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phosphatidylserine ps thebrainnutrientforallages dr ralfj gerdirectorofr ddegussabioactivesapril2002 leci ps theimportanceofbrainfunctions hi iambob it sapleasuretomeetyou oh wemetbefore andcanevensavelives ofcourseiremembersarah sphonenumber it s217 352 58 5843 or5843or ouranniversaryistoday butithoughtyoulovedseafood goodmemoryandcognitionareimportantfortoday sbusinessandprivatelife noteresa igaveyoubackyourstapler ithink leci ps thebrainnutrientforallages introductionage relatedcognitivedeclineimprovingbrainfunctionsthattendtodeclinewithageattentiondeficithyperactivitydisorderimprovingattentionspan concentration academicperformanceandhyperactivitysportsnutritionnaturalcortisolcontrol trainhard trainsmartmentalstressimprovesstressresistanceinhealthyyoungstudents definition definitionoflecithinandphospholipidslecithin scientific phosphatidylcholine 1 2 diacyl sn glycero 3 phosphocholine lecithin commercial complexmixtureofpolarlipids phospho andglycolipids tracesofcarbohydratesandtriglyceridesderivedfromanimalorplantsource phospholipidsphosphoruscontaininglipid substancesthatdissolveinnon polarsolvents fat soluble functionalingredientsoflecithin phospholipidstructure hundredsofdifferentphospholipid pl moleculeshavebeendescribed butthemajortypesarethephosphatidyl phospholipids head chemicalsubgroup r andphosphate h 2 c c h c h 2 o o o p o o o r f a t t y a c y l f a t t y a c y l uniqueproperty head carriesacharge mixeswithwaterhydrophilic basicstructure backbone glycerol twotails fattyacidchains tail nocharge doesnotmixwithwaterhydrophobic whatdeterminesthephospholipidphysiology typeofheadgroup typeofphospholipid cholinephosphatidylcholine pc inositolphosphatidylinositol pi serinephosphatidylserine ps typeandcompositionsoffattyacids source soya pl essentialfattyacids linoleic linolenic egg pl longchainpolyunsaturatedfattyacids ara dha dosage quantity typeandformofadministration cellexterior ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps cellinterior protein glycolipid glycoprotein keycellmembranebuildingblock psispredominantlyfoundinbrainandnervecells membranefluidity enzymeactivity enhancestransmitters release receptoractions nervecellhomeostasisregulation e g enzymes functionsofps functionsofps impulsetransportacrossthesynapticgap introductionage relatedcognitivedeclineimprovingbrainfunctionsthattendtodeclinewithageattentiondeficithyperactivitydisorderimprovingattentionspan concentration academicperformanceandhyperactivitysportsnutritionnaturalcortisolcontrol trainhard trainsmartmentalstressimprovesstressresistanceinhealthyyoungstudents leci psapplications whatisagerelatedcognitivedecline diagnostictermformemorylossinelderlypeoplewhoareclinicallyhealthy physiologicalprocess occursduringmiddleageandlaterlife resultsin impairedcapacitytorecallnames facesandnumbers agerelatedcognitivedecline 1 1 americanuniversitysampling2 crook t h west r l 1990 britishjournalofpsychology 81 335 349 memorydeclinefromage25rememberingnamesimmediatelyafterintroduction1 2 agerelatedcognitivedecline 2 threetheoriesofagingbiochemicalandstructuralchangesduringtheagingprocess agerelatedcognitivedecline 3 membranehypothesisofaging changesinlipidcompositionandcontentinthecellmembranes increaseofcholesterolcontentincellmembrane decreaseinmembranefluidityresultsinreducedenzymeactivity reducedreceptorfunction etc cholinergichypothesisofaging reducedsynthesisandreleaseofneurotransmitters morphologicalhypothesisofaging decreaseinsynapticdensity deathofnervecells agerelatedcognitivedecline 4 