




已阅读5页,还剩20页未读, 继续免费阅读
版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领
文档简介
The Elements of Poetry诗歌基础知识Part Prosody 格律学/诗学Prosody is the study of sound and rhythm in poetry.A. metre(格律): In listening to the human voice we can always hear that some words and syllables are stressed and that others unstressed. When the tress recurs at quite regular intervals that is, when the rhythm has a pattern the result is meter.Metre is measured in feet (韵节/音步)* A foot is a basic unit of rhythm into which a line of poetry is divided.B. Some basic metrical feet 基本格式*1. iambic foot () 抑扬格 2. trochaic trukeiik 扬抑格 3. Spondaic spondeiikfoot 扬扬格 4. Pyrrhic pirik 抑抑格 5.Anapaestic 抑抑扬格 6.Dactylic dktilik 扬抑抑格C. Line length in English poetry: One foot monometer Two feet diameter Three feet trimeter Four feet tetrameter Five feet pentameter Six feet hexameterSeven feet HeptameterEight feet Octameter* The most common line length in English Poetry is pentameter.D. Stanza: a division of a poem into units of the same number of lines, the same meter, and the same rhyme scheme.quatrain(abab), couplet(a stanza of two lines), octave(a stanza of eight lines), tercet(a stanza of three lines) two-line three-line four-line E. Rhyme (end-rhyme, 韵脚/尾韵)The repetition of the similar sound at the ends of the lines.1. feminine rhyme(阴韵): Lines that rhyme by using unstressed final syllables.2. muscular rhyme(阳韵):Lines that rhyme by using stressed.F. Rhyme Scheme: the pattern of rhymes.G. Caesura any significant pause within a line.H. Scansion(格律分析):(scan V.)The systematic analysis of patterns of stresses, syllable by syllable, sound unit by sound unit.Division into feet is sometimes arbitrary and the distinction between stressed and unstressed is not a very precise one, for many degrees of stress are possible.Part Verse Forms诗歌的韵式A group of lines forming a division in a poem is called a stanza. Traditional stanzas are linked by a common rhyme scheme the pattern of rhyme words. A. Ballad stanza 民谣体B. blank verse 无韵体C. Elegiac stanza 挽歌体D. Heroic couplet 英雄双行体E. Sonnet 十四行诗1. Italian sonnet/ Petrarchan sonnet 意大利十四行诗metrical feet and Line length: iambic pentameterRhyme scheme: a b b a , a b b a, c d e c d e a b b a , a b b a, c d e e d ca b b a , a b b a, c d cd c d 2. English sonnet / Shakespearean sonnet ( three quatrains couplet) metrical feet and line length: iambic pentameter Rhyme scheme: abab cdcd efef gg 3. Spenserian sonnet: 斯宾塞十四行诗 abab bcbc cdcd ee ( three quatrains couplet) F. Ottawa Rime A form of eightht- line stanza. The rhyme scheme is ababab cc G. Spenserian Stanza.A nine line stanza with the rhyme scheme: ababbcbcc.( iambic pentameter )The first eight lines are written in iambic pentameter is called an alexandrine. Followed by an iambic line of six feet. H. Terza Rima (iambic pentameter)An Italian verse form consisting of a series of three line stanzas in which the middle line of each stanza rhymes with the first and third lines of the following stanza as follows: aba b cb cdc, etcTerza rima is employed in Shelleys Ode to the West Wind. I. Free verse 自由诗 * No regular meter or rhymes * Indefinite number of lines * use of repetitive patterns of words, phrases, structures as WhitmanOften does. J. blank versePart Poetic Genres and Kinds诗歌种类There has never been a very precise agreement as to how the classification should be done. Different poems are said to belong to different groups, class. field according to subject matter, level of language, mode of presentation , shape of plot , prose or verse form , etc .Genre here is to indicate the traditional classroom distinction between fiction, poetry, and drama in which poetry is considered as a genre of literary works.A. classification in terms of organization 按组织方式分类A made is employed to indicate basic literary patterns of organizing experience. 