概况辅导 5(澳大利亚).doc

Part Five Australia 澳大利亚General Information:1. Name： conventional long form: The Commonwealth of Australia conventional short form: Australia 国名：澳大利亚联邦,简称：澳大利亚（澳大利亚一词，意即“南方大陆”，欧洲人在世纪初叶发现这块大陆时，误以为这是一块直通南极的陆地，故取名“澳大利亚”，Australia 即由拉丁文 terraaustralis （南方的土地）变化而来。） 2 Map of Australia： Australia is the worlds smallest continent and largest island, a relatively young nation established in an ancient land. 3 Capital: Canberra 堪培拉人口约万（年月），年平均温度。4Location： Oceania大洋州， continent between the Indian Ocean and the South Pacific Ocean5. Area：total: 7,686,850 sq km land: 7,617,930 sq km water: 68,920 sq km note: includes Lord Howe Island and Macquarie IslandArea comparative: slightly smaller than the US contiguous 48 states6The national flag of Australia: The Australian flag The Flags Act 1953 formally established the Australian flag. The flag is described as:The Australian national flag has a blue field with the Union Jack in the canton (the upper quarter next to the flagpole). The seven-pointed Commonwealth star in the lower hoist represents the six States and the Territories. In the fly are the five stars of the constellation of the Southern Cross（南十字星座，南半球夜空中最为明显的标志）. Four of the stars have seven points and the smallest one has five. 国旗：呈横长方形，长与宽之比为。旗地为深蓝色，左上方是红、白“米”字，“米”字下面为一颗较大的白色七角星。旗地右边为五颗白色的星，其中一颗小星为五角，其余均为七角。澳大利亚为英联邦成员国，英国女王为澳大利亚的国家元首。国旗的左上角为英国国旗图案，表明澳大利亚与英国的传统关系。一颗最大的七角星象征组成澳大利亚联邦的六个州和联邦区（北部地区和首都直辖区）。五颗小星代表南十字星座（是南天小星座之一，星座虽小，但明亮的星很多）。为“南方大陆”之意，表明该国处于南半球。7. The national anthemAdvance Australia Fair was proclaimed as the national anthem on 19 April 1984 by the Governor-General. Non-sexist words were adopted. Advance Australia Fair is used on all occasions other than those on which the royal anthem or the vice-regal salute is used. Until 1974 the anthem used was God Save the Queen/King. The Whitlam Government, following the result of a public opinion poll conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics, changed the anthem to Advance Australia Fair, except for specifically royal occasions. In January 1976, the Fraser Government reinstated the use of God Save the Queen for royal, vice-regal, defence and loyal toast occasions. Advance Australia Fair was played on all other official occasions.国歌：“前进，澳大利亚。”在1984年以前是“上帝拯救女王”。”Advance Australia Fair” became the anthem in 1984, replacing “God Save the Queen”, which has been known since then as the royal anthem.8. 8. The national day: Jan. 26 国庆日：月日（年） Independence: 1 January 1901 (Federation of UK Colonies)年月日，各殖民区改为州，成立澳大利亚联邦。 9. Important persons politically国家政要：Governor General: Michael Jeffery总督 迈克尔杰弗里 ，年月宣誓就任 ； Prime Minister: Howard 总理 霍华德，年月任职。 10.the national flower:- The floral emblem Australias national floral emblem, the Golden Wattle, Acacia pycnantha, was proclaimed on 1 September 1988. On the advice of the Government, the Governor-General proclaimed on 23 June 1992 that 1 September each year is to be observed as National Wattle Day throughout Australia.金合欢金合欢属豆科的有刺灌术或小乔木，二回羽状复叶，头状花序簇生于叶腋，盛开时，好像金色的绒球一般。 在澳大利亚，你稍加留意就会发现，居民的庭院不是用墙围起来，而是用金合欢作刺篱，种在房屋周围，非常别致。