学术英语-综合-第二单元ppt课件

学术英语AcademicEnglish Unit2BusinessEthics TextAStrikingtheRightBalance FreeenterpriseFreeenterprisereferstothesystemofbusinessinwhichindividualsarefreetodecidewhattoproduce howtoproduceit andatwhatpricetosellit 自由企业制度 就是确保企业能够拥有在产权受法律保护的基础上所享有的自由创业权 自由经营权 自由交易权以及自由支配或处置财产权等一系列的制度安排 它包括产权制度 进入退出制度 公平竞争制度 平等合约制度 平等交易制度以及平等获取信息服务制度等 Unit2BusinessEthics TextABackgroundinformation Doyouagreeornot Profitmaximizationistherightgoalforabusiness AdamSmith 2016年3 15晚会 共筑消费新生态 曝光 饿了么 惊现黑心作坊看完你还会饿么 曝光 制造用废钢料这样的假牙你敢戴吗 权威发布 跨境电商进口儿童用品超三成不合格 消费预警 你买的人参可能一半是白糖 Balanceprofitandbusinessethics 6 BusinessEthics Businessethicsmeanswrittenandunwrittencodesofmoralstandardsthatarecriticaltothecurrentactivitiesandfutureaspirationsofabusinessorganization Theycandifferfromonecompanytoanotherbecauseofdifferencesinculturalperspectives operationalstructuresandstrategicorientations Theguidingframeworkofbusinessethicsexistsalllevelsoftheorganization Itisabouthavingthewisdomtodeterminethedifferencebetweenrightactionsandwrongdecisions Insimplerterms businessethicsprovidesthemoralitystandardsandbehavioralpatternsexpectedofindividualsandthebusinessasawhole Thesemoralstandardscanbeperceivedintermsofthemicroenvironmentandmacroenvironmentofthebusiness StakeholderVSShareholder Therearetwoschoolsofthoughtregardinghowcompaniesshouldapproachadefinitionforbusinessethics theshareholderperspectiveandthestakeholderperspective StakeholderVSShareholder ShareholderPerspectiveThosewhoapproachethicaldecisionmakingfromashareholderperspectivefocusonmakingdecisionsthatareintheowners bestinterest Decisionsareguidedbyaneedtomaximizereturnoninvestmentfortheorganization sshareholders Individualswhoapproachethicsfromthisperspectivefeelthatethicalbusinesspracticesareonesthatmakethemostmoney StakeholderVSShareholder StakeholderPerspectiveThephrasecorporatesocialresponsibilityisoftenusedindiscussionsofbusinessethics Theideabehindthisconceptisthebeliefthatcompaniesshouldconsidertheneedsandinterestsofmultiplestakeholdergroups notjustthosewithadirectfinancialstakeintheorganization sprofitsandlosses Organizationsthatapproachbusinessethicsfromastakeholderperspectiveconsiderhowdecisionsimpactthoseinsideandoutsidetheorganization Stakeholdersmayinclude employees suppliers customers competitors governmentagencies thenewsmedia communityresidentsandothers Theideabehindstakeholderbasedethicaldecisionmakingistomakesoundbusinessdecisionsthatworkforthegoodofallaffectedparties ImportanceofEthicalBusinessDecisions Companiesandpeoplewhobehaveinasociallyresponsiblemanneraremuchmorelikelytoenjoyultimatesuccessthanthosewhoseactionsaremotivatedsolelybyprofits Knowingthedifferencebetweenrightandwrongandchoosingwhatisrightisthefoundationforethicaldecisionmaking Inmanycases doingtherightthingoftenleadstothegreatestfinancial social andpersonalrewardsinthelongrun 11 CorporateSocialResponsibility DefinitionsCorporatesocialresponsibility CSR isabouthowcompaniesmanagethebusinessprocessestoproduceanoverallpositiveimpactonsocietyCorporatesocialresponsibility CSR referstoabusinesspracticethatinvolvesparticipatinginactivitiesthatbenefitsociety 12 PyramidofSocialResponsibility Carroll1991 TextAStrikingtheRightBalance Para1In1776 AdamSmithdescribedhowan invisiblehand guidescompaniesastheystriveforprofits andthathandleadsthemtodecisionsthatbenefitsociety Smith sinsightsledhimtoconcludethatprofitmaximizationistherightgoalforabusinessandthatthefreeenterprisesystemisbestforsociety TextAStrikingtheRightBalance Buttheworldhaschangedsince1776 Firmstodayaremuchlarger theyoperatedglobally theyhavethousandsofemployees andtheyareownedbymillionsofstockholders Thismakeuswonderifthe invisiblehand stillprovidesreliableguidance Shouldcompaniesstilltrytomaximizeprofits orshouldtheytakebroaderviewandtakemorebalancedactionsdesignedtobenefitcustomers