研究生英语 前6单元练习答案.doc

研究生英语1-6单元练习答案（部分）Unit 1Comprehensionl. The essay mainly discusses the purpose of education. The college education at its best should move the student from competence to commitment.2. Part 2 (para. 3 to para. 14): The college graduate has civic obligations to fulfill” and “To fulfill this urgent obligation, the perspective needed is not only national, but global. Part 3 (para. 15 to para. 17): Education for what purpose? Competence towhat end?Part 4 (para. 18 to para. 23): The undergraduate experience at its best willmove the student from competence to commitment. But our abiding hope is with determination and effort the undergraduate college can make a difference in the intellectual and personal lives of its graduates, in the social and civic responsibilities they are willing to assume, and ultimately in their world perspective.3. Because they are devoting their energies only to what seems most real to them. They dont know how to devote themselves to the society, to other people. They dont know where they should put their faith in this uncertain age.4. An uncertain age means a period of time which is changeable and in whichthe future is unknown. A hard-edged, competitive age means a period of timein which people or organizations try very hard to be more successful than others. (Open)5. Because they feel a serious conflict between giving or giving up for others (service) and trying to satisfy their own needs and desires.6. Because the author thinks man can pay attention to the society only when he is committed, and he can find his own values only when he surpasses himself. So the measurement of the willingness of graduates to be socially and civically engagedwill lead to the ideal undergraduate education which reflects itself in loyalties thattranscend self. Boyer implies that man can only find himself when he focuses onsomething beyond self. It is through being committed to others, society, etc. that true success is recognized and attained. A liberal education should result in aperson who acts humanely7. The authors answer to the first question is NO, but to the second is YES. College graduates obviously have civic obligations to fulfill and it is urgent and necessary for American teaching to help narrow the dangerous and growing gap between public policy and public understanding.8. The citizens are the American public (non specialists). We can infer from the last two sentences in para. 3 that man specialists” in the government feel that the average citizen is not capable of making policy decisions because she or he doesnteven understand the terminology used in the debate on the issues. 9. They suggest that the very complexity of public life requires more informationto be provided and more participation in critical thinking to be encouraged.10. It means the number of the people who understand public policy is decreasing. If we let the decline in public understanding go unchallenged, we will run therisk of making critical decisions not on the basis of what we know, but on thebasis of blind belief in one or another set of self-acknowledged experts whousually control policy with their limited perspective. To change the situation, we should find better ways to educate ourselves, ask hard questions and offer satisfactory answers.11. 1) We need groups of well-informed, caring individuals.2) We need concerned people who are participants in inquiry3) We need a perspective which is both national and global. That is, todaysstudents must be informed about not only their own people and culture but also peoples and cultures different from theirs.12. The last “need” is discussed most because the author thinks the world hasbecome more crowded, more interdependent, and more unstable. So todays students must be informed about people and cultures other than their own. The discussion covers six paragraphs (from para. 9 to para. 14). The problem with many colleges is that they are used to function as isolated communities which have nothing to do with the society outside their walls. Those inside are satisfied to live in their own world. If the undergraduate college cannot help students see beyond themselves and better understand the interdependent nature of our world, each new generation will remain ignorant and the human capacity to live confidently and responsiblywill be dangerously diminished.13. According to the author, the problem with todays college education is thatwhat is teaching most successfully is competence only in meeting schedules, gathering information, responding well on tests and mastering the details of a specific field. Thestudents are only concerned about their credits and courses. If college education goes on tike this, the most deeply felt issues, the most haunting questions and the mostcreative moments are reduced to becoming less important. What a tragedy andwhat a great mistake it would be.14 1) Aspect I: The students should become proficient in the use of knowledge, acquire a solid basic education and become competent in a specific field.2) Aspect 2: The students must be inspired by a larger vision, using the knowledge they have acquired to devote themselves to the society, the country and the world.3) Aspect 3: The students should be encouraged to develop the capacity tojudge wisely in matters of life and personal conduct.15. Both the need for rigorous study in the disciplines and the need for judgment or the search for purposeful life objectives are important, and neither can replace the other. Only with determination and effort can the undergraduate collegemake a difference in the intellectual and personal lives of its graduates, in