upload--Passive[1]

Lectures14 15 PassiveVoice III LearningContents 1Voiceconstraints2Caseswherethepassiveisused3ActiveconstructionsexpressingpassivemeaningsSeethecoursebook Passive S Baker Ourmassed scientific andbureaucraticsocietyissoaddictedtothepassivevoicethatyoumustconstantlyalertyourselfagainstitsdrowsy impersonalpomp duetothefollowingreasons 1 Whentheagentofactionisunknownorself evident oritisunnecessaryorimpossibletomentiontheagent Itissaidthatabout775 000ChineselaborerswerestationedoverseasbytheendofAprilthisyear nearly22 000lessthaninthesameperiodlastyear ThisispartlyduetorecentunrestintheMiddleEastandNorthAfrica whichresultedintheevacuationofthousandsofChinesenationals Somethingshavebeensaidheretonightthatoughtnottohavebeenspoken 2 Syntacticfactors forcohesion balance endfocus endweight etc e g Iwasastoundedthatthestarshouldbefinedforexpiredlicenseandalsobannedfromtheroadsforfiveyearsafterdrunkcrash 3 Rhetoricalfactors forvariation etc e g addvarietytowriting ThebasicEnglishsentencepatternofsubject verb objectcanbevariedinmanyways 书面中尽量减少使用虚词it和there引导的句式 c f TherearemanywaystovarythebasicEnglishsentencepatternofsubject verb object 4 Stylisticfactors morepassivesininformativewriting notablyintheobjective impersonalstyleofscientificarticles newsitemsandgovernmentcommunications e g Theresistancecanbedeterminedprovidedthatthevoltageandcurrentareknown Thepassivevoiceallowsustoexpressideaswithoutattributingthemtoaspecificindividualsource Thatiswhyitissowidelyusedingovernmentcommunicationsinwhichdecisionsandopinionsarepresumedtobethoseofthebureauoragencyasawholeandnotconsideredtobethoseofindividualofficials R Altick Thereisanotabledifferenceinthefrequencywithwhichtheactiveandpassivevoicesareused 主动和被动在使用频率上有明显不同Theactiveisgenerallythemorecommon butthereisconsiderablevariationamongindividualtexts Thepassivehasbeenfoundtobeasmuchastentimesmorefrequentinonetextthananother R Quirk Anyonewhodoesnotwishtotakepersonalresponsibilityforhisstatementsfindsawayoutbysayingorwriting Itisdirectedthat insteadof Idirectthat Theweakpassiveisusedinnewspaperarticlesforthesamereason toachievetheimpersonalnote andthus inmanyinstances todisclaimdirectresponsibilityforstatementsthatarebasedonhearsay R Altick EnglishandChinese SyntacticpassiveNotionalpassive Notionalpassive Myfive yearplanisworkingout Theroomfilledrapidly Theseproductsselllikehotcakes Thebookisprinting Lexicallevel examineeherastonishmenttheman strialtheimprisonmentofthemurdererdesirablevisiblerespectable Lexicallevelinone spossessionundertheinfluenceofalcohol Bycontrast activeforms includingthoseinpassivesenseareoftenusedinChinese TherearesomereasonsforthelimiteduseoftheChinesepassiveformsmarkedby被遭挨蒙受让给etc TheChinesepassiveformmarkedby被istraditionallyfelttobean inflictingvoice 不幸语态 mainlyexpressingthingsunpleasantorundesirabletothesubjectiveperson as 被压迫被剥削被骗 