定从讲与练总结版.doc

定 语 从 句一、基本概念和主要特征：1. 基本概念： 在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。如：Do you know the man who spoke at the meeting just now?That is the house where he lived ten years ago.定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫先行词；定语从句一般用关系代词或关系副词来引导，关系词起着连接主从句，指代先行词，又作从句中的一个成分的三重作用。2. 主要特征 （1）先行词要在从句中充当一定的成分；（2）what永远不能引导定语从句；（3）翻译时先译从句，翻译成“.的”；（4）定语从句前一般都能找到相对应的名词或代词先行词二、定语从句的基本用法：=for which+at/in/on+which=at/in/on+whichAttention：对于先行词是时间,地点,原因的定语从句关系词的选择关键在于分析定语从句当引导词在句中做主语,宾语时，要用关系代词；当引导词在句中做状语时，要用关系副词. This is the place where he works (vi).This is the place (that / which) we visited (vt) last year.I often think of the days (that / which ) I spent in Browns last summer.I often think of the days when we worked together last summer.Practice: Is this the factory _ his father visited last year?Is this factory _his father visited last year? Is this the factory_ his father worked last year?Answers:(that/which) the one/what where/at which 三.定语从句的种类限制性和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句形式上不用逗号“，”，与主句不隔开用逗号“，”，与主句隔开意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思关系词使用上A 作宾语时可省略B 可用thatC 可用who 代替whomA.不可省略B.不用thatC.不可用who 代替whom翻译上常译为“。的”常译为并列句或状语从句The novel which I have read three times is very touching. （我读了三遍的那本小说很动人。）This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. （这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。）Attention：(1).两种定语从句的内涵不同，限制性定语从句具有涉他性，而非限制性定语从句具有唯一性，这在理解和翻译时应特别注意。试比较：His brother, who is eighteen years old, is a PLA man. （只有一个）His brother who/that is a PLA man is eighteen years old.（不止一个） (2). 在非限制性定语从句中，有时which所指代的先行词是前面的整个句子。Xiao Li came to see me off, which was very kind of her.He didnt pass the exam, which surprised us。四使用关系词引导定语从句时应注意事项。1. 在限制性定语从句中，只能用that，不用which指物的情况(1) 当先行词为不定代词all, much, little, only, just, every, one of, no, little, few, any, something, everything, anything，nothing, none, the one.及the very, the last, the next, the only或被不定代词修饰时Is there anything (that) I can do for you? She is the only person that understands me.The only thing that I want to do is to have a rest. All that can be done has been done. This is the very book that Im looking for. We heard clearly every word that he said. In this factory I saw little / much that was different from ours. (2)当先行词为序数词、形容词的最高级或被它们修饰时He was the first person that passed the exam. Is that the best that you can do?This is the most interesting film that I have ever seen. This novel is the second best one that I have ever read.(3)当先行词既有人又有物时 e.g. She described in her compositions the people and places that impressed her most.(4)由which或who等特殊疑问词引导的句子或如果两个从句，其中一个关系代词用which, 另一个用that以避免重复。 Which is the bike that you lost? Which is the car that killed the boy? Who is the boy that won the gold medal? He built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.(5)当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也在从句中作表语时 e.g. .Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be. c.f.: Shanghai is no longer what it used to be. 2.用which而不用that 的场合(1)当关系代词前有介词时 This is the house of which the windows face south.(2)引导非限制性定语从句which 可代表先行词或者前句，可译为“这一点，这件事” Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world. Tom came back, which made us happy.(3) 先行词为that, those时 e.g. Whats that which was put in the car?(4) 一个句子有两个定语从句，为避免重复，一个用that， 另一个用whichLet me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.3. 在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指人时，关系词可用who(m)或that，二者常可互换。但在下列情况中，用who(m)，而不用that：（1）当先行词是one, ones, any, few, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, everyone, everybody等词时。 如：Is there anyone who can answer this question? He was among the few who managed to live through the enemy prison camp. 注：在非正式文体中可以说：Youre the one that knows where to go.) （2）当先行词是he, they, those, people, person等词时。如：He who wants to catch fish just doesnt mind getting wet. Those who are against the proposal put up your hands.（3）在分隔式定语从句中，若先行词指人，为了明确修饰关系，应当用who(m)。A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German.Theres only one student in the school who/whom I wanted to see.I was the only person in my office who was invited.4.