定语从句与同位语从句(全)

教案 7.21定语从句详细讲解一、定义及相关术语1. 定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。2. 先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。3. 关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等； 关系副词有when, where, why等。关系词通常有下列三个作用：a.引导定语从句；b.代替先行词；c.在定语从句中担当一个成分。the man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.该句中，who is shaking hands with my father 是定语从句，修饰先行词the man，“who”是引导定语从句的关系词，代替先行词the man，在定语从句中作主语。二、关系代词引导的定语从句1. who 指人，在定语从句中作主语。the boys who are playing football are from class one.正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。those who want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning.想去博物馆的人必须在明晨7 点到大门口集合。yesterdayi helped an old man who had lost his way.昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。that is the teacher who teaches us physics.那就是教我们物理的老师。2. whom 指人，在定语从句中作宾语，常可省略。mr liu is the person ( whom ) you talked about on the bus.刘先生就是你们在公共汽车上谈论的那个人。li ming is just the boy ( whom ) i want to see.李明正是我想要见的男孩。the professor( whom ) you are waiting for has come.你正在等的教授已经来了。the girl ( whom ) the teacher often praises is our monitor.老师经常表扬的那个女孩是我们的班长。精品资料注意：关系代词whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用who 来代替，也可省略。the man ( whom / who )you met just now is my old friend.3. which 指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。football is a game which is liked by most boys.足球是大多数男孩所喜欢的运动。the factory which makes computersis far away from here.制造计算机的那家公司离这儿很远。he likes to read books which are written by foreign writers.他喜欢外国作家写的书。the house which is by the lake looks nice.湖边的那幢房子看上去很漂亮。this is the pen ( which ) he bought yesterday. 这是他昨天买的钢笔。the film ( which ) they went to see last night was not interestingat all.他们昨晚看的电影一点意思也没有。4. that 指人时，相当于who 或 whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。the number of people that / who cometo visit this city each year reaches one million.每年来参观这座城市的人数达一百万。where is the man that / whom i sawthis morning?我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿？ the person that /whom you introduced to me is very kind.你介绍给我的那个人很友好。the season that / which comes after spring is summer.春天以后的季节是夏季。yesterdayi receiveda letter that / which camefrom australia. 昨天我收到了一封来自澳大利亚的信。5. whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。i visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country. 我拜访了一个全国知名的科学家。he has a friend whose father is a doctor.他有一个爸爸当医生的朋友。i once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in.我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里。三、“ 介词+关系代词 ”引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。the school (which / that) he once studied in is very famous.=the school in which he once studied is very famous. 他曾经就读过的学校很出名。tomorrowill bring here the magazine (which / that) you asked for.=tomorrowill bring here the magazinefor which you asked.明天我将把你要的杂志带来。this is the boy (whom / who / that) i played tennis with yesterday.=thisis the boy with whom i played tennis with yesterday.这是我昨天跟他打台球的男孩。well go to hear the famoussinger (whom / who / that) we have often talked about.=well go to hear thefamous singer about whom we have often talked.我们将去听那位我们经常谈论的著名歌唱家演唱。the manager whose company i work in pays much attention to improving our working conditions.=the manager in whose companyi work pays much attentionto improving our working conditions.我工作的那家公司的经理十分注意改善我们的工作条件。. 含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：look for，look after， takecare of 等。this is the watch (which / that) i am looking for.(正) this is the watch for which i am looking .(误)这是我正在找的手表。the babies (whom / who / that) the nurse is looking after are very healthy.