常常表示目的。 They stoodby theroadside talkingaboutthe plan他们站在路边谈论着这个计划。 (伴随)They stoodbytheroadside totalk abouttheplan他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。 (目的)2)分词作状语放在句子开头，除表示原因之外有时表示时间或条件。 动词不定式作状语时，除了表示目的以外，还表示结果或原因。 Reading attentively，he forgotthe timefor lunch由于在专心读书，他忘了吃午饭的时间。 (原因)Reading carefully，he foundsometh