跨文化交际课前习题答案

UnitTwoCultureShock.Fillinblanksa.Inaformalwesternmeal,youreofferedasecondhelpingbutyouhavealreadyhadenough.Youshouldsay“_”.ThatwasdeliciousbutIvealreadyhadplenty,thanks.b.Taboosarewords,expressions,etc.thatareconsideredasbeing_or_.unpleasant,disgustingc._isaculturethatscoreshighonindividualism.Individualcultured.Socialdistancereferstothedegreeof_or_betweentwocultures.similarity,dissimilaritye.Becauseoftheir_,individualistsgivelittlethoughttothe_ofothers.Butcollectivistscareverymuchwhatothersintheirgroupsthinkanddonotliketobethetargetsof_and_.independence,evaluations,scrutiny,criticism .KeyTermsa.cultureshockb.collectivistculturec.hospitalityd.politenesse.privacy在一个正式的西餐，你再提供一次帮助但你已经有足够的。你应该说“_”。那是美味的但我已经有很多，谢谢。b. Taboos are words, expressions, etc. that are considered as being _ or _. unpleasant, disgusting c. _ is a culture that scores high on individualism. Individual culture B.禁忌词，表达，等，被视为_或_。不愉快的，令人厌恶的C. _是一种文化，分数高的个人主义。个体文化d. Social distance refers to the degree of _ or _ between two cultures. similarity, dissimilarity e. Because of their _, individualists give little thought to the _ of others. But collectivists care very much what others in their groups think and do not like to be the targets of _ and _. independence, evaluations, scrutiny, criticism . Key Terms D.社会距离指的是_或_程度在两种文化之间。相似性，相异性E.因为他们_，个人主义者不在乎别人的_。但集体主义者非常关心他们小组中其他人怎么想，不喜欢被_和_目标。独立性，评估，审查，批评。关键术语a. culture shockA.文化冲击b. collectivist cultureB.集体主义文化c. hospitality C.酒店d. politeness D.礼貌e. privacyE.隐私.ShortAnswera.Whatarethefivebasicthemesinindividualistculture?b.Whyistherealackofconcernatpublicdisplaysofphysicalorsexualintimacy?c.WhatisthedifferenceontendencyforforeignerstotreatstrangersbetweenIndividualismandCollectivismTheories?。简短的回答a. What are the five basic themes in individualist culture? 在个人主义文化的五个基本主题是什么？b. Why is there a lack of concern at public displays of physical or sexual intimacy? B为什么在身体或性亲密公共显示缺乏关注？c. Whatis the difference on tendency for foreigners to treat strangers between Individualism and Collectivism Theories?C.是外国人对待个人主义和集体主义倾向的不同理论之间的陌生人？.Casestudy(1)Analyzethecaseandtrytofindthemisunderstandingbetweenthegirlandthewesterner.AwesternerinvitedaChinesegirltohavelunchandtakeatouraroundtheBritishParliament.Infact,thegirldidnthavethelunchjustbecausewhenthewesterneraskedherAreyouhungry?Thegirlansweredno.Thentheydidnthavelunchtogether.(2)CanyoufindsomedifferencesinhospitalitybetweenaChineseandEnglish?Whatarethereasons?AnEnglishguest:Eachtimeanewdisharrivedhisparentswouldleanoverandloadmyplatewithtastymorsels.AstheyhadtakenallthetroubletocookitIjusthadtopolishitoff.Assoonasmyplatewasemptytheywouldputmoreon.Ofcourse,Ifeltduty-boundtoearthattoo.AChineseguest:CanyouimaginehowmanydishesIhad?Oneone-astewwithmeatandvegetables.Themeatwasoverdoneandtoohardtoeat;greenvegetableswerenolongergreen.Theyneverputfoodonyourplatebutjustaskyoutohelpyourself.Ifyou,asaguest,areshyormodest,waitingforthefoodtobeputonyourplate,youwillremainhalf-starved.。案例研究(1) Analyze the case and try to find the misunderstanding between the girl and the westerner. （1）的案例分析，试图找到女孩与西方人之间的误解。