华东师范大学跨文化交际复习.doc

跨文化交际复习Definition MatchingDefinitionCulture (Page 11):1. The arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively(From Intellectual Perspective)2. The customs, civilizations, and achievements of a particular time or people(From Anthropologic Perspective)3. Culture may be defined as what a society does and thinks(From Social Perspective)4. The collective programing of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another; “software of the mind”(From Psychological Perspective)5. Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.Communication (Page 31):Communication focuses on how people use messages to generate meaning within and across all kinds of contexts, cultures, channels and media.Intercultural Communication (Page 44):Intercultural communication refers to the communication between people from different cultures.High-context Cultures (Page 37):Including much of the Middle East, Asia, Africa and South America. People in these cultures emphasize interpersonal relationships. Collectivist. Words are not so important as context, which might include the speakers tone of voice, facial expression, gestures, posture. One word may have ten words meanings.Low-context Cultures (Page 37):Including North America and much of Western Europe. People from these cultures value logic, facts, and directness. Decisions are based on fact rather than intuition. All communicators are expected to be straightforward, concise, and efficient in telling what action is expected.Stereotype (Page 47):A stereotype emerges when a blanket perception is applied to an entire group of people. (以偏概全，例如以对一个中国人的印象来判断对所有中国人的印象)Ethnocentrism (Page 52):Ethnocentrism refers to the idea that ones own culture is the center of everything, and all other groups (or cultures) are scaled and rated with reference to it.Kinesics (Page 146):Kinesics refers to the study of body movements. 人体动作学Denotational meaning （Page 126）The literal meaning or definition of a word-the explicit, particular, defined meaning, which usually can be pinned down with reasonable precision.Connotational meaning (Page 126)The suggestive meaning of a word, all the values, judgements, and status implied by a word, “unspoken significance” behind the literal meaning.Sapir-Whorf hypothesis (Page )A hypothesis holding that the structure of a language affects the perceptions of reality of its speakers and thus influences their thought patterns and worldviews.Non-verbal communication (Page 144)It is usually understood as the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless messages.Encoding (Page 33)Encoding refers to the activity during which the sender must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message.Decoding (Page 33)Decoding is the process of translating print into speech by rapidly matching graphemes to phonemes, syllables, and morphrmes.Paralanguage (Page 152) 辅助语言Paralanguage deals with that which directly accompanies our spoken communication, such as accent, pronunciation, pace, pitch, volume and tone.QuestionsWould you elaborate the characteristics of culture?1. Culture is learned.2. Culture is a shared meaning system.3. Culture is transmitted from generation to generation.4. Culture influences biological process.5. Culture is subject to change.6. Culture is integrated.What are the 5 elements of communication? How is the communication going? (p31-34, passage 2, 3)Sender, receiver, message, channel, feedback (response or reaction)Information source: What or who is trying to send a message to the receiverEncoder: transmit informationMessage: encoded message that is transmitted by the mediumChannel: What the message is transmitted on.Decoder: The decoder takes the encoded message and converts it to a form the receiver understands.Receiver: the target of the messageGive examples to illustrate its importance of intercultural communication(P44 passage 1) Understand the definitions of individualism-collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity-femininity? (p106 passage1)individualism-collectivism is the extent to which ones self-identity is defined according to individual characteristics or by the characteristics of the groups to which the individual belongs on a permanent basis, and the extent to which individual or group interests dominate.Power distance is the extent to which power differences are accepted and sanctioned in a society. People from high power distance are expected to be told what to do. People from low power distance dont necessarily accept the order. Uncertainty avoidance is the extent to which societies focus on ways to reduce uncertainty and create stability. High uncertainty avoidance think uncertainty dangerous while low uncertainty avoidance think uncertainty curious.Masculinity-femininity is the extent to which traditional male orientations of ambition and achievement are emphasized over traditional female orientations of nurturance and interpersonal harmony. 男性主义/女性主义 该文化中代表男性的品质多还是代表女性的品质多。Case Study & Essay Questions(1) What are the key words or phrases to define characteristics of the people of the United States of America? And give examples to elaborate one of the characteristics.Independent, unique, direct, easy to talk with, never hide their opinions, not bother about small matters, desire for freedomIn America, parents wont support their children until 18. Children earn pocket money by doing housework. Americans believe that they should take care of themselves, solve their own problems. Most Americans believe they must be self-reliant in order to keep their freedom.(2) Do you believe that traditional Chinese cultural values have changed a lot in modern China? Please give examples to support your argument. In my own view, its improper to say that traditional Chinese cultural values have changed