employees suppliers andsocietyasawhole Para2 MostacademicstodaysubscribetothefollowingmodifiedversionofAdamSmith stheory Afirm sprincipalgoalshouldbetomaximizethewealthofitsstockholders whichmeansmaximizingthevalueofitsstocks Para2 Freeenterpriseisstillthebesteconomicsystemforthecountryasawhole Underthefreeenterpriseframework companiesdevelopproductsandservicesthatpeoplewantandthatbenefitsociety However someconstraintsareneeded firmsshouldnotbeallowedtopollutetheairandwater toengageinunfairemploymentpractices ortocreatemonopoliesthatexploitconsumers Para3 Theseconstraintstakeanumberofdifferentforms Throughthepoliticalprocess societyimposesawiderangeofregulationsthataredesignedtokeepcompaniesfromengaginginpracticesthathurtsociety Anothersetofconstraintsarethecoststhatareassessedoncompaniesiftheytakeactionsthatharmsociety Properlyimposed thesecostsfairlytransfervaluetosufferingpartiesandhelpcreateincentivesthathelppreventsimilareventsfromoccurringinthefuture Para3 Tworecentexamplesdramaticallyillustratethesepoints First manyWallStreetfirmsengagedinextremelyriskyactivitiesthatpushedthefinancialsystemtothebrinkofcollapsein2007and2008 Savingthefinancialsystemrequiredabailoutofbanksandotherfinancialcompanies andthatbailoutimposedhugecostsonthetaxpayers andalsohelpedpushtheeconomyintoadeeprecession Para3 Apartfromthehugecostsimposedonsociety thefinancialfirmsalsopaidaheavyprice anumberofleadingfinancialinstitutionssawahugedropintheirstockprice somefailedandwentoutofbusiness andmanyWallStreetexecutiveslosttheirjobs Morerecently in2010 themassiveBPoilspillintheGulfofMexicohadaterribleenvironmentalandeconomicimpactoftheGulfregion Para3 Inthethreemonthsfollowingtheinitialexplosion BP sstocklosthalfofitsvalue andnooneknewhowhighitstotalcostwouldbeandwhetherthecompanywouldsurvive ThespillhasalsoledtheUnitedStatesandothernationstore examinetheirpoliciesregardingdeep waterdrilling andthatmighthaveaseriousadverseeffectonlong runoilsupplies CREDITCRISIS background USFederalReservelowertheinterestratestoonly after911 Investor lowreturnfor1 Bank borrowmoneyfromFedfor1 cheapcredit 低息贷款 gocrazywithleverage earnlotsofmoney TheninvestorsofWallStreetalsowantstoearnmoremoney Leverageisborrowmoneytoamplifytheoutcomeofadeal Leverage 10 000 Howdidthathappen Housebuyers Investors Wallstreet Howdiditwork mortgage Badresult sub primemortgagecrisis End Para4 Still somearguethatthecostsimposedonBPareinsufficienttocoverthedamagesthatwereincurred andthatthetheoryofconstrainedprofitmaximizationisinadequate Forexample GEChiefExecutiveOfficer CEO JeffreyImmeltbelievesthatjustobeyingthelawisnotenough andthatcompaniesshouldstrivetobehaveethicallyandcontinuallyoperatewithsociety sinterestsinmind Para4 Immeltfurtherarguesthatvalueandreputationgohandinhand andthathavingagoodreputationwithcustomers suppliers employeesandregulatorsisessentialifvalueistobemaximized Inhiswords ThereasonpeoplecometoworkforGEisthattheywanttobepartofsomethingbiggerthanthemselves Para4 Theywanttoworkhard winpromotions andbewell compensated buttheyalsowanttoworkforacompanythatmakesadifference acompanythat sdoinggreatthingsintheworld it suptoGEbetoagoodcitizen Notonlyisthatanicethingtodo butit sgoodforbusinessandthusthepriceofourstock Para5 GEisnotalone Anincreasingnumberofcompaniesseetheirmissionasmorethanjustmakingmoneyfortheirshareholders Google swell knowcorporatemottois Don tBeEvil Consistentwiththismission thecompanyhasitsownin housefoundationthathasmadelargeinvestmentsinawiderangeofphilanthropicventuresworldwide Thereareotherinstanceswherecorporateleadershavedonatedpersonalfunds Para6 In2008 MicrosoftCorporation sBillGatesgaveaspeechtotheworldEconomicForuminwhichhemadethecasefora creativecapitalism Gatesstatedthat suchasystemwouldhaveatwinmission makingprofitsandalsoimprovinglivesforthosewhodon