Sports Medicine Powerpoint Kotara High School.ppt

focusquestion1howaresportsinjuriesclassifiedandmanaged waystoclassifysportsinjuriesinjuriesaregenerallyclassifiedaccordingtothecauseoftheinjuryorthewayitoccurred e g direct indirectotherclassificationscanbeusedsuchasthetypeoftissuedamagedintheinjury e g hardtissue softtissue directcausedbyexternalforcestothebodyinjuryoccursatthesiteoftheforcecanresultinfractures dislocations sprainsandbruises examplesinclude acricketercatchingtheballandgettingadislocatedfingerafootballerhithighandgetsabrokencheekbone indirectcanbecausedbyinternalorexternalforcesandusuallyresultsinaninjuryoccurringatasiteawayfromtheintialforcecanoccurasaresultofpoorpreparationorexcessivemovement canoccurbecauseofunduestrainonmuscles tendonsorligamentsandcancauseirritationandpossiblestructuredamage examplesinclude cyclistfalls putsouthishandanddislocatesshouldernetballertearsligamentsfromtwisting softtissuethisincludes musclestendonsligamentsjointtissuefattytissueanyinjurytotheseareclassifiedassofttissueinjuriestypesofsofttissueinjuriesinclude bruises haematoma sprains ligaments strains tendons lacerations skin dislocations joints tendonitis tendons hardtissuehardtissueincludes teethbonesanyinjuriestotheseareclassifiedashardtissueinjuries overusecausedbyexcessiveuseoveralongperiodoftime broughtonbyrepetitivelowimpactexercisesuchasjoggingorswimming causesincludepoortrainingtechniques highintensitytoosoon poorsurfaces inappropriateequipmentandphysicalcharacteristics flatfeet etc injuriescharacterizedbypainandinflammation commonoveruseinjuriesinclude shinsplintstendonitisstressfracturescommonlycalledrepetitivestraininjuries rsi softtissueinjuries tears sprains contusions tears strains adisruptionofthefibresofmuscleortendon occurswhenthemuscle tendonisoverstretchedorthemusclecontractedtooquicklysprains astretchingortearingoftheligamentfibres musclesortendonssupportingajoint occurswhenajointisextendedbeyonditsrangeofmovement strainsandsprainscanbeclassifiedaccordingtoseveritygrade1beingtheleastseriousuptograde3beingthemostseriouscontusions abruise bleeding intothesofttissue generallycausedbycontactwithasolid usuallyblunt object skinabrasion laceration blisters calluses skinabrasions occurwhentheouterlayeroftheskinisremoved usuallyascrapingaction lacerations acut whichwillusuallyrequirestitches dependingonthedepthofthecut thisisusuallycausedbyasharpobject blisters occurbecauseoffriction whichcausesapocketoffluidtoformundertheskincalluses whenabuild upofdeadskinformsatasitewhereconstantfrictionhasoccurred inflammatoryresponse thisistheinitialstageofrepairinvolvingthefirst48 72hrsaftertheinjuryasthebodyincreasesbloodflowtotheinjuredsite phase1 inflammatorystage rednessheatswellingpainlossoffunction eliminatedebrisformnewfibresproducescartissue developmentofscartissuetissueneedstostrengtheninthedirectionforceisapplieddependantonamountofexerciseandrehabroutineaimtoregainfullfunction phase2 repairstage 3daystosixweeks phase3 remodellingstage 6weekstomonths managingsofttissueinjuries ricer rest ice compression elevation referral rest minimalmovementforthefirst48 72hrsice causesbloodvesselstoconstricttodecreasebloodflow applyfor20 30minsevery2hrsfor48 72hrs compression iceshouldbefirmlyappliedinawideelasticbandage thisreducesswellingandprovidessupport elevation ensuretheinjurysiteiselevatedabovetheheart thisreducesthevolumeandpressureofbloodflowtotheinjuryandreducesswelling referral amedicalassessmentshouldbesoughtasaptoasascertainthefullextentoftheinjury seetable11 1pg410ofoutcomes softtissueinjuries muscles tendons ligaments