their social and civic responsibility and in their world perspective. In short, we should try our best to move the students from competence to commitment.Vocabulary and StructureA l. assess 2. alliance 3. outcome 4. ethical 5.identity 6.ambiguous 7.tolerabte 8.particpates 9. pursuit f O. constructiveB1 . at stake 2. were obliged 3. a climate of 4. feel well-equipped5, beyond my grasp 6. cut back 7. other than 8, rise above9. care about 10. Is boundedCl. incompetent ,2. indulgence3. migrants 4, probes5. complex .6. suspense; engaged7. compassionate; committed 8. tolerant 9. tempted IO. InterconnectedD1. A. judging from 2, B. in / at which3. C. and 4. D. believe5. A. is one of/ is that of 6. B. must get 7. C. likely 8. D. unemployed 9. C. as well as/and 10. B. simplerEl. what 2. graduation 3. intend 4. getting5. eventually 6. survey . 7. although 8, graduates9. to transfer 10. Rise 11. attending 12. instead 13, cause 14. because 15. realistic 16. below 17. failure 18. expectations 19, confidence 20. educationTranslate and WritingA阿诺德汤恩比说过，一切进步，一切发展均来自于挑战及由此引起的反应。 没有挑战就没有反应，没有发展，没有自由。所以，我们首先应该在我们孩子的 能力所允许的范围内为他们开设要求最严格，最富有挑战性的课程。我们可以向我们的孩子提供的第二个机会是允许他们有失败的权力。德纽伊写到：“自由不仅是一种特权，也是一种考验。”如果没有人可以失败，那它算什么 考验，算什么自由呢？美国可以向所有在高中读完四年课程而不管其是否取得任何 收获的学生发放毕业文凭的日子已经一去不复返了。我们现在生活在一个越来越小 的世界里，我们必须对现实保持清醒的认识；而现实主义要求树立一个要么成功要 么失败的标准。这些话听起来很刺耳，但都是残酷的事实。如果我们剥夺了孩子们 失败的权力，实际上我们就剥夺了他们如实地认识世界的机会。Bl. Todays university students are struggling to establish themselves, but they stillhave ambiguous feelings about their future.2. A man cannot realize his values without finding a center beyond him. So theidealistic undergraduate experience must help the student transcend himself3. We eagerly hope that the lessons learned in the university will reveal themselves in our performance in the workplace and further education.4. It cannot go unchallenged to say that the 4-year undergraduate experience isthe only path to success in life,5. We run the risk of making critical decisions, not on the basis of what we know,the findings of investigations, and the data of experiments, but on the basis ofblind faith in professed experts.6. Our task needs a large group of welt-informed, caring young people who canband together learn from each other, and actively participate in the four modernizations,7. If it is to endure, the new school should help the students not only acquire asolid basic education and become competent in a specific field, but also beready to commit themselves to others.8. It is not too much to say that if undergraduates excessively devote themselves to examinations, they will push competence and commitment to the fringes,9. I didnt even speak to him, much less discuss the reconstruction of your school with him. 10. Some people think examinations are second to none, but some think examinations have a lot of disadvantages, Examinations leave us an open essential question what influence do examinations exert on education?Reading practice1.C 2.A 3,A 4.D 5.BUnit 2ComprehensionA1. Because America is now in the process of a massive wealth transfer much of which is in the form of family-owned businesses. The authors are greatly concerned about the viability of the transfer,2. Because most of the transfers will fail because of the lack of a comprehensivesuccession plan.3. 1) Plan a succession management.2) Define family employment practices.3) Establish and maintain family harmony4) Plan the estate.4. Para. 3.The authors bring up the reason that it usually takes at least lOyears to form a proper comprehensive succession plan including sophisticatedestate management strategies.5. Because family business owners are highly motivated, energetic, and usuallygood at more than one skill in managing a business. Its often difficult to find a replacement with all the same skills.6. Organizational charts created by the owners and key successors can indicate the differences in management structure and draw attention to misunderstandings and differences in perception, thus helping the owners to plan and form the best management team.7. They cite the case in order to explain the point that family business ownersshould consider giving ownership to their children while having strongmanagement teams run their businesses.8. Because loyal employees usually hold key positions in management and play an important part in the development of the family businesses.9. Because the authors want to stress the point that only when the children have undergone proper training in business management for a long time and know all the problems involved, can they become experienced enough totake over the family business.10. The authors suggest working outside the family business or start training theircareers in the family business at the level that their education and experience justify. The authors see such experience as valuable because children working outside the family business can get valuable experience, know different management styles, become confident, receive better training and have more chances to undertake responsibilities, while children working their way upfrom the bottom of the family business can increase their respect among employees and management.They also learn how the company really works.Therefore, both ways, are likely to succeed,11. l) Seating an outside board of directors.2) Developing a family business vision document,3) Holding family council meetings.12. The authors think that life insurance may be effective in most cases, but it canalso be an impractical solution.13. They mention the case in order to illustrate that poor estate planning can result in the destruction of family businesses.14. The 23rd