examplesofcellcultureandanimaltrailsonhowpsbenefitsallthreehypothesesofaging mechanisticinvestigationonhowpsbenefitsage relatedcognitivedecline membranehypothesisofagingcholinergichypothesisofagingmorphologicalhypothesisofaging agerelatedcognitivedecline 5 membranehypothesisofagingincreasedcholesteroltophospholipidratio resultsinalterationoffluidity viscosity enzymaticactivities receptorfunctions membranecarriers neuronalelectricalproperties hasanegativeinfluenceonneurotransmisson negativeimpactoncerebralfunctions behavior learning memory psnormalizescholesterol plratio restorationofmembranefluidityandcomposition morphologicalhypothesisofagingdendriticspinelossstudiedinrats deathofnervecells decreaseddensityofnervecellinterconnections lossofdendrites source neurol aging8 501 510 1987 agerelatedcognitivedecline 6 theeffectonpsondendriteschronictreatmentwithpspreventstheage relatedreductionindendriticspinedensityinrathippocampus agerelatedcognitivedecline 7 agerelatedcognitivedecline 8 cholinergichypothesisofagingneurotransmitterdeficit multipleneurotransmitterdeficitshavebeenimplicatedinmemoryandattentionloss inparticularinagedpeople pssupplementationrestoresneurotransmitterrelease chat positivecells p 0 05vs young examplesofanimalandhumanclinicaltrailsontheeffectofpsonage relatedcognitivedeclineproofthatobservedeffectsinanimalandcellculturetrialshaveabeneficialeffectinhumans agerelatedcognitivedecline 9 animaltrials anexample effectofchronictreatmentwithpsonmorriswatermaze agerelatedcognitivedecline 10 agerelatedcognitivedecline 11 humantrials howtotestbrainfunctions aself test areyouinneedofleci ps name faceassociationtest first lastnamestest name faceassociationtest normanjanicechristine phyllishenryjames lookatthefollowingfacesandnames takeafewsecondstostudyeachone thanturntonextpage name faceassociationtest 1 2 3 pleasewritethenamecorrespondingtoeachface 4 5 6 name faceassociationtest 1 christine2 henry3 phyllis pleasecheckifyouranswerwascorrect thecorrectnames 4 norman5 james6 janice first lastnamestest pleasereadthefirstandlastnames thanturntonextpage denisejacksongaryrobinsmargarettaylorpeterjohnson first lastnamestest pleasewritethefirstnamethatcorrespondstoeachlastname taylor jackson johnson robins first lastnamestest thecorrectfirstnamesassociatedwitheachlastnamearelistedbelow pleasecheckifyouransweriscorrect margarettaylordenisejacksonpeterjohnsongaryrobins howdidyoudo name faceassociationtestageaveragescore18 29630 39540 49450 59360 692 370 1 2first lastnamestestageaveragescore18 29330 49250 69170 0 1 name faceassociationtest delwaideetal 1986 seniledementiaransmayretal 1987 mildtomoderateage dependentcognitivedysfunctionwithevidenceofarterioscleroticencephalopathypalmierietal 1987 senilementaldeteriorationvillarditaetal 1987 moderateseniledeteriorationofcognitivefunctionamaduccietal 1988 alzheimer sdiseaseandrelatedcognitivedisordersherrmannanddietrich 1988 ageassociatedmemoryimpairment aami hippiuset 1990 mildprimarydegenerativedementiacrooketal 1991 ageassociatedmemoryimpairment aami engeletal 1992 earlydementiaofalzheimertypecenacchietal 1993 cognitiveimpairmentheissetal 1994 neuropsychological eegandpetinvestigationgindinetal 1995 ageassociatedmemoryimpairment aami crooketal 1998 agerelatedcognitivedisorder arcd double blindhumanclinicaltrials examples agerelatedcognitivedecline 12 double blindhumanclinicaltrials examples agerelatedcognitivedecline 13 double blindtrialformemorywithpsmagnitudeofeffectsbeyondthoseofplacebo source anti agingtherapeuticsvol ii pp 20 29 1998 300mgleci psfor12weeks50patients meanage60 5years agerelatedcognitivedecline 14 