27.初中英语语法讲义-句子的种类.doc

初中英语语法讲义句子的种类 姓 名_句子的分类：按使用目的和交际功能分类: 句子可分为_、_、_、_。按语法结构分类:简单句、并列句、_。本次只讨论按第一种分类的句子。一 陈述句 陈述句说明一个事实或陈述一个人的看法。陈述句分为_陈述句和_陈述句两种。a陈述句的肯定形式。Eg ：They are students./ I have already posted the photos. / I must go now . / He was reading a book at 8:00 last night. I am a student . She has just come back . He is watching TV now . b陈述句的否定形式。分以下几种情况：（1）谓语动词是系动词_, 助动词_，_, _, be 或情态动词，只须在其后面加_构成否定句。be 用作助动词，用于 be doing/be _/ be done等时态或被动语态中,表示为：主语+be +not+v-ing或p.p+其他。Eg : She isnt a student . / He hasnt been to the Great Wall . I cant swim / You wont go there tomorrow. /They arent sleeping .They werent classmates last year .She hasnt been to China. He couldnt ride a bike when he is small . They dont go to school , it is Sunday . He isnt doing his homework now , he is playing. (06 江苏) The singer and dancer _ yet. A. dont B.havent come C. didnt D.hasnt come（2）若谓语动词是实义动词，在实义动词前加上_，第三人称单数现在时用_，过去时用_。 Eg . He hasnt sent me an invitation yesterday. She doesnt like to play football. He didnt receive your letter until now . (05 河北)I went to the cinema yesterday. But he _ (没去)there.(05 济南)He _ say_. A. dont, something B.didnt,anything C. doesnt, something D. dont, anything（3）由具有否定含义的词_, nobody, _, little, dislike, _, few, _ neither of. no one等构成的否定句,则不必再加任何否定词,它本身就是含有否定意义的句子.Eg : Not all the books in our school library can be renewed .I have never been to America .Nobody want to go there . She can hardly believe his ears . There is little water in the cup .He dislikes to go out . They seldom go abroad . There were few people came to the meeting .You are too to young to do that work . Neither of them has ever been to Beijing. (03 重庆) Few of them hurt themselves in the accident last night, _?A. dont they B. didnt they C.did they D. do they(06 太原) -You havent been to Beijing,_? - But I want to go there this summer. A. do you B.are you C. have you D. did you二 疑问句疑问句提出问题。英语中有四种疑问句：一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句。一般疑问句：一般疑问句是询问事物或某情况是否属实,需要对方给予肯定或否定回答, 读时用升调. 以一个助动词、情态动词、动词be或have开始.通常要求以yes或no回答的疑问句。（1）一般疑问句的基本结构：Be动词(is, am, are, was, were)+ _+表语？Eg:Is he your classmate? Am I not a new student ? Were you at school yesterday? Was she here just now ? Have动词(表示“有”：have, has, had)+主语+宾语？Eg: Have you an apple? Has he been to China ? Had you been there when I went to the cinema ? 情态动词(can, may, must等)+ _+行为动词或be? Eg: Can you help me ? _I speak to him ? _ I come to your birthday party ? 助动词(do, does, did)+主语+行为动词Eg: Do you know her ? Does he go to school on foot ? Did you receive her letter yesterday ? (04黑龙江)-_ you _ TV at the moment?- No, you can turn it off. A.Did watch B. Are watching C.Do watch D.Have watched(04黑龙江)-_ you _ TV at the moment?- No, you can turn it off. A.Did watch B. Are watching C.Do watch D.Have watched助动词(shall, will, have, has)+主语+行为动词Eg: Shall we go to the park ? （2）否定形式的一般疑问句，通常把系动词或助动词与not缩写，放在句首。构成回答：Eg: Arent you a student? _ .(不，我是) No, _.(对，我不是)Doesnt she often visit you ? Yes , _ . (不，她是) No , _. (对，他不是)Dont you go to school by bus . _, I do . (不，我是) _ , I dont .（ 对，我不是)Won t you come with me ? Yes, _.(不，我是) No , _. (对，我不是)Havent you been to America ? Yes, I have . (不，我去过) No , I havent . .(对，我没有)特殊疑问句：以疑问代词who, what, whom, whose, which或疑问副词when, where, why, how开头。（1）如果疑问词在句中作主语或其修饰主语时，其语序如陈述句。Eg . Who is on duty today ? / Which book is yours .？（2）如果疑问词在句中不作主语或其修饰主语，用“_一般疑问句”形式。Eg . 1.Where have you been ?2 I want some onions - How many do you want? -Two kilos. And how much is a kilo? -One yuan a kilo.3 Which is your maths teacher? -The one in red. 4. How often is Kucky 52 shown on CCTV-2? -Every week. 5. What colour do you like best? -Orange, because orange can bring me success. (06四川)-_do you have a sports meeting? -Twice a year. A. how soon B. How often C.how long.(06 桂林)_ is the population of China? A.How much B.How many C. How long D. What(05 重庆)-_ is the Confucian Temple (孔庙)from here? - Its about 10 minutes walk. A. How many B. How long C. How much D. How far(05 临沂) - _ have you lived in China? - I have lived here for a whole year. When I _ with my family to this country, it seemed to me that everything was new. A. How often ; traveled B. How long; traveled C. How long; moved D How often; moved选择疑问句: 提出两种或两种以上的情况，供回答者选择，并由or连用，但不能用Yes或no 来回答.