关系代词whose的用法“whose +n”可以换成“the +n+of which(物)/ whom(人)”或“of which(物)/whom(人)+the +n”They came to a house whose wall (= the wall of which/of which the wall) had broken down. He is the student whose composition (=the composition of whom/ of whom the composition) won the first prize.5.介词+关系代词 的用法看前看后看搭配（1） 与先行词构成习惯搭配I will never forget the day on which I joined the Party.（2） 和定语从句中动词或形容词构成固定搭配 The man to whom you talked just now will chair the meeting tomorrow.He is a learned man with whom we are familiar.（3） 根据句子的整体意义 Air, without which man cant live, is really important.（4） 表所有关系及整体中的一部分或全部时，用介词ofThere are 100 teachers in our school, of which 60 are women teachers.He has two children, both of whom work as teachers.That table has four legs, all of which are very short.We have three foreign teachers, two of whom are from Canada. The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% of which are sold abroad. Attention：(1).固定搭配的动词短语中的介词一般不能提前.常见的这类动词短语有: look for/after/forward to, care for, hear of/about/from, take care of等. This is the right place Im looking for. The girl whom he is looking after is his sister. (2).复合型介词+关系代词或副词Tom hid himself behind the door, from where he could hear the steps of his mother clearly.The book was written in 1946, since when the education system has witnessed great changes.Last month, part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods, from whose effects the people are still suffering.He spent four years in college, during which time he studied medicine.The boy was staying in the room through whose window he could climb down.The boss in whose company my father worked is a kind man.(3).介词后面的关系词不能省略 (4).that前不能有介词 6. as引导的定语从句 关系代词as既可以引导限制性定语从句，又可以引导非限制性定语从句，as在从句中做主语、宾语、表语。1).as引导限制性定语从句 其中关系代词as在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语such/so/as +名词 + as“像.一样的” “像之类”the same + 名词+ as “和.同样的”such assuch为代词 “这样的人或物”, We have found such materials as are used in their factory. (as作主语) Such people as you describe are thought to be fools nowadays. (as作宾语) This book is not such as I expect. (as作宾语)这不是一本我所希望的书。 At this time of the day, all buses and trolleys have to carry as many passengers as they can.Attention：(1).当先行词被the same所修饰时关系词用that表示同一事物； as表示同一种类。This is the same instrument that I used yesterday. 这就是我昨天用过的那台仪器。This is the same instrument as I used yesterday. 这台仪器跟我昨天用过的那台一样。(2). Here is such a large stone/so large a stone as no one can move.（定从）Here is such a large stone as no one can move it.（结果状语从句）2).关系代词as和which引导的定语从句两者都可代指主句的整个内容。as（译为“正如,正像”）引导的非限制性定语从句,既可以在主句前,又可在主句后,有时还可插入主句中,而which（译为“这一点,这件事”）引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句后。 He turned out to be very successful, which was more than we could expect. As is known to all, Edison invented the telephone. = Edison invented the telephone, as is known to all.= Edison, as is known to all, invented the telephone.as在从句中作主语时，后面常接行为动词的被动语态，如be known, be said, be reported等；如果行为动词是主动语态，一般要用which作主语。另外as多用于习惯搭配中：as anybody can see(正如人人都能看到的那样)； as is well-known=as is known to all (众所周知)； as we had expected（正如我们所预料的那样）； as often happens (正如经常发生的那样)； as has been said before（如上所述）； as is mentioned above（正如上面提到的）She has married again, as was expected.当主句与从句语义一致时用as，反之用whichShe has married again, which was unexpected. e.g. 试比较：As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.It is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month.What is known to everybody is that the moon travels round the earth once every month. (1._从句 2._从句 3._从句)7. 定语从句的主谓一致（1）关系代词作从句的主语时，从句中谓语动词的人称和数要与先行词保持一致;先行词是个句子时，从句的谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。The recorder that has been given to me is home-made. I, who am your classmate, will share the work with you.He has passed the college entrance examination, which makes his parents very happy.(2) “one of+复数名词”位于关系代词前作先行词时，从句的动词通常用复数; 但当one前有the (only), the (very)等修饰时，从句的谓语动词要用单数。e.g. He is one of the students who have made great progress so far.Mr. Wang is the (only) one of my friends who has been invited to have dinner with us.Practice:One of the boys who _(be)my friends_(be)very good at English.