effectsofpsonbrainmetabolism petimagingofthebrainofa59 year oldfemaleshowsintensityofglucosemetabolismindifferentregionsofthebrain top beforepsbottom after500mgpsdailyforthreeweeks source dementia1 197 201 1990 agerelatedcognitivedecline 15 petimagingofbrain howdoespswork asummaryonthemechanismshowpsimprovesbrainfunctionsthattendtodeclinewithage fromcellcultureexperiments animalandhumanclinicaltrials improvesbrainglucosemetabolismcholinergichypothesisofaging stimulatesacetylcholinesynthesisinthebrain cascadingeffectsonsignaltransductionmembranehypothesisofaging normalizescholesteroltophospholipidratioinmembranes improvesreceptorfunctions stimulatesactivityofionpumpsmorphologicalhypothesisofaging reversesageassociatednervecelldendriteloss agerelatedcognitivedecline 16 quotationthomash crook ph d forseveralmultinationalpharmaceuticalcompaniesihavetested17substanceswhichhaveshownpromisingresultsinanimals butnotasingleonewassuccessfulinhumans exceptphosphatidylserine psychologist headoftwousmemoryassessmentclinics directornationalinstituteofmentalhealth agerelatedcognitivedecline 17 leci psapplications introductionage relatedcognitivedeclineimprovingbrainfunctionsthattendtodeclinewithageattentiondeficithyperactivitydisorderimprovingattentionspan concentration academicperformanceandhyperactivitysportsnutritionnaturalcortisolcontrol trainhard trainsmartmentalstressimprovesstressresistanceinhealthyyoungstudents attentiondecifithyperactivitydisorder whatisadhd attentiondeficithyperactivitydisorder adhd isasyndromewhichisusuallycharacterizedbyseriousandpersistentdifficultiesresultingin poorattentionspan inattention weakimpulsecontrol impulsivity hyperactivity complexdisorderwhichaffectsapproximately3to6percentofthepopulation boyswithadhdtendtooutnumbergirlsby3to1 ithadbeenidentifiedinmedicalliteraturemorethan100yearsagoapopulargermantale hoffmann sstruwwelpeter writteninrhymeforchildren portraysachildwithadhd attentiondecifithyperactivitydisorder diagnosticcriteriaforadhd inattention sixormoreofthefollowingsymptomsofinattentionhavepersistedforatleast6monthstoadegreethatismaladaptiveandinconsistentwithdevelopmentallevela oftenfailstogivecloseattentiontodetailsormakescarelessmistakesinschoolwork work orotheractivities b oftenhasdifficultysustainingattentionintasksorplayactivities c oftendoesnotseemtolistenwhenspokentodirectly d oftendoesnotfollowthroughoninstructionsandfailstofinishschoolwork chores ordutiesintheworkplace notduetooppositionalbehaviororfailuretounderstandinstructions e oftenhasdifficultyorganizingtasksandactivities f oftenavoids dislikes orisreluctanttoengageintasksthatrequiresustainedmentaleffort suchasschoolworkorhomework g oftenlosesthingsnecessaryfortasksoractivities e g toysschoolassignments pencils books ortools h isofteneasilydistractedbyextraneousstimuli i isoftenforgetfulindailyactivities attentiondecifithyperactivitydisorder diagnosticcriteriaforadhd hyperactivity impulsivity sixormoreofthefollowingsymptomsofhyperactivity impulsivityhavepersistedforatleast6monthstoadegreethatismaladaptiveandinconsistentwithdevelopmentallevelhyperactivitya oftenfidgetswithhandsorfeetorsquirmsinseat b oftenleavesseatinclassroomorinothersituationinwhichremainingseatedisexpected c oftenrunsaboutorclimbsexcessivelyinsituationsinwhichitisinappropriate inadolescentsoradults maybelimitedtosubjectivefeelingsofrestlessness d oftenhasdifficultyplayingorengaginginleisureactivitiesquietlye isoften onthego oroftenactsasif drivenbyamotor f oftentalksexcessively impulsivityg oftenblurtsoutanswersbeforequestionshavebeencompleted h oftenhasdifficultyawaitingturn i