花开时节，花篱似一金色屏障，带着浓郁的花香，令人沉醉。 金合欢还是一种经济树种，芳香的花可提炼芳香油作高级香水等化妆品的原料。果荚、树皮和根内含有单宁，可做黑色染料，茎中流出的树脂含有树胶，可供药用。术材坚硬，可制贵重器具用品.11. the national emblem:国徽：澳大利亚国徽左边是一袋鼠，右边是一只鸸鹋(ermiao,形似鸵鸟，嘴短而扁，羽毛灰色或褐色，腿长，善走，产在澳洲森林中，吃树叶和野果)，这两种动物均为澳大利亚所特有，是国家的标志，民族的象征，中间是一个盾，盾面上有六组图案分别象征这个国家的六个州。红色的圣乔治十字形（十字上有一只狮子、四颗星），象征新南威尔士州；王冠下的南十字形星座代表维多利亚州；蓝色的马耳他十字形代表昆士兰州；伯劳鸟代表南澳大利亚州；黑天鹅象征西澳大利亚州；红色狮子象征塔斯马尼亚州。盾形上方为一枚象征英联邦国家的七角星。周围饰以澳国花金合欢，底部的绶带上用英文写着“澳大利亚”。It depicts a shield of six parts with representations of the badges of the six States, with a kangaroo and emu, resting on ornamental supports, on either side of the shield. This is set over small branches of flowering wattle, beneath which is the word Australia. Above the shield is the crest, with the seven-pointed gold star of Federation resting on a blue and gold wreath. 12Languages：The official language is English- by usage, not by law. English 79.1,Chinese 2.1% Italian 1.9%, other 11%,unspecified 5.8%(2001 Census)13.Religion: Catholic 26.4%, Anglican 20.5%, other Christian 20.5%, Buddhist 1.9%, Muslim 1.5%, other 1.2%, unspecified 12.7%, none 15.3% (2001 Census) 14. People: Population: 20,090,4379(July 2005 est) Ethnic group: Caucasian (高加索人，白种人)92，Asian 7，aboriginal and other 1 % .15.Government: Democratic, federal-state system recognizing the British monarch as sovereign政治：英国女王是澳大利亚的国家元首，由女王任命的总督为法定的最高行政长官。总督由总理提名，由女王任命。在联邦行政会议的咨询下执掌联邦政府的行政权，为法定的最高行政长官。联邦议会是澳的最高立法机构，由女王（由总督代表）和参、众两院组成。年月日，澳大利亚联邦政府内阁会议决定，澳大利亚的新公民不再向英国女王及其继承人宣誓效忠。 16Legislative branch: bicameral (两院制的)Federal Parliament consists ofthe Senate 参议院(76 seats - 12 from each of the six states and two from each of the two mainland territories; one-half of state members are elected every three years by popular vote to serve six-year terms while all territory members are elected every three years) the House of Representatives 众议院(150 seats; members elected by popular preferential voting to serve terms of up to three-years; no state can have fewer than five representatives) elections: Senate - last held 9 October 2004 (next to be held no later than June 2008); House of Representatives - last held 9 October 2004 (next to be called no later than November 2007) election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party (for session beginning on 1 July 2005) - Liberal Party-National Party coalition 39, Australian Labor Party 28, Democrats 4, Australian Greens 4, Family First Party 1; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Liberal Party-National Party coalition 87, Australian Labor Party 60, independents 3Executive branch: chief of state: Queen of Australia ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Maj. Gen. (Ret.) Michael JEFFERY (since 11 August 2003) Governor General: Michael Jeffery总督 迈克尔杰弗里 ，年月宣誓就任 ； Michael Jeffery, Governor-General of Australia Michael Jeffery and His Wife Kevin Rudd陆克文澳大利亚工党大选获胜 陆克文出任新总理澳大利亚最大政党工党在2007年11月24日举行的联邦大选中击败执政11年半之久的自由党国家党联盟，获得胜利。工党领袖陆克文将出任下一届总理。他是第一位能讲流利汉语的西方领导人。