组织经历和体验方式1. Narrative mode tells a story and organizes experience along a time continuum. 2. Dramatic mode presents a change and organizes experience emotionally according to the rise and fall of someones fortunes.3. Lyric mode reflects upon an experience or an idea and organizes experience irrespective of time and space.B. Classification in terms of dominant emotion One may also think of modes in terms of the dominant emotion they arouse in their presentations of experience.1. Tragedy or the tragic mode describes ones downfall and a stately language is often used. 2. Comedy or the comic mode describes ones triumph and more common language is used.3. Romance or the romantic mode describes the ideal, often in terms of nostalgia or fantasy or longing.4. Satire or the satiric mode attacks the way things are and use, distributes the blame. C. Major kindsPoetry as a genre may be subdivided into kinds (or types, or subgenre). Even if one does not believe in kinds as absolutes, knowing the characteristics of major kinds can be useful to readers in letting them know what to expect of a poem. Over years there has been general agreement about some of these kinds and their characteristics:A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.1.Epic / Heroic poetry 史诗/ 英雄史诗highest is a hierarchy of kinds.It describes the great deeds of mighty heroes or heroines and uses elevated language and a grand, high style.E.g. Miltons Paradise LostHomers Iliad and OdysseyDantes Divine ComedyAnglo-Saxon Beowulf2. Pastoral Poetry 田园诗/牧歌It describes the simple life of country folk, usu. shepherds who live a timeless, painless life in a world that is full of beauty, music, and love, and that remains forever green. Also called Eclogue, bucolic or idyll.3. Elegy 挽歌Since the Renaissance the term indicated a formal lament for the death of a particular person.4. Mock poem 讽刺诗Poems of any kind in order to attack sth / a specific vice5. Lyrics 抒情诗Short poems in which a speaker expresses intense personal emotion rather than telling a story.Blakes The lamb and The Tiger6. Ballads 民谣Narrative poems which originally were meant to be sung, created by folk, passing from person to person orally.7. A hymn/Psalm 赞美诗A song of praise, usu. in praise of God 8. Epigram/Epitaph 诗体警句/诗体铭义Epigram very short witty verseEpitaph any poem carved in stone, building, grave, etc.9. Shaped verse(concretes)形状诗/拟形诗The verse resembles a particular object.A bottle for instance.10. Ode 颂歌A complex and often lengthy lyric poem, written in a dignified formal style on some lofty or serious subject.Odes are often written for a special occasion, to a person or a season or to commemorate an event. The famous odes are Shelleys Ode to the West Wind and John Keatss Ode on a Grecian urn.Part Poetic Diction + Poetic License诗歌的语言和语法持点Poetry as a literary genre is definitely different from fiction and drama though they are closely related to one another. Even an untrained reader could easily find that dissimilarity. The differences lie in many waysforms, rhythm, rhyme language and