（are/is）Those who _against the plan _(sign) your names here. (are/sign)Anyone who _(break) the law _ to be punished. (breaks/ is)8. 注意way和time后接定语从句的情况(1) 当先行词是way “方式、方法”时，引导的定语从句的关系词有下列三种形式：e.g. I dont understand the way / t hat/in which they worked out the problem. c.f: The way that/which/ he explained to us was quite simple. （作宾语） (2) 先行词是time时，若time表示“次数”时，应用关系代词that 引导定语从句，that可省略；若表示“一段时间”时，应用关系副词when或介词at/during + which引导定语从句。This is the second time (that) the President has visited the country.I could hardly remember how many times (that) I have failed in exams.This was at a time when/during which there were no radios, no telephones or no TV sets.Practice: This is the last time _ I shall give you a lesson. I dont like the way _ you laugh at her. (1.that 2. in which/that/)9定语从句先行词的特殊用法： 常见的先行词有point, case, occasion, ,scene, position, situation, business, chair, age等时，后面的定语从句缺的是状语成分，要填where, when或介词 + which.1). (07江西) After graduation she reached a point in her career where she needed to decide what to do.2). (05上海)If a shop has chairs where women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop.3).(04湖南)I work in a business where almost everyone is waiting for a great chance.4).( 07陕西）Today we are going to discuss a number of cases where the engineers of English fail to use the language properly 5) (09福建) Its helpful to put children in a situation where they can see themselves differently.6). (03北春)We are living in an age when many things are done on computer. 但是，有时候需要克服思维定势，具体问题具体分析：- Do you have anything to say for yourself?-Yes, there is one point _ we must insist on. 06江西(that)五.定语从句的考试热点：1.定语从句后置为了保持句子平衡。The film brought the hours back to me when I was taken good care of in that village.2.在定语从句中使用插入语以增加语言的灵活性。Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, which of course, made the others unhappy. 3. what 不能引导定语从句，但是what相当于all that/ the things that/ everything that/ nothing that等等。 What /All that we need is more practice. China is no longer what/the country(the one) that it used to be. Attention: 1). what = the thing that； whatever = anything that What you want has been sent here. 你要的东西都送来了。 Whatever you want makes no difference to me.不管你要什么，跟我没什么关系。 2). who= the person that whoever= anyone who （错）Who breaks the law will be punished.（错）Whoever robbed the bank is not clear. （对）Whoever breaks the law will be punished. 王子犯法，与庶民同罪。 （对）Who robbed the bank is not clear. 谁抢了银行还不清楚。 4. 定语从句与同位语从句的区别。定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系“。的（名词）”；而同位语从句是用来说明前面名词的内容。与that从句同位的名词必须是一些表事实或概念的抽象名词，如fact, news, belief, truth, reply等.that在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语成分，做宾语时可以省略；而that在同位语从句中不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用。不能省略。试比较： We all have heard the news that our team won. (同位语从句) We dont believe the news that/which he told us yesterday.(定语从句)The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money.(_从句)The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve. (_从句) The question that he raised puzzled all of us. (_从句) The question whether he is sure to win the game is hard to answer. (_从句)5定语从句与状语从句的比较。试比较： He left the key（where/in the place where）he had been an hour before.(地状从句) He left the place where/in which he lived for many years. (where 引导定从)6定语从句与强调结构的比较。试比较： It was the house where I met the young man. (where 引导定语从句) It was in the house that I met the young man. (强调句型)Attention: 省略性定语从句-Where did you find him?-It was in the hotel where he stayed (that I found him)Practice:1).A modern city has been set up in _ was a wasteland ten years ago. 2).A modern city has been set up in a place _ was a wasteland before.3).A modern city has been set up _ there was a wasteland ten years ago.4)He was nearly drowned once. When was _? _ was in 1998 _he was in middle school. A. that; It; when B. this; This; when C. this; It; that D. that; It; that (answers:1.what 宾从 2.which/that 定从 3. where 地状 4.A)7. 定语从句与并列句的识别(并列句一般由and, but, so等连词连接或中间用“分号”隔开) 。