tfullybenefitfrommarketforces Para7 Gateshascertainlybeentruetohisword In2000 heandhiswifeestablishedtheBill MelindaGatesFoundation Todaythefundhasassetstotaling 33 5billion Itreceivedanotableboostin2006whenfamedinvestorWarrenBuffettannouncedthathewoulddonateahugeshareofhisfortunetotheFoundation Para7 Todate Buffetthascontributedmorethan 6billion andovertimeheisscheduledtocontributeadditionalstockthatisnowworthinexcessof 40billion Theseeffortsshowthatthereismoretolifethanmoney butitoftentakesmoneytodogoodthings BillGateswasbornonOct 28in1955andgrewupinSeattlewithhistwosisters Hisfatherwasalawyerandhismotherwasateacher BillGateshadhiselementaryschoolandhighschooleducationisSeattle BillGates AnditwasduringthattimeBillfoundedthathisinterestslyinginwritingprogramsandbegantowriteprogramsat13 In1973 BillGateswasadmittedbyHarvardbuthequittedfromHarvardthreeyearslater HeputallhistimeandenergyintodesigningprogramsforMicrosoftCooperationwhichestablishedin1975byBillandhisfriendPaulAllen BillGatesmarriedMelindaFrenchGatesonJanuary 1stin1994 Theyhavethreechildren Inthesparetime Billhaspassioninreadingbooksandplayinggolf WarrenBuffett Life Hisfinancialcareerbeganattheageof14 At26 hesetuphisfirstinvestmentpartnershipforfamilyandfriendswith 174 000 Attheendof2008 hispersonalfortunewas 60billionandBerkshireHathaway hisholdingcompany wasvaluedat 200million Buffettlovescharity preparingtocontribute 37billion accountingfor85 ofhisproperty wordsforhisson Hissondoesn tfollowinhisfootsteps butkeepsthefaithofWarrenBuffett thatis Enjoyingwhatyouaredoingeverydayisatruesuccess Earningalotofmoneymaymakeyourich butthatmeansseekingameaninglesslifebysacrificingyourhappiness Thatmaybestupid TextAOverview Criticalreadingandthinking1 ScanTextAandcompletingthefollowingtable Unit2BusinessEthics Exercise2 Argument11 awiderangeofregulationsareimposed2 assessingcostsoncompanies BPoilspillArgument21 behaveethically valueandreputation2 Don tbeEvil3 creativecapitalism4 contributedmorethan 6billion Languagebuildingup Task1 11 无形的手2 自由企业制度3 股东4 经济体制5 开发产品和服务6 市场力量7 金融机构8 严重衰退9 破产 Languagebuildingup 10 stockprice11 mission12 corporatemotto13 assets14 maximizeprofits15 financialsystem Languagebuildingup Task1 21 Whenpoliticiansandeconomiststalkabout marketforce theymeantheeconomicfactorsthataffecttheavailabilityofgoodsandthedemandsforthem withoutanyhelpfromorcontrolbythegovernment 2 Thedramaticchangeinbusinessenvironmentmakesallindustriesfacedrasticcompletion Thisisalsohappenedinthe financialinstitutions Languagebuildingup Task1 23 A freeenterprisesystem canbecontrastedwithasocialisteconomicsystem whichdependsheavilyongovernmentplanningandpublicownershipofthemeansofproduction 4 TheoilpriceincreasespushedtheEuropeaneconomyinto deeprecession Languagebuildingup Task1 25 AdamSmith sfamous invisiblehand theoryhasbeenmodifiedtocatertothecurrenteconomicsituation 6 Anindividualororganizationthatownsstocksinacorporationcanbecalled stockholder Languagebuildingup Task1 27 Ineconomics profitmaximization istheshort runorlong runprocessbywhichafirmdeterminesthepriceandoutputlevelthatreturnsthegreatestprofit 8 Asocialistmarket economicsystem hasnowtakenshape andthebasicroleplayedbythemarkethasbeenimprovedinthesphereofresourceallocation Languagebuildingup Task2 Signpostlanguage1 and2 Another3 also4 Notonly but5 other Languagebuildingup Task3 formalEnglish1 Smith sinsightsledhimtoconcludethatprofitmaximizationistherightgoalforabusinessandthatthefreeenterprisesystemisbestforsociety understanding 2 MostacademicstodaysubscribetothefollowingmodifiedversionofAdamSmith stheory agreewith Languagebuildingup Task3 formalEnglish3 Throughthepoliticalprocess societyimposesawiderangeofregulationsthataredesignedtokeepcompaniesfromengaginginpracticesthathurtsociety forces tobeaccepted 4 