license, etc.Now, knowing some poetic diction and license is quite helpful for beginners to understand poems.A. Use of archaic or less common words Nouns Swinepig; spousewifeSteedhorse; mainseaVerbsQuitleave; quothsaidwroughtworked; farewalk;artAre; wertwere;wiltWill; shaltshallUse of the second person singular;Do-dost; diddidstCancanstThe third person singular:Vth maketh doth B. Omissionmost functional words could be omitted 1. Relative pronouns 关系代词e.g.Tis distance (that) leads enchantment to the view. (景色远望增光彩)2. Articles 冠词e.g. The brink of (the) haunted stream 魔鬼(鬼魂)出没的河边。3. There is / are 引导词e.g. Theres many a wind and way And (theres) never a may but may. 千姿百态风和路,却无五月春常驻。4. bee.g. Mean though I am, ( I am, ) not wholly so. 我虽卑而非全然。5. prepositions 介词e.g. He mourned ( for ) no recreant friend 他不哀悼正义之友。6. Conjunctions 连词e.g. He knew himself (how) to sing. 他自己晓得怎样歌唱。7. Auxiliary verbs 助动词e.g. Tell me not in mournful numbers. ( dont tell me )勿以怨声对我说。C. Poetic License 诗歌的特许语言1. Adj. = adv.e.g. They fall successive, and successive rise. 他们屡仆屡起。The green trees whispered low and mild 绿树温言又低语。2. N + Personal Pronoun as the subject e.g.Robin he turns him round about. 罗宾转过身去。The King he laughed 国王他哈哈大笑。3. iv + pronoune.g.He twisted him to and fro 他来回扭动着身体。4. adj-est = adje.g.The stoutest hearts of Spain. (stoutest = stout ) 西班牙勇士。5. him = himself ; her = herself; you = yourself e.g.I thought me (myself) richer than the Persian king.人言波斯五家有,我觉比他胜一筹。6. nornor = neither nor or or = either or D. Inversion 语序例置1. N + attribute = attri + Ne.g. And there I shut her wild eyes with kisses four. 2Predicate + Subject = subj + Predie.g.Roar the mountains thunders all the ground 大地滚雷,山川怒吼。3. Object + Predicate = Pred: + Obj.e.g.Four nobles a week then Ill give to thee. 每周派遣四个贵族。4. of + N2 + N1 = N1+ of + N2e.g.Thou sun, of this great world both eye and soul 太阳啊,你是这个伟大世界的眼睛和灵魂。5. N + prep =prep + Ne.g. Echo walks steep hills among 回声在峻间荡漾。E. Use of imagery and rhetorical devices imagery is frequently employed in poetry, which means three related but distinct things:(1) The mental pictures suggested by the verbal descriptions in a poem.(2) The visual descriptions in the poem itself.(3) The figurative language in the poem.Most notional words not only denote a thing or action, but also connote feelings and associations suggested by them.worddenotationConnotation4-leggedStrengthHorseRide ableVitalityWorkableVigorBrief introduction of Rhetorical Devices. Lexical Stylistic Devices 词义上的修辞格1Simile 明喻A direct comparison between two or more unlike things; normally introduced by “like” or “as”.e.g. I wandered lonely as cloud. 我象一朵浮云独自漫游。2. Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻An implied comparison between two or more unlike things.e.g. By the hour the volcanic fires of his nature had burnt down.到这时候他本性中那种暴烈的火焰,已经燃烧殆尽。Military glory is a bubble blown from blood. 军事上的荣耀是用鲜血吹成的气泡。3. Metonymy 借代,转喻, 借喻.The substitution of the name of one thing for that of another.e.g. in the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread Bible 为了谋生,你将终生辛苦。( sweat hard work; eat bread live )Meaning: You shall have to work hard in order to live.A. A concrete image for an abstract concept. The hall applauded.(The hall the people in the hall )整个大厅掌声雷动。B. The container for the thing(s) contained. Grey hair should be respected ( Grey hair old age old people) 老年人应该受到大家的尊重。