A westerner invited a Chinese girl to have lunch and take a tour around the British Parliament. In fact, the girl didnt have the lunch just because when the westerner asked her Are you hungry? The girl answered no. Then they didnt have lunch together一个西方人邀请一个中国女孩吃午餐，环游英国议会。事实上，女孩没有午餐，因为当西方人问她“你饿了吗？”女孩回答，那他们不一起吃午饭. 。(2) Can you find some differences in hospitality between a Chinese and English? What are the reasons? （2）你能找到一个英语和汉语之间的一些差异在酒店？的原因是什么？An English guest: Each time a new dish arrived his parents would lean over and load my plate with tasty morsels. As they had taken all the trouble to cook it I just had to polish it off. As soon as my plate was empty they would put more on. Of course, I felt duty-bound to ear that too. 一位英国客人：每次一道新菜到他的父母会过来载我的板的美味佳肴。他们把所有的麻烦把我刚刚擦亮它。一旦我的盘子是空的他们会把更多的。当然，我觉得有义务的耳朵太。A Chinese guest: Can you imagine how many dishes I had? One one - a stew with meat and vegetables. The meat was over done and too hard to eat; green vegetables were no longer green. They never put food on your plate but just ask you to help yourself. If you, as a guest, are shy or modest, waiting for the food to be put on your plate, you will remain half-starved.中国客人：你能想象我有多少道菜？一一一个有肉和蔬菜炖。这肉熟透，太硬吃绿色蔬菜不再绿。他们从不把盘子里的食物只是问你帮助你自己。如果你，作为一个客人，害羞和谦虚，等待食物被放在你的盘子上，你仍会饿死。KeytoUnitTwo.Fillinblanksa.ThatwasdeliciousbutIvealreadyhadplenty,thanks.b.unpleasant,disgustingc.Individualcultured.similarity,dissimilaritye.independence,evaluations,scrutiny,criticism.KeyTermsa.cultureshock:Itisapsychologicalphenomenonthatisexperiencedmostoftenbythosewho,whethervoluntarilyorinvoluntarily,intheprocessofadjustingthemselvestoanewculture.b.collectivistculture:Itisaculturethatplaceslittlevalueonindividualidentityandgreatvalueongroupidentity.c.hospitality:Itmeanscordialandgenerousreceptionofordispositiontowardguests.d.politeness:Itreferstoconsiderationforothers,tact,andobservanceofacceptedsocialusage.e.privacy:Itcouldbeunderstoodastherightofanindividualtoself-determinationastothedegreetowhichtheindividualiswillingtosharewithothersinformationabouthimselfthatmaybecompromisedbyunauthorizedexchangeofsuchinformationamongotherindividualsororganizations.关键的第二单元.Fill in blanks 填空a. That was delicious but Ive already had plenty, thanks. b. unpleasant, disgusting c. Individual culture d. similarity, dissimilarity 这很好吃，但我已经有很多，谢谢。B.不愉快的，令人厌恶的C.个体文化D.相似，不同的e. independence, evaluations, scrutiny, criticism E.独立性，评估，审查，批评.Key Terms 关键术语a. culture shock: It is a psychological phenomenon that is experienced most often by those who, whether voluntarily or involuntarily, in the process of adjusting themselves to a new culture. A.文化冲击：它是一种心理现象，是经历了最经常被那些，无论是自觉或不自觉地，在适应新文化的过程。b. collectivist culture: It is a culture that places little value on individual identity and great value on group identity. B.集体主义文化：这是一个地方的个人身份和大的群体认同的价值文化价值点。c. hospitality: It means cordial and generous reception of or disposition toward guests. d. politeness: It refers to consideration for others, tact, and observance of accepted social usage. C.酒店：这意味着向客人亲切大方的接待或安排。D.礼貌：它是指为他人考虑，机智，和遵守被接受的社会规范。e. privacy: It could be understood as the right of an individual to self-determination as to the degree to which the individual is willing to share with others information about himself that may be compromised byunauthorized exchange of such information among other individuals or organizations.E.