paragraph is a transitional one.15. The conclusion the authors arrive at is given in the last sentence of the article,which can be paraphrased as follows: For most family businesses, it is absolutely necessary to start dealing with all the problems involved in wealth transfer /estate planning in a comprehensive manner right awayB 1 B 2 A 3. D 4. C 5, B6 C 7 A 8, B 9. DVocabulary and StructureA 1-h 2-i 3-a 4-e 5 -k6-n 7-l 8-g 9-d 10-CB1, perception 2 responsibility 3. organizational 4, marketing5. strategies 6 assets 7, transitions 8. dilemma9. Rivalry 10. Compensation 11 Whiz 12. invaluableC1. justify, justification, justifiable, justifiably, justified2. strategic, strategy, Strategics /Strategy, strategists, strategized, strategically3. finance, financial, financier finance, Financially4. resentful, resents, resentment, resentfully5. perceive, perception, perceptible, perceptive, perceptibly6. diverse, diversify diversity, diversification, diversified7. destroyed, destructive, destruction, destructionist destroyers, destroying destructible,8. markets, marketable, markets, marketing, marketer9. prosperity, prospering, prosperous, prosperously10. Derived, derive, derivative, derivativesDl. A. it even harder 2. A. that 3. C, not taking enough exercise 4. C. to have gone back on 5. B. functioning 6. D, on7. A. object to seeing 8. B. to go with it 9.A. to expanding 10. A. anxiously awaitingEl. manufacturers 2 natural 3. treatment 4. experienced5. approached 6 relatively 7. global 8. chaired. 9, sustainable 10. Vision ll. Extended 12. improving13, accomplish 14, array 15. involvement 16. activity17 rewarded 18. proposals 19. domestic 20. competitorsTranslate and WritingA业主企业创建者不仅进取心强而且精力充沛。他们往往擅长于多种技能。在很多情况下，他们既是生产专家，又是营销天才或经验丰富的金融家。要接替他们的工作则需要较多的人。因此，家庭企业的业主应当通过制定组织机构图来明确规定企业该怎样运作。参与交接过程的每个主要成员也应制定他们自己的组织机构图。然后，对它们进行比较。各机构图之间的不同点将表明管理体制上的差异、存在误会的主要方面及观念上的分歧。没有忠心耿耿的雇员，很少有企业能发展壮大，即使是家庭企业也是如此。这些尽职的雇员多半担任了主要的管理职务。务必让雇员了解公司长远的交接计划，而主要的企业管理人员必须清楚地知道他们在产业交接管理机构中的职责。改进企业的劳保福利制度以吸引和留住主要的部门经理，激发他们的积极性，使他们能为企业和业主的最大利益而工作。B l. He is an experienced banker and an acknowledged trade expert, not tomention an excellent managing director2. Regardless of danger, volunteers from an Italian organization for peace have gone to Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, to form a “body shield” for the purposeof preventing the U.S. from bombing the place.3. Nobody in the family is more dedicated to operating the real estate businessthan Judy.4. Because of the economic depression, real estate agents are in the dilemma of whether to lower prices or let sales fall. 5. More often than not, Mr. Smith earns great profits by careful investment of his capital.6. John did not make much of a mark in his studies at school, but he excelledat sports.7. Orderly transition of responsibilities is a condition for the long-range prosperity of a family business.8. You had better have a clear picture of prospects before formulating a plan forinvestment.9. Although sculpture is a time-consuming art, there are still some people following it as a profession. 10.The software company is in the midst of being transformed from an individual proprietorship to a joint venture,Reading practice1. Because there were far fewer approaches having been used by executivesthan the author had hypothesized. 2. The Strategy Approach3. It implies that these executives rarely promote young employees to key posts.4. They encourage their employees to cultivate and improve their expertise,believing that the cultivation and improvement of expertise is a source ofcompetitive advantage.5. They highly value those who are aggressive and independent and who viewtheir jobs and possibilities for advancement as opportunities that must beseized firmly. Because such people can create an environment of continual reinvention.Unit 3ComprehensionAl. The authors father enjoyed a middle-class status. He was satisfied withwhat he had achieved and attempted to rise to a higher socio-economic position. 2. “They” in line 5, para. I refers to Buicks the authors father drove in his days.The cars one drives can immediately show ones socio-economic status.3. Faithfully buying and/or praising a particular brand of car Love, revere, social amulets, brag, electrify smart, beast, Black Beauty and mysterious machine are the words and expressions that show such a feeling.4. The difference lies in the fact that cars enjoy anthropomorphic status. They aretreated as members of the family and have their own names. People cursethem when they fail and feel sorry for them when they trade them in.5.They see automobiles negatively. The author gives the example of the Duke of Wellington to illustrate how the privileged classes did not encourage common people to have the freedom to move around.6. Automobiles are the cause of many problems. They are the cause of death,injury, and population movement. Therefore they should be abandoned as soon as possible.7. Automobiles have contributed to the expansion of many metropolitanareas because they make monumental population shifts possible, thus resultingin expanding cities. The last sentence implies that people will continue to move in large numbers by means of automobiles no matter how worried environmentalists are about it. 8. The author gives these statistics to support his idea expressed in the lastsentence of the previous paragraph,While environmentalists fret, themultitudes drive on.” Therefore this paragraph is a supporting paragraph.9. (1) problem: Cars hurt people.Solution: Automobiles have been made much safer by means of varioustechnological advances.(2) problem: Cars pollute.Solution: a. Advances in fuel qu