C. Features of a thing for the thing itself. crown king / hardhat construction worker.4. Allusion, A reference to a person, a place, an event, or a literary work that a writer expects the reader to recognize and respond to.An allusion may be drawn from history geography, literature, or religion.In Act One of Macbeth, Ross praises Macbeths valor and skill in the batte by referring to him as “Bellona bridegroom”. In Roman mythology Bellona was the Goddess of war.5. Analogy A comparison made between two things to show the similarities between them.e.g. As among the words of nature no man can properly call a river deep or a mountain high, without the knowledge of many mountains and many rivers; so in the production of genius, nothing can be styled excellent till it has been compared with other works of the same kind.The pen is mightier than the sword. 笔杆子比刀剑更有力。(penarticles, swordwar, arms)D. One concrete for another concrete 6. PersonificationRepresenting sth. without life / abstract as a human being or as having human qualities.e.g.In November a cold, unseen stranger, whom the doctors called Pneumonia, stalked about the colony, touching one here and there with his icy fingers. 十一月间,一个冷冰冰的,未被人注意的陌生人偷偷地在这个艺术家聚居区徘徊,这个人被医生称做肺炎,他在各处用冰冷的手指摸摸这个,摸摸那个。Blow, blow, thou winter wind, Thou art not so unkind, Thy tooth is no so keen, Because thou are not seen, Although thy breath be rude.7.Irony 反语The use of the words in which the contrary is to be understood.e.g.It world be a fine thing indeed not knowing what time it was in the morning. 要是早晨不知道到了什么时间那才好了。8. Hyperbole 夸张/夸大Exaggeration, overstatemente.g.He ran down the avenue, making a noise like ten horses at a gallot.他飞快地沿着大道跑去,发出的声音像十几匹马在狂奔。9. Litotes 含蓄渲染Understatement by use of negatives.e.g. And he was not right fat, (He was right lean) Ive studied human nature, and I know a thing or two; There was a slight disturbance in the city yesterday.昨天城里出了一点小乱子。10. Euphemism 委婉语The conveying of a harsh or an unpleasant truth gently.e.g. Passed away die Be no more Be gone (Titanic) Depart 11. Contrast 对照The presentation of two opposite things in the statement(s).e.g. Well, Californias a big state.There arent room enough for you and me 12. Oxymoron 矛盾修饰 / 反映The union of contradictory terms.e.g.Beautiful tyrant, friend angelical, Dove feathers raven, wolfish-ravening lamb,A damned saint, an honourable villain William Shakepeare: Romeo and Juliet美丽的暴君,天使般的恶魔!长着鸽子羽毛的渡鸭,嗜杀成性的羔羊!该造诅咒的圣法,体面的恶棍。proud humility 骄傲的谦虚living death 活着的死亡dear enemy wise fool sweet sorrow*13 Transferred Epithet 移就/转移修饰语(描述词)An adjective or short descriptive phrase which should modify word A is used to modify word B.e.g.Darrow had whispered throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder as we were waiting for the court to open.我们等着开庭,这时达若一面低声说话,一面伸过安慰的胳膊放在我肩上。Gray peace pervaded the wilderness ninged Argentia Bay in Newfoundland.灰色的宁静笼罩着四周一片荒凉的纽芬兰阿根夏湾。(Gray peace peaceful grey water, gray shy, gray air + grey hills)I enjoy the cool support of the water.我享受着池水的凉爽漂浮(我漂浮在水里,享受着池水的清凉。)14. Apostrophe a figure of speech in which an absent or dead person, an abstract quality, or sth nonhuman is addressed directly.e.g.“Roll on, thou deep and dark blue Ocean roll” Childe Harolds Pilgrimage by Byron15. Paradox, A statement that reveals a kind of truth, although it seems at first to be self contradictory and untrue.c.f. Oxymorone.g.I believe, though, that praise should be measured. If there must be any, it should be negative to be constructive.不过,我认为,表扬必须有分寸,如果一定要表扬,也只能是消极的才是有建设性的。