语调一般是前升后降. 选择疑问句可以分为一般选择疑问句和特殊选择疑问句.疑问句选择成分1_选择成分2？Eg. Do you want coffee or cocoa ? / Are you an Englishman or an American ? (06北京海淀区,31)Would you like something to drink, _ or coffee -Coffee, please. A tea B fruit C bread D meat 特殊问句选择答案1or选择答案2？who runs fast, Tom , Mary or Li lei . (05 南通) - _ Are you going to borrow a dictionary or a magazine? -_.A. Yes, a dictionary B. No , a magazine C. A dictionary D. Yes, both反意疑问句：反意疑问句是在陈述句之后,对陈述句所说的事实或观点提出疑问. 疑问部分与陈述部分用逗号隔开,句末用问号.陈述部分提问部分。 前肯后否，前否后肯。前后人称、数和时态要一致，疑问部分要用代词。肯定回答用Yes,否定回答用No .如果前面陈述句中有否定词：hardly, little, few, never, rarely, nothing, none , nobody, not, no 等，后面疑问句应该用肯定式。eg. Hes flown to Qingdao for summer holiday, hasnt he? Tom has never been to the Great Wall, has he? (06 济南)Your sister was cooking when you got home, _?A. was she B. is she C. wasnt she D. isnt she(05 宁夏) - Mary hasnt paid for the school things, has she? - . Her mother will pay for her. A. Yes, she has B. No, she hasnt C. Yes, she did D. No, she didnt （04 杭州）There is nothing wrong with your car,_? A. are you B. isnt it C. arent you D.is there.(04 北京) Hes put up some pictures in his bedroom, _ he? A. is B. doesnt C. hasnt D. isnt陈述句中有：have to, had to, ought to, used to, dont(imperative), somebody / someone, everybody / everyone时,附加疑问句需分别用:dont, didnt, shouldnt, usednt / didnt, will, they等。eg .My grandma used to be a teacher, usednt / didnt she ? Dont turn on the TV set, will you ?陈述句部分是复合句时，提问部分的主语和助动词要与主句一致。eg He was reading when the teacher came in, wasnt he ?(06 昆明)your sister was cooking when you got home, _? A. was she B. is she C. wasnt she D. does she在“I think(guess, suppose, believe)+宾语从句”中，当主语是第一人称时，附加疑问句的主语和谓语应与后面宾语从句相一致；但若主语不是第一人称时，则附加问句与前面主句一致。 I dont think he can pass the exam, can he ? He believed you had seen her before, didnt he ?(06 深圳)I dont think the girl is right,_? A.do I B. is she C. isnt she D. does he在含有情态动词must 的句子中，若_表示推测，疑问用must后面的动词。若must表示有必要时，用_。若mustnt表示禁止时，提问用_。eg. He must be tired, isnt he? You must go to Gaozhou, neednt you? You mustnt smoke here, must you ?陈述句部分为祈使句，疑问部分常用_you(表请求)。注：lets 用_we（包括说话人），let us 用_ you（不包括说话人）。eg. Have a cup of tea, _? Lets go now, _? Let us go now, _？ Lets go to the library, _? The film is on at the movies. Lets go to see it, _? OK. Lets go. 陈述部分主语为指人的不定代词somebody, anybody, _等时，疑问部分用he或they,但不可用it. Somebody wants to see you, doesnt he (dont they)?陈述部分是There be 结构时，疑问部分用“_”。There is a tree in front of the building, _?陈述部分主语为指事物的不定代词something _, everything等时，疑问部分用_. Something is wrong with your computer, isnt it?陈述部分为I am结构时，疑问部分用“arent I？”。 I am a student, _？三 祈使句：可表示请求、命令、劝告、建议等.动词用原形）读降调.祈使句分为肯定的祈使句和否定的祈使句.（1）let + 第一人称，第三人称（_）动词原形。Let me try again . Let us not go there . （2）动词原形其他成分。Listen to me carefully .(05 泰州) _ your books, Tom. Dont leave your things here and there.A. Put on B. put off C. put away D. put down（3）Dont (never)+动词原形其他成分。否定祈使句的反意疑问句为will you.Dont look out of the window ._ ?(反意疑问)(04 长春) - _Dont forget to give Polly some food, _? - All right.A. shall we B. do you C. dont you D. will you(05 青岛)_ late. Its your first day to work. You see, well begun is half done.A. Dont to be B. Dont be C. Not be D Be not（4）Do+动词原形其他成分。Do give him another chance .eg. .Lets go now, shall we ? Let us go now, will you ? Dont close the door . Please dont forget to take part in our club party tomorrow.Peter hardly had time for concerts at that time, did he?四 感叹句: 表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情，句尾用“！”。读降调; 多用what 或how引导.What 修饰名词，how 修饰形容词、副词。如何判断用what还是how 方法一: 凡是有a, an开头的,多用what; 方法二: 凡是形容词直接加名词多用what; 方法三: 其他一般用how.（1）How + _ / 副词。 . How + 形容词/_+ 主 + _+ ！ eg. How cold it is today ! How clever the boy is ! How fast she runs ! How hard the girls are working !（06 河北）_ cold it is today! A.What B.How C.What a D.How a . How + 形容词 + a / an + 名词 + 主 + 谓 + ！eg How clever a boy he is ! How funny an elephant it is !（2）What + _词。. What + a / an+ 形容词 + 可数名词单数+ _ + 谓 + ！ Eg . What a fine day it is today ! What an honest man his father is !(05 扬州)- Jacky, look at that Japanese sumoist(相扑手)。 - Wow, _!A