ofteninterruptsorintrudesonothers e g atschoolorworkandathome attentiondecifithyperactivitydisorder diagnosticcriteriaforadhd continued somehyperactive impulsiveorinattentivesymptomsthatcausedimpairmentwerepresentbeforeage7years someimpairmentfromthesymptomsispresentintwoormoresettings e g atschoolorworkandathome theremustbeclearevidenceofclinicallysignificantimpairmentinsocial academic oroccupationalfunctioning thesymptomsdonotoccurexclusivelyduringthecourseofapervasivedevelopmentaldisorder schizophrenia orotherpsychoticdisorderandarenotbetteraccountedforbyanothermentaldisorder e g mooddisorder anxietydisorder dissociativedisorder orapersonalitydisorder attentiondecifithyperactivitydisorder whatcausesadhd asinglecausehasnotbeenconclusivelyproven somepossibilitiesare genetic hereditary strongestcorrelation braindamage headtrauma before afterorduringbirth twiceaslikelytohavehadlabor 13hrs braindamagebytoxins internal bacterialandviral external fetalalcoholsyndrome metalintoxication e g lead accompanyingcnsproblems examples learningdisabilities ticdisorders suchastourettes in20 ofadhdchildren whereas40to60 ofticchildrenhaveadhd grossandfinemotorcontroldelays coordination 50 ofadhdchildrendevelopmentaldelays suchasspeech autism asberger s whatisthelong termprognosis evidenceappearstoindicatethatadhdisapermanentcondition somechildrenmayoutgrowthehyperactiveportion unidentifiedanduntreated thedisorderwillincreasetheriskfor impairededucationalperformance decreasedselfesteem socialproblems familydifficulties potentiallongtermeffectssomestatistics 75 peoplewithadhdgetdivorced 50 staybehindagrade 46 havebeensuspended 11 havebeenexpelled 3 5 goingon15 20 schoolagedpopulationhaveit 2 5 3millionschoolagedchildrenhaveit attentiondecifithyperactivitydisorder potentialtreatmentsforadhdthereisnosimpletreatment usuallymulti modalapproachisused medication trainingofparents counseling trainingofchildincludingbehaviormodeling self verbalizationandself reinforcement specialeducationenvironment dietaryinvestigationsdrugs psychostimulants e g ritalin antidepressants neuroleptics tranquilizers impulsive tantrums moodstabilizers attentiondecifithyperactivitydisorder attentiondecifithyperactivitydisorder pilotstudy opendesign ontheuseofleci psinadhddr carolannryser kansascity mi usa design openclinicaltrialon27childrenaged3 19 placedchildrenonindividualregimewhichcombinednutrients drugsasindicated e g ritalin treatmentforgastrointestinalimbalances counseling andotherinterventions adhdchildrenreceived200to300mgleci psperday dependingonthebodysizeinadditiontoregulartreatment duration 4months attentiondecifithyperactivitydisorder pilotstudy opendesign ontheuseofleci psinadhdresults psgavemarked clinicallymeaningfulbenefitto25of27patients 92 improvedattention concentration memory academicperformance calmedimpulsivebehavior improveddepressionandanxiety providedclinicalbenefitsbeyondthoseresultingfromdrugssuchasritalin methylphenidate adderall mixedamphetamines orwellbutrin noadverseeffectsordruginteractionsleci pspotentiallybenefitschildrenandteenagersaffectedwithattentiondeficitandrelatedproblems attentiondecifithyperactivitydisorder ongoingtrialswithleci psinadhddouble blind placebo controlled clinicaltrial 20ahdhchildren 10leci ps 10placebo 200mgleci psfor8weeks freshly diagnosedwithadhdwithoutpriorhistoryofdrugsupplementation startedinapril2002magneticresonanceimaging mri ofthebrain 5elderly 70 5midaged app 40years and5ahdhchildren 200mgleci psfor4weeks mriscansafter2and4weeks startedinapril2002 conclusion adhddrugshaveserioussideeffects needfornaturalalternatives leci