More haste, less speed,One has to be cruel to be kind.The child is father of the man.16. pun.The use of a word or phrase to suggest two or more meanings at the same time. Puns are generally humorous.e.g.“Come in tailor, here you may roast your goose.”(The goose was a tailors pressing iron) a surprised silence 惊讶的沉默 a pitiful white smile 一丝可怜的苍白的微笑。. Syntactical stylistic devices 结构上的修辞格1. Parallelism 排比,对偶The parallel presentation of two or more phrases, Clauses or sentences.e.g. Their sun-burned faces were dark, and their sun-whipped eyes were light.他们太阳晒烤的脸黑黝黝的,他们久经风霜的眼炯炯散光。 Better to reign in hell than serve in heaven.宁为地狱王,不为天宫臣。2. Rhetoric Question 设问,修饰性问句。One asked for its probable effect on the audience, not because the speaker does not know the answer.e.g. Can a man be too cruel to his mothers enemy?难道一个人采取行动来对付他母亲的仇人,还会嫌太残酷吗? Shall we allow these untruths to go unanswered?难道我让这些谣言四处传播,而不予以抨击吗?3. Climax 层递A rising arrangement of parts so that the greatest strength or chief point of interest is at the end.e.g.Looking at Ruth Abbot and her husband, he had the feeling that he had known them for a time that could not be measured in terms of minutes, or hours, or days or years, for those were standards that did not apply.他看着美露丝艾博特和她的丈夫,感到自己似乎认识他们很久了,已经不能以分钟、或小时,或天数,以至于不能以年头来计算时间了,因为这些微量标准都完全用不上。* The opposite of climax is anti climax a sort of “ladder to get down by ”e.g.I am told several pickpockets are here. Let them remember that the eye of God is on them, and also that there are a number of policemen in the house. Phonetic Stylistic Devices 音韵上的修辞格 1. Alliteration, 头韵The use of two or more words that begin with the same letter.e.g. We call a nettle but a nettle, and the faults of fools but folly.荨麻就是荨麻,傻瓜的过失就是傻?。 His great gaunt figure filled the cabin door.他高大枯瘦的身形塞满了小木屋的门。2. Assonance: 元音韵 A repetition of similar vowel sounds in a line or series of linese.g.We are marching backwards to the glorify age of the 16th century when bigots lighted faggots to burn the men who dared to bring any intelligence and enlightenment and culture to the human mind.我们正大步倒退到光宋的16世纪时代,那时候有偏执?的人点燃树根烧死任何敢于给人类带来智慧、启示和文明的人。2. Onomatopoeia 拟声The use of words whose sound is an imitation or an echo to the sound described.e.g.How the pertly ladies talk little tattle, tittle tattle!Like their patters when they walk pittle pattle, pittle pattle.漂亮的女士们说起话来叽叽喳喳,叽叽喳喳像说话一样她们走起路来踢踢踏踏,踢踢踏踏。* Denotation-The literal or “dictionary” meaning of a word. 外延为* Denotation-All the emoti
温馨提示
- 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
- 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
- 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
- 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
- 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
- 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
- 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。
最新文档
- 合同审查及审批流程标准化模板合同签订支持
- 企业运营风险管理模板
- 供应链管理监控报表模板
- 2025年病案首页填写规范考试试题及答案
- 2025广东汕头市中心医院招聘编外人员57人考前自测高频考点模拟试题及答案详解(名师系列)
- 记一次难忘的春游活动记事作文13篇范文
- 2025福建厦门一中集美分校(灌口中学)顶岗教师招聘1人模拟试卷及答案详解(网校专用)
- 医疗设备维护保养标准化操作手册
- 《DNA结构与复制的生物科学教案》
- 产品设计方案模板
- 《念奴娇·赤壁怀古》+2025-2026学年统编版高一语文必修上册
- 重庆八中高 2027 届高二(上)第一次月考语文试卷(含答案)
- 2025年石嘴山市消防救援支队招录第二批政府专职消防队员的(65人)考试参考试题及答案解析
- 基础水文数据采集与管理项目方案
- 注塑机操作安全培训课件
- 1.2.2单细胞生物(教学设计)生物苏教版2024七年级上册
- 艾媒咨询2025年中国新式茶饮大数据研究及消费行为调查数据
- 雷达式水位计安装单元工程质量验收评定表
- 招商银行笔试题库及参考答案
- 挂靠公司走帐协议书范本
- 2025年中国电信集团校园招聘笔试模拟试题集
评论
0/150
提交评论