alwaysthinkrecognitionofinjuryandappropriatemanagement acute chronic use r resti icec compressione elevationr referralstrains sprains softtissueinjuries definitelyno h heata alcohol aspirinr running exercise m massageinthefirst24 72hoursorlonger knowsomebasicanatomy theknee aminefieldtodiagnose leaveittotheexperts lateral medialankle iceshouldbeavailableatalltrainingandgames wherewouldyounotapplyicetoasofttissueinjury immediatetreatmentofskininjuries theimmediateresponseaimsto preventfurtherdamageandreducetheriskofinfectionreduceswellingeraseorminimisepainrestoreflexibilityregainfullfunctionpreventreoccurrence forabrasions lacerations stopbleedingifnecessaryandcleanthewoundwherepossibleapplynonsticksteriledressingseekstitchesifnecessaryforburns immediatelyapplycoldrunningwaternoiceorcreamskeepcleanandsterileseekmedicaladvice hardtissueinjuries fractures itisabreakinabone whichcanbeassimpleasasmallcrackwithnovisibledeformity orcomplex inthatitmayaffectvitalorgansclosetothefracturesite directcontactwith othersobjectsthegroundindirectforceonanotherbodypart fallingandlandingonarm fracturedclavicle inappropriatemuscularaction jumpingfromaheight landingonfeet fracturedpatella overuse repeatedtrauma running stressfractureinfoot commoncausesinclude typesoffracturesinclude simple closed theboneisfracturedbutthereisnowoundatthesite open compound thejaggedendofafracturedboneprotrudesthroughtheskin complicated thefracturedbonedamageslocaltissues i e organs signsandsymptomsinclude painreduced nomovementlocaltendernessdeformityirregularalignmentswelling dislocations itiswhereoneboneisdisplacedfromanothersignsandsymptomsmayinclude lossofmovementatthejointobviousdeformityswellingandtendernesspainattheinjurysitesubluxation apartialdislocationwherethejointdislocatesandthenrelocates fracture dislocation alwaysthinkdamagedamagetosofttissuesnervesbloodvesselsminimalmovement immobilise transport ambulanceinallcasesofmajorfractureordislocation adislocationisafractureuntilprovenotherwise fracture dislocation greatcare fracture dislocation immobilisation donotreduce ice support transport managinghardtissueinjuries immobilisationtoanotherlimbtoanotherpartofthebodytoafirm smooth straightobjectsplintabovethejointabovethefractureandbelowthejointbelowthefracture medicaltreatmentsupportthesitewithaslingorsplintcheckforimpairedcirculationarrangefortransportimplementricerifitdoesnotcausepain neverattempttoreduce relocateadislocation donotattempttore alignfracturedlimbs seekmedicalattention completeapplicationpg413 assessmentofinjuries protocolwheninjury illnessoccurs vital d r a b c d t o t a p s totaps talk observe touch activemovement passivemovement skills talk talkandfindoutexactlywhathappened thiswillprovidevaluableinfoaboutthenatureoftheinjury observe lookattheinjurysiteandseeifthereareanysignsofobviousdeformity compareoppositesidesofthebody touch gentlyfeeltheareasforanysignofdeformityorswellingandtrytopinpointtheareaofpain activemovement asktheplayertoperformarangeofmovementssuchasflexion extensionandrotation ifthesecanbedonewithoutpain proceed passivemovement physicallymobilizethejointasfarorfurtherthanthepatientdidactively aimingtoidentifypainfulareasandanyinstabilityskillstest asktheplayertoperformarangeofskillsnecessaryforparticipationinthegame i e sidestep clickforroleplayactivityscenerios removalfromthefieldofplay alwaysthinkdonotattempttoremoveaplayerfromthefieldwho isunconscious hasasuspectedspinalinjury hasamajordislocation fracture hasasuspectedinternalinjury hasaninjuryorconditionthatcouldbeseriouslyworsenedbymovement removalfromthefieldofplay alwaysensureanambulanceiscalledintheabovesituations