andthatmighthaveaseriousadverseeffectonlong runoilsupplies bad Languagebuildingup Task3 formalEnglish5 Anincreasingnumberofcompaniesseetheirmissionasmorethanjustmakingmoneyfortheirshareholders purpose 6 Consistentwiththismission thecompanyhasitsownin housefoundationthathasmadelargeinvestmentsinawiderangeofphilanthropicventuresworldwide charitable Languagebuildingup Task3 formalEnglish7 Thereareotherinstanceswherecorporateleadershavedonatedpersonalfunds given 8 Itreceivedanotableboostin2006whenfamedinvestorWarrenBuffettannouncedthathewoulddonateahugeshareofhisfortunetotheFoundation famous TextBTwoviewsofsocialresponsibility Para1 Governmentregulationandpublicawarenessareexternalforcesthathaveincreasedthesocialresponsibilityofbusiness Butbusinessdecisionsaremadewithinthefirm andthere socialresponsibilitybeginswiththeattitudeofmanagement Twocontrastingphilosophies ormodels definetherangeofmanagementattitudestowardsocialresponsibility Para2 TheeconomicmodelAccordingtothetraditionalconceptofbusiness afirmexiststoproducequalitygoodsandservices earnareasonableprofitandprovidejobs Inlinewiththisconcept theeconomicmodelofsocialresponsibilityholdsthatsocietywillbenefitmorewhenbusinessisleftalonetoproduceandmarketprofitableproductsthatsocietyneeds Theeconomicmodelhasitsoriginsinthe18thcentury whenbusinesseswereownedprimarilybyentrepreneursorowner managers Competitionwasvigorousamongsmallfirms andshort runprofitsandsurvivalweretheprimaryconcerns Para3 Tothemanagerwhoadoptsthistraditionalattitude socialresponsibilityissomeoneelse sjob Afterall stockholdersinvestinacorporationtoearnareturnontheirinvestment notbecausethefirmissociallyresponsibleandthefirmislegallyobligatedtoactintheeconomicinterestofitsstockholders Moreover profitablefirmspayfederal state andlocaltaxesthatareusedtomeettheneedsofsociety Thus managerswhoconcentrateonprofitbelievethattheyfulfilltheirsocialresponsibilityindirectlythroughtaxespaidbytheirfirms Asaresult socialresponsibilitybecomestheproblemofgovernment variousenvironmentalgroups charitablefoundations andsimilarorganizations Para4 ThesocioeconomicmodelIncontrast somemanagersbelievetheyhavetheresponsibilitynotonlytostockholders butalsotocustomers employees suppliers andthegeneralpublic Thisbroaderviewisreferredtoasthesocioeconomicmodelofsocialresponsibility whichplacesemphasisnotonlyonprofitsbutalsoontheimpactofbusinessdecisionsonsociety Para5 Recently increasingnumbersofmanagersandfirmshaveadoptedthesocioeconomicmodelandtheyhavedonesoforatleastthreereasons First businessisdominatedbythecorporateformofownershipandthecorporationisacreationofsociety Ifacorporationdoesnotperformasagoodcitizen societycanandwilldemandchanges Second manyfirmsarebeginningtotakeprideintheirsocialresponsibilityrecords amongthemStarbucksCoffee Hewlett Packard Colgate Palmolive andCoca Cola Para5 EachofthesecompaniesisawinnerofaCorporateConscienceAwardintheareasofenvironmentalconcern responsivenesstoemployees equalopportunity andcommunityinvolvement Andofcourse manyothercorporationsaremuchmoresociallyresponsibletodaythantheywere10yearsago Third manybusinesspeoplebelieveitisintheirbestinteresttotaketheinitiativeinthisarea Thealternativemaybelegalactionbroughtagainstthefirmbysomespecialinterestgroup insuchasituation thefirmmaylosecontrolofitsactivities Para6 TheprosandconsofsocialresponsibilityBusinessowners managers customers andgovernmentofficialshavedebatedtheprosandconsoftheeconomicandsocioeconomicmodelsforyears Eachsideseemstohavefourmajorargumentstoreinforceitsviewpoint Para7 ArgumentsforincreasedsocialresponsibilityProponentsofthesocioeconomicmodelmaintainthatabusinessmustbemorethansimplyseekprofits Tosupporttheirposition theyofferthefollowingarguments 1 Becausebusinessisapartofoursociety itcannotignoresocialissues 2 Businesshasthetechnical financial andm