There are 5000 students in our school, 45% of whom are girls.There are 5000 students in our school, and 45% of them are girlsThere are 5000 students in our school；45% of them are girls.Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase，the price of which was reasonable.Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase；the price of it was reasonable. Johns parents kept telling him that he should work hard，but it didnt help.句子拓展分析选做：The suggestion he thought of was reasonable. (_从句) The suggestion was that he (should) leave immediately. (_从句) The suggestion that he leave immediately is reasonable. (_从句) It is my suggestion that he leave immediately. (_从句) It is a fact that he was a thief. (_从句) The fact that he was a thief surprised everyone present. (_从句) I nearly forgot the fact that he told me yesterday. (_从句) The war and suffering (that) it caused affected him greatly. (_从句)The washing machine she had had repaired went wrong again. You cant imagine the difficulty I had finding your lost car. The person you had help proved to be capable.定 语 从 句 练 习一对比练习：1. This is one of the most interesting films _ shown last week. This is the very one of the most interesting films _ shown last week.A. which was B. that was C. which were D. that were2. He has two sons, _ are college students. He has two sons, and _ are college students.A. both of which B. both of whom C. both of them D. both of it3. He still lives in the room _ window faces to the east. He still lives in the room, the window _ faces to the east. He still lives in the room _ is in the north of the city. He still lives in the room _ there is a beautiful table.A. which B. whose C. where D. of which4. _ leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights. _ who leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights. _ who leave the room last ought to turn off the lights.A. Anyone B. Who C. Those D. Whoever5. _ we all know, China is rich in natural resources. _ is well-known that China is rich in natural resources. _ is well-known, China is rich in natural resources.A. Which B. As C. It D. That6. Thats the reason_ he left home. Thats the reason _he explained to us.A. that B. 不填 C. why D. for which7. This is the only way _ you can find. I dont like the way _ he spoke to his mother. A. that B. 不填 C. in which D. which 8. Galileo collected the facts _ proved the earth and all the other planets move around the sun. Galileo discovered the fact _ the earth and all the other planets move around the sun. A. that B. which C. 不填 D. whose9. The teacher_ whom I learnt most was Mrs. Zhu. The prize _ which he worked so hard was a new bicycle. The person_ whom you will work is Mr. Ball. The person_ whom I lent my bicycle is Mr. Ball. A. from B. to C. for D. with10. It was eleven oclock _ they went out of the cinema. It was at eleven oclock _ they went out of the cinema.A. which B. that C. when D. on which11. I will never forget the day _I joined the League. September 18, 1913 is the day _ well never forgetDo you still remember the days _we spent together in the countryside.Do you still remember the days _we played together in the countryside.A. which B. when C. in which D. on which 12. He is such a good teacher _ we all like him. He is such a good teacher_ we all like.A. which B. as C. that D. what13. This is all _ he said at the meeting yesterday. This is _ he said at the meeting yesterday. A. thatB. whichC. what D. how14.He has succeeded,_ was expected.He has succeeded,_ was unexpected.A. whichB. thatC. as D./15. Is this the farm Mr. Li once worked?Is this the farm Mr. Li once worked in?Is this farm Mr. Li once worked in?Is this the only farm Mr. Li once worked in?Is this the farm in Mr. Li once worked?Is it in this farm Mr. Li once worked?A. that B. which C. where D. the one16. She married the man loved very much.She married the man she loved very much.A. she B. whom C .which D. to whom17. Only those knew well could be let in.Only those he knew well could be let in. A. he B. who C. did he D. he did18.Perhaps that is the only point _I completely disagree.Perhaps that is the only point _I completely disagree with.Perhaps that i