orifindoubt protocol consider allconditionsmustbemanagedbythefirstaidofficeruntiltheambulanceresponds thiswilldependuponlocation isolatedareas distance availabilityofanambulance timeisanimportantfactor youwillbeofgreatassistancetothefao assessmentcanbestoppedatanystageiftheplayercannotproceedorifdangerisapparent iftheplayercanperformtothesatisfactionoftheassessor theplayercanreturntothegame ifthereisriskoffurtherdamagethroughcontinuedplay removetheplayerfromthegame howwouldyoumanagethis focusquestion2howdoessportsmedicineaddressthedemandsofspecificathletes childrenandyoungathletes medicalconditions asthma diabetes epilepsy peoplewithasthmahaveextra sensitiveairways triggerslikedust pollens animals smokeandexercisemaycausetheairwaystoswellandnarrow thisleadstowheezing coughinganddifficultybreathing managementofanasthmaattack stepstofollowincaseofasthmaattack sitthepersoncomfortablyupright staycalmandreassuring give4puffsofabluerelieverpuffer inhaler thesearebestgiventhroughaspacer giveonepuffevery4breathsfor4puffs holdingthebreathfor2 4secondsafterapuff wait4minutes ifthereisnoimprovement giveanother4puffs iflittleornoimprovement callanambulance 000 someactivitiesprovokeanasthmaattackmorethanothers thereissignificantriskwithrunning someriskwithcyclingandlittleriskwithswimming thereisfarlessriskswimminginwarmwater itisgenerallyagreedthatexerciseisofmorebenefitthannoexerciseatall evenifitleadstoanattack diabetes itisacomplexhereditaryordevelopmentaldiseasewherethesupplyofinsulinisreducedoreliminated type1diabetesisusuallyhereditaryandthepancreasdoesnotproduceinsulinatall itistreatedwithinjectedinsulin type2diabetesisusuallydevelopmentalandisusuallytheresultofasedentarylifestyleandpoornutrition obesityisasignificantdeterminantfortype2 itistreatedwithamanageddietandlifestyleadjustments hypo glycemialowglucoselevels mildcasescause dizzinessweaknessdisorientationseverecasescanleadto convulsionsunconsciousnessbraindamageahypoisgenerallyabloodsugarlevelbelow3 0hypofood cordial fizzydrinkjellybeansjuice hyper glycemiahighglucoselevelssuffererswillbe lethargicthirstystrongthirstcanresultindamageto eyeskidneynervesifleftuntraced cancauseacomaordeath occursasaresultoftoolittleinsulin requiresaninjectionofinsulinandadoctor svisit ahyperisgenerallyabloodsugarlevelofover10 0 exerciseisseenasanimportantpartofthemanagementofdiabetes itisimportantthatinsulinlevelsarebalancedbyeitherinjection foodintakeorexercise dietneedstobewellbalanced withcomplexcarbohydratesformingasignificantportionbecauseexerciseutilizessugar diabeticsneedapre gamemealtoraisebloodsugarlevelsandhourlyglucosesupplementsifexerciseisprolonged precautionsfordiabetics increaseintensityanddurationgraduallyundertakeexerciseregularlyallowforadequatewarm upandcool downalwayshaveasupplyofhypofoodconstantlymaintainbloodsugarlevels epilepsy epilepsyisabraindisordercharacterizedbyrecurringseizuresandfits seizuresarecausedbysuddenflurriesofelectrochemicalactivityinthebrain whichdisruptstheconversationbetweenneurons somepeoplefalselybelievethatexercisewilltriggeraseizure butthisisnotthecase someanti epilepticdrugs aed s causefatigue orproblemswithconcentration visionorcoordination exercise relatedriskfactorsinclude extremefatiguelackofsleepdehydrationelectrolytelosshyperthermiahypo glycaemia safetysuggestionsinclude consultwithdoctor specialistregularlyavoidknownseizuretriggersensureyoukeepanadequatesupplyofmedicationalertyourteammatestoyourconditionwearamedicalbraceletwearprotectiveequipmentavoidcontactsports scubadiving bungeejumpingandboxingavoidhighaltitudesletpeopleknowofyourwalkingroutes