Kevin Rudd led Australias Labor Party to a resounding election victory last November.Head of government: Prime Minister cabinet: Prime Minister nominates, from among members of Parliament, candidates who are subsequently sworn in by the Governor General to serve as government ministers elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the prime minister; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalition is sworn in as prime minister by the governor general note: government coalition - Liberal Party and National Party17Judicial Branch： High Court (the chief justice and six other justices are appointed by the governor general)18. Political Parties and leaders：Liberal Party John Winston HOWARD; 自由党Australian Labor Party Kim BEAZLEY; 工党One Nation Party Len HARRIS; 国家党（第三大党）The Nationals Mark VAILE; Family First Party Steve FIELDINGAustralian Democrats Lyn ALLISON; Australian Progressive Alliance Meg LEES; Australian Greens Bob BROWN; 19note: worlds smallest continent but sixth-largest country; population concentrated along the eastern and southeastern coasts; the invigorating tropical sea breeze known as the Fremantle Doctor affects the city of Perth on the west coast, and is one of the most consistent winds in the world自然地理：位于南太平洋和印度洋之间，由澳大利亚大陆和塔斯马尼亚等岛屿组成。澳四面临海，东南隔塔斯曼海与新西兰为邻，北部隔帝汶海和托雷斯海峡与东帝汶，、印度尼西亚和巴布亚新几内亚相望。面积.万平方公里。占大洋洲的绝大部分。海岸线长公里。虽四面环水，沙漠和半沙漠却占全国面积的。全国分为东部山地、中部平原和西部高原个地区。全国最高峰科修斯科山海拨米，最长河流墨尔本河长里。中部的埃尔湖是澳大利亚的最低点，湖面低于海平面米。在东部沿海有全世界最大的珊瑚礁大堡礁。北部属热带，大部分属温带。年平均气温北部，南部，内陆地区干旱少雨，年降水量不足毫米，东部山区毫米。 20Administrative Divisions (populations in red) Capital Territory (318,099) (2,452 sq km) 首都直辖区, Capital: Canberra, 堪培拉 Northern Territory (192,381) (1,346,200 sq km) 北部地区, Capital: Darwin, 达尔文New South Wales (6,511,808) (801,428 sq km) 新南威尔士, Capital: Sydney, 悉尼Queensland (3,591,049) (1,727,200 sq km) 昆士兰, Capital: Brisbane,布里斯本South Australia (1,518,879) (984,377 sq km) 南澳大利亚, Capital: Adelaide, 阿得雷德Tasmania (483,514) (67,800 sq km) 塔斯马尼亚, 21A brief history:Aboriginal settlers arrived on the continent from Southeast Asia about 40,000 years before the first Europeans began exploration in the 17th century. No formal territorial claims were made until 1770, when Capt. James COOK took possession in the name of Great Britain. Six colonies were created in the late 18th and 19th centuries; they federated and became the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901. The new country took advantage of its natural resources to rapidly develop its agricultural and manufacturing industries and to make a major contribution to the British effort in World Wars I and II. In recent decades, Australia has transformed itself into an internationally competitive, advanced market economy. It boasted one of the OECDs （Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 经济合作与发展组织）fastest growing economies during the 1990s, a performance due in large part to economic reforms adopted in the 1980s. 简史：澳大利亚原为土著人居住。年，英国航海家詹姆斯库克在澳大利亚东海岸登陆，并宣布澳为英国殖民地。年月日，英国首批移民抵澳，这一天后来被定为澳大利亚的国庆日。此后，英国陆续在澳各地建立了一些分散的殖民区。世纪下半叶，澳各殖民区先后成立自治政府。年月英议会通过澳大利亚联邦宪法，年月日，澳各殖民区组成澳大利亚联邦，成为英国自治领。年，澳成为英联邦内的独立国。22Main cities：堪培拉(Canberra), 澳大利亚联邦首都,全国政治、经济和文化中心. 位于澳大利亚东南部,在墨尔本和悉尼之间,面积为2357平方公里.堪培拉市以绿化而著称于世,市区内无重工业,花繁树茂