隐私：可以理解为一种个人自决权以何种程度的个人愿意与他人分享自己的信息，可能会受到影响byunauthorized交换这种在其他人或组织间的信息。.ShortAnswera.1)Thereisatendencyforforeignerstotreatstrangersasequals,seeninthepolitenesswithwhichforeignerstreatout-groupmembersandtheirwillingnesstofollowpublicrulesandlawsthatguaranteetherightsofall.2)Thereisadesireforindependenceandseparateness,foundinforeignersneedsfortheirownprivacyandautonomyandinthefreedomtheygivetochildren.3)Thereisalackofinhibitiononthepartofforeignersintermsofexpressivebehaviors,seenintheirlackofconcernaboutdrawingattentiontothemselvesandtheirwillingnesstodisclosefeelingsandemotions.4)Thereisalackofunderstandingifthereciprocalbondsanddutiesthatregulatein-groupmembers,foundinforeignerscasualattitudestowardshospitality.5)Thereisalackofconcernatpublicdisplaysofphysicalorsexualintimacy.b.Thereasonmightbethateventhefreedomwithwhichforeignersexpressloveandsexualdesirecanbeseenasavalorizationoftheindividualspursuitofpersonalpleasureandhappiness.Thatthisisoffensivetoattentionfromthegroupandfocusesitonindividualneeds.c.Individualiststendtobelieveinequality;theircommunicationnormsstressequaltreatmentofsubordinateandsuperior,friendandstranger.Incontrast,collectivistscommunicationnormsoftenstressdeference;acleardemarcationismadebetweenonestreatmentofthoseaboveandbelowoneinthesocialhierarchy.Clearly,toacollectivist,thewayindividualiststreatstrangerswillseemunusualandunnecessarilypolite.短的回答a. 1) There is a tendency for foreigners to treat strangers as equals, seen in the politeness with which foreigners treat out-group members and their willingness to follow public rules and laws that guarantee the rights of all. 2 ) There is a desire for independence and separateness, found in foreigners needs for their own privacy and autonomy and in the freedom they give to children. 3) There is a lack of inhibition on the part of foreigners in terms of expressive behaviors, seen in their lack of concern about drawing attention to themselves and their willingness to disclose feelings and emotions. 4) There is a lack of understanding if the reciprocal bonds and duties that regulate in-group members, found in foreigners casual attitudes towards hospitality. 5) There is a lack of concern at public displays of physical or sexual intimacy. 答：1）有一个外国人对待陌生人是平等的趋势，看到在礼貌与外国人治疗组成员，他们愿意遵守公共规则和法律，保障所有人的权利。2）有一个独立和分开的欲望，发现在外国人的需要为自己的隐私权和自治权，他们给孩子自由。3）有对外国人的部分表现行为缺乏抑制，在他们注意他们自己和他们的意愿披露的感受和情绪的缺乏关注，见。4）有一个缺乏了解如果互惠债券和调节组成员的职责，发现在外国人的休闲态度款待。5）在身体或性亲密公共显示缺乏关心。b. The reason might be that even the freedom with which foreigners express love and sexual desire can be seen as a valorization of the individuals pursuit of personal pleasure and happiness. That this is offensive to attention from the group and focuses it on individual needs. 这个原因可能是，即使与外国人自由表达爱和性的欲望可以被看作是一个稳定的个人的追求个人的快乐和幸福。这是进攻，团体的注意和关注个人的需要。c. Individualists tend to believe in equality; their communication norms stress equal treatment of subordinate and superior, friend and stranger. In contrast, collectivists communication norms often stress deference; a clear demarcation is made between ones treatment of those above and below one in the social hierarchy. Clearly, to a collectivist, the way individualists treat strangers will seem unusual and unnecessarily polite.C.