overuseinjuries overuseinjuriesinchildrenarecreatedbythesamefactorsasforadults excessivetrainingrepetitivemovementsincorrecttrainingtechniquesmostoveruseinjuriesinchildrenoccurinthelowerlimbs someexamplesinclude achillestendonitis thetendonsthatconnecttheheelbonetothecalfmusclebecomeinflamed plantarfasciitis thetissuethatrunsalongthearchofthefootbecomesinflamed stressfractures repetitivepoundingonfootandanklebonecauseshairlinefractures tendo achillesbursitis thefluid filledsacbetweentheachillestendonandtheheelbonebecomesinflames toavoidoveruseinjuries beknowledgeableaboutoveruseinjuriesusetherightshoesmanagetrainingandcompetitionloadsavoidrepetitivemovementsbesurethelevelofcompetitioniswithinthechild srange treatmentforstressfracture immediaterest4 8weeksfrequentuseoficepossibleuseofanti inflamatorymedicationmaintainphysicalcondition participateinactivitiesthatdon tinvolvetheinjuredpartinpoundingmovements e g swimminguseexercises correctivedevicesthatimprovebodymechanicsifcausedbybiomechanicalfactors thermoregulation thisistheprocessthatregulatesandmaintainsthebody stemperature ayoungathlete stemp regulationsystemisnotasdevelopedasadults they producemoreheatwhenexercisinghavelessperceptionoftheneedforrestandhydrationhavelessbloodvolumehavesmallersweatglandslowerhemoglobinconcentrationlowercardiacoutputacclimatizeslower measurestotaketoaddressthermoregulation considerweatherconditionswhenschedulingtrainingandgamesencourageappropriateclothingincorporatewaterbreaksandencouragearound the clockhydrationbeawareofwarningsignsofheatstress matchingofopponents growthanddevelopment skilllevel mostsportingcodesmatchyoungathletesaccordingtoage andsometimesskilllevel strength size etc appropriatenessofresistancetraining resistancetrainingforadolescentsusuallyfocusesontheirownbodyweight therearesafeandwidelyknownexercisesthatcanbeused pushups bridges situps whencanachildstartweighttraining thisdependson thechild strainingbaseabilitytolearnnewtechniquestheirstageofgrowthequipmentavailablequalityofsupervisionwhattypeoftrainingbestsuits guidelinesshouldinclude correctbreathingandsafeliftingtechniquesappropriatewarmupandcooldownprogressiveoverload butprogressshouldbeconservativebalancebetweenmusclegroupslowresistancewithhighreps nomaxliftssupervisionshouldnotbecompetitive strengthspecialisationshouldbeavoided adultandagedathletes heartconditions aspeopleage bloodvesselsloseelasticitybloodpressurerisestheheartmayweakenmaximumstrokevolumedecreases someagedathletesmayhaveheartattacksorheart relatedproblemspre screeningisessentialandworkintensityneedstobelowerregularaerobicexercisecanmaintainorlowerthelossofcardiovascularfunctioningprogressmustbegradualactivityneedstobeofmoderateintensity fractures bonedensity lossofbonedensitybeginsaround35yrsofage regularaerobicandweight bearingactivitiescanreducethisloss osteoporosissufferersshouldavoidactivities whichinvolveariskoffalling withfocusonaerobic lowimpactandsafetywithpain freemovement resistancetraininghelpsbonedensity flexibility jointmobility jointpain arthritisandtightmusclesmakeflexibilitytrainingdifficult regular gentleflexibilityexercisesareessential stretchtostrain notpain anincreaseinflexibilityreducesinjuries reduceslikelihoodoffallsandincreasesmobility femaleathletes thefollowingissuesaffectwomenandgirlsparticipationinsport sportstrainersandcoachesneedstobeawareofhowtheseissuesimpactonthefemalestheycoach specialdietaryneeds increasediron calciumrequirements eatingdisorders anorexianervosalackofnutrientsintheblooddegenerationofmusclemasscharacterizedbyself starvationandispotentiallylife