pssupplementationimprovesattention concentration memory academicperformance opentrial leci pssupplementationcalmedimpulsivebehavior improveddepressionandanxiety opentrial allsoy beanderivedproductsdifferincomposition leci psistheonlysoy derivedproductproventobeefficaciousinadhd leci pspotentiallybenefitschildrenandteenagersaffectedwithattentiondeficitandrelatedproblems patentpending phosphatidylserine ps thebrainnutrientforpeopleofallages attentiondecifithyperactivitydisorder leci psapplications introductionage relatedcognitivedeclineimprovingbrainfunctionsthattendtodeclinewithageattentiondeficithyperactivitydisorderimprovingattentionspan concentration academicperformanceandhyperactivitysportsnutritionnaturalcortisolcontrol trainhard trainsmartmentalstressimprovesstressresistanceinhealthyyoungstudents leci ps insportsnutrition phosphatidylserine ps trainhart trainsmartnaturalcortisolcontrol scientificbackground hardtrainingisessentialforathletestogetacompetitiveedge trainingprogramsmustbeintenseenoughtoimproveskillswithoutleadingtoovertraining overtrainingresultsinanincreaseofthemuscle wasting catabolic hormone cortisol cortisol breaksdownmuscleproteinintoaminoacidsandimpedesaminoacidsfromenteringmusclecells eliminatingtheincreaseofcortisolwouldallowathletestotrainharder resultinginbetterperformance leci ps insportsnutrition 500 400 300 200 100 acthcortisol acth pg ml min andcortisol ng ml min concentrations plasmaacthandcortisolresponsetoexercise pssupplementationsignificantly suppressesacthandcortisol responsestoexercise 1200 1000 800 600 400 placebo ps cycling 8non physicallytrainedhealthymalevolunteers aged24 42years underwentthreedistinctsessionsofbicycleergometertestsat1 weekintervals double blind randomized placebo controlled crossoverdesign 400or800mgbovine brainps fidias p a italy cortisollevelsupto30 lower leci ps insportsnutrition 6 4 2 0 musclesorenessindex pssignificantlyimprovesmusclesoreness musclesorenessindex 10 extremelysore severelydebilitated 8 verysore interfereswithdailyactivities 6 sore veryuncomfortable 4 sore butdoesn tinterferewithactivities 2 minorsoreness 0 nosoreness 123456 phosphatidylserine placebo trial weighttraining 800mgleci psperday double blind placebo controlled crossoverdesign for2weeks 3weekswash out 2weeks 11weight trainedathletes aged22 8 3 4y 69 0 3 9kg 170 2 2 8cm theweight trainingprogramwasdesignedtoovertrainthesubjects well beingandmusclesorenessareconsideredtobemostreliableindicators leci ps insportsnutrition weighttraining athletes perceptionofwellbeinghasaprofoundinfluenceonpsychologicaloutlookandcompetitivespirit followingintenseweighttraining cortisolwasnoticeablydepressedinsubjectsconsumingleci ps 8 6 4 2 perceptionofwell being pssignificantlyimproveswell being perceptionofwell being 10 feelgreat 8 fellverygood 6 fellgoodgenerally buttiredfromtimetotime 4 feeltiredmostlybutfunctionnormally 2 feeltired lackofenergyinterfereswithdailylife 0 feelexhausted flu likesymptoms extremelydebilitated 123456 phosphatidylserine placebo trial endurancerunners 600mgor300mgofleci psperday double blind placebo controlled crossoverdesign for2weeks 12trainedathletesperformed90 minrunonday15 creatinekinaseiscontainedwithinthemuscleplasmamembraneandthebloodlevelsareusuallylow muscledamagewillcauseanincreaseinplasmaandserumcreatinekinaselevels leci pssupplementationresultedinsignificantimprovementsintrainedrunnerscomparedtoplacebo 300 200 100 0 placebopsps 600mg300mg creatinekinase munits ml pssupplementationsignificantlyreduces creatinekinaselevels anindicatorofmuscledamage creatinekinaseisanindicatorof skeletalmuscledamageafte