个人主义者倾向于相信平等；他们的交际规范应力隶属和优越的待遇平等，朋友和陌生人。相反，集体主义通信规范常应力差；明确划分是一的上述处理下一个在社会阶层之间的。显然，一个集体主义，个人主义者对待陌生人会显得不寻常的和不必要的礼貌的方式。.Casestudya.Themistakeisthatthewesternerusedhisquestionasaninvitation.Thegirlunderstooditonlyasaquestion.AccordingtotheChinesetradition,themanshouldhaveinvitedhertolunchsincetheirappointmentwastohavelunchfirst.b.Yes.TheChinesestudentfeltdisappointedatBritishhospitalitybecausesheusedtheChinesewayofshowinghospitalitytojudgetheBritishone.InthestorytakingplaceinChina,thewesternercouldntimaginethatthereshouldbesixteendishespreparedforher.Whensheatefromtheeightcolddishes,shecouldnteatanymore.ItisbecauseaWesternmealnormallyseversonemaincourseplusastarterandsweetsordesserts.ThefactisthatdifferentpeopleintheworldshowtheirdifferenthospitalityindifferentwaysA.错误是西方人用他的问题作为一个邀请。女孩明白这只是一个问题。根据中国的传统，男人应该邀请她共进午餐，因为他们的任命是先吃午饭。b. Yes. The Chinese student felt disappointed at British hospitality because she used the Chinese way of showing hospitality to judge the British one. In the story taking place in China, the westerner couldnt imagine that there should be sixteen dishes prepared for her. When she ate from the eight cold dishes, she couldnt eat anymore. It is because a Western meal normally severs one main course plus a starter and sweets or desserts. The fact is that different people in the world show their different hospitality in different waysB是的。中国学生感到失望因为她用英国殷勤待客的判断，英国一个中国人的方式。在这个故事发生在中国，西方人无法想象应该有十六道菜为她准备的。当她吃了八个凉菜，她不能吃了。这是因为西餐通常会一道主菜加起动器、糖果或甜点。事实上，在世界的不同的人以不同的方式表现出不同的酒店跨文化交际期末考试复习题Definethefollowingitems:1.culture：munication：erculturalcommunication：communicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionsandsymbolsystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.4.high-contextculture：acultureinwhichmeaningisnotnecessarilycontainedinwords.Informationisprovidedthroughgestures,theuseofspace,andevensilence.5.low-contextculture：acultureinwhichthemajorityoftheinformationisvestedintheexplicitcode.6.relationshipbetweencultureandlanguage：Cultureinfluenceslanguagebywayofsymbolsandrulesforusingthosesymbols,aswellasourperceptionsoftheuniverse(themeaningassociatedwiththesymbols).Language,ontheotherhand,wouldseemtohaveamajorimpactonthewayanindividualperceivesandconceptualizestheworld.7.verbalcommunication：communicationdonebothorallyandinwrittenlanguage8.analyticalthinkingpatterns(inductive)：analyzeanddissectthingsintoelementsinordertounderstandthemproperly.Theemphasisisuponthepartsratherthanthewholeofthings.9.syntheticthinkingpatterns(deductive)：synthesizeelementsintoaunit,withtheemphasisonthe“whole”.10.nonverbalcommunication：involvesallnonverbalstimuliinacommunicationsettingthatisgeneratedbyboththesourceandhisorheruseoftheenvironmentandthathaspotentialmessagevalueforthesourceorreceiver.11.bodylanguage：referstoallnonverbalcodeswhichareassociatedwithbodymovements.Itincludesgestures,headmovements,facialexpressions,eyebehaviors,posturesandotherdisplaysthatcanbeusedtocommunicate.12.monochronictime(MTime)：Itschedulesoneeventatatime.Intheseculturestimeisperceivedasalinearstructurejustlikearibbonstretchingfromthepastintothefuture.13.polychronictime(PTime)：schedulesseveralactivitiesatthesametime.Intheseculturepeopleemphasizetheinvolvementofpeoplemorethanschedules.Theydonotseeappointmentsasironcladcommitmentsandoftenbreakthem.14.ethnocentrism：theviewofthingsinwhichonesowngroupisthecenterofeverything,andallothersarescaledandratedwithreferencetoit.15.stereotypes：aformofgeneralizationaboutsomegroupofpeople,orameansoforganizingimagesintofixedandsimplecategoriesthatareusedtostandfortheentirecollectionofpeople.16.prejudice：Itreferstonegativeattitudestowardsotherpeoplethatarebasedonfaultyandinflexiblestereotypes.Itisanunfair,biased,orintolerantattitudetowardsanothergroupofpeople.17.discrimination：Itreferstothebehavioralmanifestationsoftheprejudice,itcanbethoughtofasprejudice“inaction”.18.racism：Thebeliefthatraceaccountsfordifferencesinhumancharacterorabilityandthataparticularraceissuperiortoothers.19.cultureshock：Troublesomefeelingssuchasdepression,loneliness,confusion,inadequacy,hostility,frustration,andtension,causedbythelossoffamiliarcuesfromthehomeculture.20.acculturation：Itisculturechangethatresultsfromcontinuousfirsthandcontactbetweentwodistinctculturalgroups1。文化：什么行为和习俗意味着那些跟随他们2. communication ：give or exchange information or ideas. 2。通信：给予或交换信息或思想。3. intercultural communication ：communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event. 3。跨文化交际：人的文化观念和符号系统的不同足以改变交际事件之间的通信。4. high-context culture ：a culture in which meaning is not necessarily contained in words. Information is provided through gestures, the use of space, and even silence. 4。高语境文化：一个文化中的意义是不一定包含在的话。信息是通过手势，使用空间，甚至沉默。5. low-context culture ：a culture in which the majority of the information is vested in the explicit code. 5。低语境文化：文化中的大部分信息是归属于显式代码。6. relationship between culture and language ：Culture influences language by way of symbols and rules for using those symbols, as well as our perceptions of the universe (the meaning associated with the symbols).Language, on the other hand, would seem to have a major impact on the way an individual perceives and conceptualizes the world. 6。文化与语言的关系：文化的方式使用这些符号的符号和规则对语言的影响，以及我们对宇宙的看法（与符号相关联的意思）。语言，另一方面，似乎有一个人的方式感知和概念化世界的重大影响。7. verbal communication ：communication done both orally and in written language 8. analytical thinking patterns (inductive) ：analyze and dissect things into elements in order to understand them properly.The emphasis is upon the parts rather than the whole of things. 7。言语沟通：沟通做口头和书面语言8。分析思维模式（感应）：分析解剖事物的元素，以了解它们。重点是在部分而不是整个事情。9. synthetic thinking patterns (deductive) ： synthesize elements into a unit, with the emphasis on the “whole”. 9。综合思维模式（演绎）：合成元素到一个单位，在“整体”的重点。10. nonverbal communication ：involves all nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that is generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that has potential message value for the source or receiver. 10。非语言交际是交际环境中是由源和他或她的使用环境和具有的源或接收器的潜在信息价值生成的所有非言语刺激。11. body language ：refers to all nonverbal codes which are associated with body movements.It includes gestures, head movements, facial expressions, eye behaviors, postures and other displays that can be used to communicate. 11。身体语言：是指所有的非语言符号，与身体的运动有关。它包括手势，头部的动作，面部表情，眼神，姿势和其它的显示，可以用来沟通。12. monochronic time (M Time) ：It schedules one event at a time. I