(正)the babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy.（误） 那个保姆照看的小宝宝们都很健康。若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用who, that；关系代词指物时只可用which，不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。the man with whom youtalked just now is my neighbour.(正)the man with that / who youtalked just now is my neighbour.(误)你刚才跟他谈话的那个人是我的邻居。the plane in which we flew to canadawas really comfortable.( 正 ) the plane in that we flew to canada was really comfortable.(误)我们去加拿大所乘坐的飞机实在很舒服。“介词+关系代词”前还可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代词或者数词。（将先行词带入试试，可以看出介词是否有问题）如：he loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.他深深地爱着他的父母，他们俩待他都很好。in the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.篮子里有好些苹果，有些已经坏了。there are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.我们班总共有40 个学生，大多数来自大城市。up to now, he has writtenten stories, three of which are about country life.迄今为止，他写了10 部小说，其中部是关于农村生活的。四、关系副词引导的定语从句1. when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。i still rememberthe day when i first came to this school.我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。the time when we got together finally arrived.我们团聚的时刻终于到了。october1, 1949 was the day when the peoples republic of china was founded.1949 年 10 月 1 日是中华人民共和国成立的日子。do you remember the years when he lived in the countrysidewith his grandparents.你还记得在农村和你祖父母一起生活的那些年吗？2. where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。shanghai is the city where i was born. 上海是我出生的城市。the house where i lived ten years ago has been pulled down. 我十年前住的房子已经被拆掉了。i visited the farm where a lot of cows were raised . 我参观了那个饲养了许多奶牛的农场。is this the place where they foughtthe enemy? 这是他们当初打敌人的地方吗？3. why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。pleasetell me the reason why you missed the plane. 请告诉我你误机的原因。the reason why he was punished is unknown to us. 他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道。i dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 我不知道他今天为什么看上去不愉快。注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。如：fromthe years when / in which he was going to primary school in the country he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up.自从他在农村读小学时，他就已经知道长大后要做什么。greatchanges are taking place in the city where / in which they live.他们生活的城市正发生巨大的变化。the reason why / for which he refused the invitationis quite clear.他为什么拒绝接受邀请的原因是十分明了的。五、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句句型意义翻译逗号that非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句只是对先行词的补充说是先行词不可缺少的定明，如删除，主句仍能表达 语，如删除，主句则失去意完整的意思。义或意思表达不完整。通常译成主句的并列句译成先行词的定语：“的”有无不可用可用限制性定语从句举例：the teacher told me that tom was the only person that i could depend on. 老师告诉我说汤姆是我唯一的可以依靠的人。china is a country which has a long history. 中国是一个历史悠久的国家。in the street i saw a man who was from africa. 在街上我看到一个来自非洲的人。非限制性定语从句举例：his mother, who loves him very much,is strict with him. 他妈妈十分地爱他，对他要求很严格。china, which was foundedin 1949, is becomingmore and more powerful. 中国是1949 年成立的，现在正变得越来越强大。last summer i visited the peoples great hall, in which many important meetings are held every year. 去年夏天，我参观了人民大会堂，在那儿每年都要举行许多重要会议。（一）只能用 that 引导定语从句的情况1. 当先行词是everything,anything, nothing (除something), all, none, few, little, some等不定代词时，或当先行词受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much 等代词修饰时。have you taken down everything that mr. li said? 李老师讲的你都记下来了吗？ there seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. 对他来说似乎世界上没有什么不可能的事。all that can be done has been done. 所有能做的都做好了。there is little that i can do for you. 我不能为你干什么。he stayed in the library and looked up any informationthat they needed. 