thoughthereisamoderntendencytodenotethingsdesirableorneutral as 被评为 Chinesegenerallypreferstouseactiveforms e g 一匹马能坐两个人 而不会说 一匹马被两个人骑 Twopersonsrodeonehorse 我盖了两床被子 不说 昨晚我被两床被子盖着 LastnightIwascoveredupwithtwoquilts 困难克服了 工作完成了 问题也解决了 Thedifficultieshavebeenovercome theworkhasbeenfinished andtheproblemsolved 要制造飞机 就必须考虑空气阻力问题 Airresistancemustbegivencarefulconsiderationwhentheaircraftistobemanufactured 为什么总把这些麻烦事推给我呢 Whyshouldalltheunpleasantjobsbepushedontome 注意看看信的地址是否写对了 Careshouldbetakentoseeiftheletterisproperlyaddressed Usinggenericpersonsassubjects 人 有人 人们 大家 人家 别人 某人 etc e g Voiceswereheardcallingforhelp 有人听见呼救的声音 ItiswellknownthatthecompasswasinventedinChinamorethan2000yearsago 众所周知 中国人在两千多年前就发明了指南针 凡是做功 都是把能从一种形式转换成另一种形式 Wheneverworkisbeingdone energyisbeingconvertedfromoneformintoanother 1964年10月 中国爆炸了第一颗原子弹 这把基辛格吓了一跳 KissingerwasalarmedbytheexplosionofChina sfirstatombombinOctober 1964 Using executiveform 把 将 使 字式 Thethatchedhousewasdestroyedbytheautumnstorm 茅屋为 所 茅屋 flv杜甫八月秋高风怒号 卷我屋上三重茅 茅飞度江洒江郊 高者挂罥长林梢 下者飘转沉塘坳 南村群童欺我老无力 忍能对面为盗贼 公然抱茅入竹去 唇焦口燥呼不得 归来倚仗自叹息 俄顷风定云墨色 秋天漠漠向昏黑 布衾多年冷似铁 娇儿恶卧蹋里裂 床头屋漏无干处 雨脚如麻未断绝 自经丧乱少睡眠 长夜沾湿何由彻 安得广厦千万间 大庇天下寒士俱欢颜 风雨不动安如山 呜呼 何时眼前突兀见此屋 吾庐独破受冻死亦足 挂罥 ju n 塘坳 o 大庇 b 茅屋为秋风所破歌 Theeighthmonthandamid autumngaleToreoffthethreelayersofmythatch Acrossthestreamflewthestrawtoscatterthebanks CaughthighupontalltreesOrflutteringdownintothepoolsandditches Thevillageboysfoundafeebleoldmaneasygame Androbbedmetomyface Openlyluggingoffarmfulsthroughthebamboos ThoughIshoutedtillIwashoarseandmylipsparchedIwenthomethen leaningonmystick andsighed Soonthewindfellandblackcloudsgathered Theautumnskygrewdarkasduskcameon Myquiltafteryearsofuseiscoldasiron Withrentskickedinitbymyspoiled restlessson Theroof nopatchofitdry leaksovermybedAndtherainstreamsthroughlikeunendingstrandsofhemp EversincetherebellionIhavebeenlosingsleep Wetthrough howcanIlastoutthislongnighttilldawn Oh foragreatmansionwithtenthousandroomsWhereallthepooronearthcouldfindwelcomeshelter Steadythrougheverystorm secureasamountain Ah weresuchabuildingtospringupbeforeme Iwouldfreezetodeathinmywreckedhutwellcontent Intheeighthmoontheautumngalesfuriouslyhowl Theyrollupthreelayersofstrawfrommythatchedbower Thestrawfliesacrosstheriverandspreadsinshower Somehangingknottedonthetopsoftreesthattower Someswirlingdownandsinkingintowaterfoul UrchinsfromSouthernVillageknowI moldandweak TheyrobmetomyfacewithoutablushoncheekAndholdingarmfulsofstraw intobamboossneak InvainIcallthemtillmylipsareparchedanddry Againalone Ileanonmycaneandsigh MyCottageUnroofedbyAutumnGales Shortlythegalesubsidesandcloudsturndarkasink Theautumnskiesareshroudedandindarknesssink Mycottonquiltiscold foryearsithasbeenworn Myrestlesschildrenkickinsleepanditistorn Theroofleakso erbeds leavingnocornerdry Withoutceasetherainfallsthickandfastfromthesky Afterthetroubledtimestroubledhasbeenmysleep Wetthough howcanIpassthenightsolong s