threateningmainlyaffectsteenfemalestheymayexercisesexcessively bulimianervosabingeeatingandthrowingupsuffererstendtouselaxativesexerciseexcessivelydeprivesbodyofnutrientsleadstoexcessiveweightlossdamagesthedigestivetract irondeficiency ironisanessentialmineralforhaemoglobindeficiencyleadstolethargyaffectsperformanceandinvolvementaffectswomenmorethanmenduetobloodlossthroughmenstruationifhaemoglobinbellow11gper100ml anaemic bonedensity quantityofcalciuminthebonescanleadtofractureswhichresultinpoormobilityandpainwomenneedtobeawareofosteoporosisaftermenopause thereisaneedforadequatecalciumintakeandparticipationinregularweight bearingactivities pregnancy exerciseisnotonlysafe butisrecommended lowimpact moderateexercisethatincludesadequatewarmupandcooldowncanbebeneficialinmaintainingfitnesslevels muscletone etc menstruation itsaffectonperformancevariesfrompersontoperson moderateexercisecanhelprelievemenstrualstress heavyexercisemaycausetheabsenceofperiods whatroledopreventativeactionsplayinenhancingthewellbeingoftheathlete focusquestion3 physicalpreparation prescreening pre screeningofparticipantspriortoexerciseisanimportantpreventativemeasure itinvolvesassessingcurrentfitnesslevels medicalhistoryandconditionsandpreviousinjuriesrelatedtoexercise skillandtechnique injuriescanoftenresultfrompoorskillandtechniquee g incorrectheadpositioninginatackle physicalfitness beingphysicallyreadyforsportreducesthechanceofbeinginjured generalfitnessshouldbeachievedbeforeparticipatinginmostsports formorespecificity physicalfitnessshouldberelatedtothesport e g cardiovascularfitnessforcrosscountryrunners muscularstrengthandpowerforweightlifters flexibilityandmuscularenduranceforgymnastics alackofphysicalfitnessplacestheathleteatriskofinjury e g participatingingymnasticswithalackofflexibilitywouldincreasethelikelihoodofamuscletear participatinginamarathonwithnocardiovascularfitnessmayresultinacalfstrainorarolledankle warmup anappropriatewarmupshouldpreparethebodyforphysicalactivity warmuproutinesneedtobespecifictothenatureofthesport forexample awarmupforagameoftouchneedstoincluderunningwithchangesofdirection forwardsandbackwardsrunningandballpassing agoodwarmupgraduallypreparesthebodyforthedemandsthatwillbefacedduringparticipationinthesport cooldown acooldowneasesthebodyintorecoveryandreducestheseverityofsoreness acooldownshouldnotbeasintenseasawarmup stretching stretchingisanessentialpartofanywarmupandcooldown forwarmups generallydynamicstretchingismoreeffective itgraduallypreparesthemusclesandjointsforactivityandrangesofmotiontheymayexperienceinthesport failuretostretchinawarmupmayresultinamusculartearorjointsprainbyforcingajointbeyonditsrangeofmotion forcooldowns generallystaticstretchingismosteffective failuretostretchaspartofacooldownwillincreasetheincidenceofsorenessandaffectfurtherparticipation sportspolicyandthesportsenvironment rulesofsportsandactivities rulesassisttheflowofplay createasafeenvironmentforparticipationandprotectfrominjury whereadangerouspracticeisidentifiedarulechangemaybeabletoreducethisrisk e g speartackleinrugbyleagueappropriatelyaccreditedreferees umpires etcshouldenforcerules modifiedrulesforchildren suchmodificationsprotectchildrenfrominjuryandensuresafety theymakeallowancesforthesizeandstrengthofyoungchildren theyoftenremoveelementsoftheadultgamethatplaceparticipantsatriskofinjury examplesinclude rugbyleagues minifootyandmodleague minkyhockey rooballetc modificationscaninclude changesinsizeofplayingfieldchangesinsizeorweightofplayingequipmentchangesintimingofgameschangesinrulesregardingnumbersofplayersorinterchangeothersyoucanthinkof matchingofoppone