他呆在图书馆查找所需的资料。(不重要，知道就行)注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who，如：any man that / who has a sense of duty wont do such a thing. 任何有责任感的人都不会做这样的事。all the guests that / who were invited to her wedding were important people. 所有应邀来参加她婚礼的客人都是重要人物。2. 当先行词被序数词修饰时。如：the first place that they visited in london was the big ben. 在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。3. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如：this is the best film that i have ever seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。4. 当先行词被the very（恰恰）, the only（唯一）, the sane（同样）, the last（最后） 等词修饰时。如：this is the very dictionarythat i want to buy. 这正是我要买的词典。after the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owns. 家里发生了火灾过后，那辆旧车成了他的唯一拥有。（不重要，知道就行）注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who。如：wang hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting. 王华是我校唯一出席会议的人。5. 当先行词前面有who, which 等疑问代词时。如：who is the man that is standing by the gate? 站在门口的那个人是谁？which is the t-shirt that fits me most? 哪件t 恤衫最合我的身？ 6当先行词为人与动物或人与物时。如：they talked about the persons and thingsthat they rememberedat school 他们谈论着他们所能记起的在校时的人和事。look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street.瞧瞧那个沿街走来的人和他的毛驴。7. 当先行词是way，manner，measure 等表示方法的词和cause、reason、matter 等表示原因的词时，关系代词常用that 代替 in which, for which, why,也常可省略。如：the cause (in which) we support them is unquestionable.=the cause (why) we support them is unquestionable.=the cause (that) we support them is unquestionable.我们援助他们的理由是不容置疑的she admired the way（that） they solved the questions.i dont like the way (that / in which) you laugh at her.我不喜欢你冲她的样子。（二）只能使用关系词which 不使用 that 的情况1. 在非限制性定语从句中只能使用关系词which,不能使用关系词that bamboo is hollow,which makes it light. 竹子是空心的，这使得它很轻。2. 在“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中,只能使用关系词which,不能使用thatthis is the room in which chairman mao once lived. 这就是毛主席曾经住过的地方。（该句中的 in which=where）3、在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了that, 另一个宜用which。let me show you the novelthat i borrowed from the librarywhich was newly open to us. 我来给你看我从新开的图书馆里借来的那本小说。注：that 引导的从句修饰先行词the novel，which 引导的定语从句修饰先行词the library。4、当关系代词后面有插入语时。here is the english grammarwhich, as i have told you, will help improve your english.这就是我跟你说过的会有助于提高你英语的那本英语语法书。注：句中俩逗号夹的那一部分就是插入语，为了不影响对句子结构的理解，看到插入语类似这种的成分可以先划掉，去分析其他部分的句子。5、先行词为that 时。the clock is that which can tell us the time. 钟是报时的装置。注：该句也可以换成名词性从句the clock is what can tell us the time.（三）关系代词as 和 which 引导的定语从句as 和which 引导非限制性定语从句时，其用法有相同之处，也有不同之处。具体情况是：1、as 和which 都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。如： he married her, as / which was natural. 他跟她结婚了，这是很自然的事。he is honest, as / which we can see. 他很诚实，这一点我们看得出来。2、as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至分割主句。which 引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外，as 常常有“正如、正像”的含义。如： as is known to all, china is a developing country. 众所周知，中国是发展中国家。he is from the south, as we can know from his accent. 他是南方人，这一点我们从他的口音可以知道。john, as you know, is a famous writer. 正如你所知，约翰是个著名作家。zhang hua has been to paris more thanten times, which i dont believe. 张华已去过巴黎十多次了，这一点我不相信。注意：当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用 which。如： tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry. 汤姆老是迟到，这使得老师很恼火。these tables are made of metal,which made them very heavy. 这些桌子是金属的， 这使得这些桌子很重。3. 当先行词受such, the same 修饰时，关系词常用as。 如：ive never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过象他讲的这样的故事。he is not such a fool as he looks. 他可不象他看上去的那样傻。this is the same dictionaryas i lost last week. 这部词典跟我上星期丢失的一样。注意：当先行词受the same 修饰时，偶尔也用that 引导定语从句，但与as 引导的定语从句意思有区别。如：she wore the same dress that she wore at marys wedding. 她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。she wore the same dress as her youngersister wore. 她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的连衣裙。（四）关系代词与关系副词的选择用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句主要看关系词在定语从句中的作用（即所担当的成分）。试比较：a. i know a place where we can have a picnic.我知道一个我们可以野炊的地方。i know a place which / that is famousfor its beautiful natural scenery. 我知道一个以自然景色优美而闻名的地方。b. i will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together.我永远忘不了我们一起度假的日子。i will never forget the days that / which we spenttogether.我永远忘不了我们一起度过的日子。c. this is the reason why he was dismissed.这就是他被解雇的原因。this is the reason that / which he explainedto me for his not attending the meeting.这就是他向我解释的他没有参加会议的原因。（五） but 有时也用作关系词引导定语从句there are veryfew but admire his talents.很少有人不赞赏他的才干的。（but = who dont）同位语从句详细讲解一、定义及相关术语同位语：一个名词或代词后面有时跟一个名词或起名词作用的成分，对前者进一步说明。同位语从句一般用来解释或说明前面名词的具体含义或内容，在逻辑上表现为同位关系。同位语从句的引导词有：关系代词（that,，whether，what，which，who），关系副词（when，where，why， how ），通常由that 引导。常用于同位语从句的名词有：advice（建议），demand（要求），information（信息），news（信息），order（命令），promise（答应），request（要求），suggestion（建议），wish（希望），word(话),agreemen（t一致意见），assumption（假定）， awareness（意识），belief（信仰），conclusion（结论），conviction（深信），decision（决定），delusion（错觉），determination（决心），discovery（发现），doubt（怀疑），dream（梦想）， evidence（证据），explanation（解释），fact（事实），feeling（感觉），guarantee（保证）， guess （ 猜测） ,hope( 希望 ),idea(观 点),knowledge(认识),likelihood(可 能性),message(信息), mind(想法), news(消息),notion(观念),objection(反对),opinion(观点),possibility(可能性),prediction(预测),probability(可能性),problem(问题),proof(证据),proposal(建议),proposition(论点、主张),question(问题),realization(认识),rumor(传闻),sign(迹象),truth(事实),theory(理论),thought(想法) ，answer（回答）等等抽象名词。例：the news that they had won the game soonspread over the whole school他.们比赛获胜的消息很快传遍了整个学校。二、同位语从句的引导词使用情况1. 如同位语从句意义完整，应用that 引导同位语从句。（即 that 不充当任何成分，只起连接作用，不可省略）the general gave theorder that the soldiers should cross the river at once将.了战士们立即过河的命令。军下达解析:the soldiers should cross the river at onc是e因此应用that 引导同位语从句。the order的全部内容，且意义完整，2. 如同位语从句意义不完整，需增加是否的含义，应用whether 引导同位语从句。（if不能引导同位语从句）well discuss the problemwhether the sports meeting will be held on time我. 们将讨论运动会是否会如期举行的问题。解析：the sports meeting will be held on tim意e 义不完整，应加是否的含义才能表达the problem的全部内容，因此应用whether 引导同位语从句。3. 如同位语从句意义不完整，需增加什么时候、什么地点、什么方式等含义， 应用 when, where, how等词引导同位语从句。i have no ideawhen he will be back.解析：he will be back 意义不完整，应加什么时候的含义才能表达idea 的全部内容， 因此应用when 引导同位语从句。i have no impressionhow he went home, perhaps by bike.解析：he went home意义不完整，应加如何的含义才能表达impression的全部内容，因此应用how 引导同位语从句。4. 当主句的谓语较短，而同位语从句较长时，同位语从句可以和同位的名词分开。同位语从句常后置。the thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled（逃跑）the city. the story goes that he beats his wife. 传说他打老婆。the news got about that he had won a car in the lottery. 消息传开说他中彩得了一辆汽车。三、同位语从句的语气在suggestion, advice, request, order等意为“建议；命令；要求”的名词后，同位语从句中的谓语动词通常用“should +动词原形”的虚拟语气结构，句中的should 可以省略。例如：our teacher gave us some advice how we (should) use the computer.老师给我们提出了一些如何使用电脑的建议。the suggestion came from the chairmanthat the new rule (should) be adopted.采纳新规则的建议是主席提出来的。the government gavethe order that all these houses (should) be pulled down in three weeks.政府下令三个星期内所有这些房子都要拆掉。定语从句与同位语从句的区别一、意义的不同同位语从句是用于说明所修饰名词的具体内容的，它与先行词是同位关系；而定语从句是限制所修饰名词的，它与先行词是修饰关系。we are glad at thenews that he will come. 听到他要来这个消息我们很高兴。(news 的内容就是that he will come，故that 引导的是同位语从句)we are glad at thenews that he told us. 听到他告诉我们的这个消息我们很高兴(。that 从句是限制the news 的内容的，即我们高兴只是因为他告诉的这个news 而不是其他的news，故 that 从句为定语从句)二、引导词的不同what, how, if, whatever等可引导同位语从句，但不引导定语从句。定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导，关系词在从句中担当相应的句子成分，关系代词在从句中作宾语时经常可省略。同位语从句主要由连词that 引导，在从句中一般不担当成分；有时也由where, when, how, who, whether, what 等连词引导，这些连词则在从句中担当成分。the news that he told me is true. （定）他告诉我的消息是真的。the news that he has just died is true.（同） 他刚刚去世了，这个消息是真的。the problemthat we are facing now is how we can collectso much money. (定) 我们现在面临的问题是如何筹集这么多资金。the problemhow we can collectso much money is difficult to solve. （同） 我们如何筹集这么多资金，这个问题很难解决。三、被修饰词语的区别同位语从句所修饰的名词比较有限，通常有hope, wish, idea, news, fact, promise, opinion, suggestion, truth等，而定语从句所修饰的名词则非常广泛。 另外，when 和where 引导定语从句时，通常只修饰表示时间和地点的名词，而它们引导同位语从句时却不一定；又如why 引导定语从句，它通常只修饰名词the reason，而它引导同位语从句时则不一定。i have noidea when they will come . 我不知道他们什么时候来。(同)ill never forget the days wheni lived there. 我永远不会忘记我住在那儿的日子。(定)we dont understand theproblem why this is the best choice.我们不明白这个问题，为什么这是最好的选择。(同)the reasonwhy he didnt come to the meeting is that he is ill.他未能来开会，原因是他生病了。(定)四、是否可以发展成完整句子同位语从句与先行词一般可以用动词 be 发展成一个完整的句子, 而定语从句则不能。a. the idea that we could ask the teacherfor advice is wonderful. （同）我们可以向老师请教，这个主意不错。the idea was that we could ask the teacherfor advice.b. the fact that the earth moves around the sun is knownto all. （同） 地球围绕太阳转，这个事实人人皆知。the fact is that the earth moves around the sun.c. pay attention to the problem how we can protect the wild animals. （同） 请注意如何保护野生动物这个问题。the problem is how we can protect the wild animals.exercises:1. alice has a large collection of phone, was taken in londo（nd. ）a none of themb no one of whichc all of whichd none of which2. she may have missed her train, in case she wont arrive for another hour. a whatb thatc whichd this3.1)i have three children，and two of are doctors.2)i have three children，two of are doctors. a themb thatc whichd whom(a d)4.there two thousand students in our school, are gir（ls.d）a two-thirds in which b two-thirds in them c two-thirds of them d of whom two thirds（引导的是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词是students,指人，所以引导定语从句应该用whom，也可以说two thirds of whom）5.i have bought two pencils， writes wel（l. d）a neither of them b none of them c neither of whichd none of which（都是没有一个的意思，但none of 用于三者以上neither of 只用于两者之间）6. these houses are sold at such a low price people expected.当先行词被such 修饰时，定语从句用as 引导，即构成结构为such+（a/an）形容词名词as引导的定语从句，意为.像 一样的。整个句子意为：这些房屋以人们原来估计的那样低的价格出售。7. ive never heard so interesting a story you told me.由so interesting a story = such an interesting stor和y 上面一题的解释便可得知答案。as在定语从句中作宾语。整句意为：我从未听说过像你告诉我那样有趣的故事。8. ive seen the same film you saw yesterday.9. ill buy the same coat you wear.当先行词被same 修饰时，定语从句由that 或as 引导，但意思不同。用that 引导定语从句指同一物，而用as 引导定语从句指同类事物。10. is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.s 在此引导非限制性定语从句，代表它所修饰的整个句子内容，并且它可放在所修饰句子的前、中或后面。其常见结构如：as you know, as is said above, as is often the case（情况经常是这样）等。如填it，则需将逗号改为that；如选d，则需将逗号改为is that。11. this is the first time he has been he（ret.hat）12. i dont like the way you speak to h（ert.hat/省略）13. this is the best factory we visited last year（. that）14. please pass me the dictionary cover is red .(whose)16. do you know the comrade战( whoc. whomd. to that友) we are talking ?a. to whomb. to17. they visited the house the great writer was born（. born in 后往往接地点、年份或大地点，born on 后面往往接具体的某一天，born from表示源自，由而生（灵感）,born of 出生于.家庭）（b）a. from where b. in whichc. whichd. in where18. the comrade is speaking at the meeting is my teache（r.who）19. he asked us to watch carefully everything he did in clas（s.that）20. ill visit the professor tomorrow, he will be back from shanghai .(when)21. the city my mother grew up is not far from here.(where)22. our teacher l