西方哲学史人物英汉对照.doc

Thales 泰勒斯 Birth ca. 624625 BC Death ca. 547546 BC School/tradition 学派/传统 Ionian Philosophy, Milesian school, Naturalism 爱奥尼亚哲学，米利都学派，自然主义 Main interests 主要兴趣 Ethics, Metaphysics, Mathematics, Astronomy 伦理学 形而上学，数学，天文学 Notable ideas 著名思想 Water is the physis, Thales theorem 水是基砖，泰勒斯定理 Influenced by 所受影响 Ancient Egyptian mathematics and religion 古埃及数学与宗教 Influenced 影响 Pythagoras, Anaximander, Anaximenes 毕达哥拉斯，阿那克西曼德，阿那克西米尼 Thales of Miletus was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher from Miletus in Asia Minor, and one of the Seven Sages of Greece. Many, most notably Aristotle, regard him as the first philosopher in the Greek tradition. According to Bertrand Russell, Philosophy begins with Thales. 米利都的泰勒斯是小亚细亚的米利都得前苏格拉底希腊哲学家，希腊七贤之一。很多人（最有名的是亚里士多德）把他作为希腊传统的第一个哲学家。按照贝特兰罗素的说法，“哲学始于泰勒斯。” Thales lived around the mid 620s547 BC and was born in the city of Miletus. Miletus was an ancient Greek Ionian city on the western coast of Asia Minor (in what is today the Aydin Province of Turkey) near the mouth of the Maeander River. 泰勒斯生活在公元前620年到547年之间，生于米利都城。米利都是处于小亚细亚西海岸的古希腊爱奥尼亚城市（在当今的土耳其艾登省），距离缅安达河口很近。 The dates of Thales life are not known precisely. The time of his life is roughly established by a few dateable events mentioned in the sources and an estimate of his length of life. According to Herodotus, Thales once predicted a solar eclipse which has been determined by modern methods to have been on May 28, 585 BC. Diogenes Lartius quotes the chronicle of Apollodorus as saying that Thales died at 78 in the 58th Olympiad, and Sosicrates as reporting that he was 90 at his death. 我们对泰勒斯的生活年代知道得不甚确切。我们可以用资料中提到的一些确定日期的事件来确定他生平的大概事件并估计他的寿命。按希腊多德希腊历史学家所说，泰勒斯曾经预测过一次日食，用当代技术确定这次日食发生于公元前585年5月28日。第欧根尼拉尔修援引阿波罗多禄斯编年史，认为泰勒斯78岁时死于第五十八届奥运会，索西克拉底认为泰勒斯是90岁时死的。 Thales involved himself in many activities, taking the role of an innovator. Some say that he left no writings, others that he wrote On the Solstice and On the Equinox. Neither have survived. Diogenes Laeuml;rtius quotes letters of Thales to Pherecydes and Solon, offering to review the book of the former on religion, and offering to keep company with the latter on his sojourn from Athens. Thales identifies the Milesians as Athenians. 泰勒斯自己参与很多起革新者作用的活动。有些人说他没有留下什么作品，有些人说他写下了“论四季”与“论春分”。但这两个作品没有留下来。拉尔修援引泰勒斯致菲勒塞德斯与梭伦的信，其中就有提到评价前者论宗教，后者到雅典逗留时泰勒斯陪伴他。泰勒斯把米利都人看成是雅典人。 An olive mill and an olive press dating from Roman times in Capernaum, Israel. Several anecdotes suggest that Thales was not solely a thinker; he was involved in business and politics. One story recounts that he bought all the olive presses in Miletus after predicting the weather and a good harvest for a particular year. Another version of this same story states that he bought the presses not to become wealthy, but merely to demonstrate to his fellow Milesians that he could use his intelligence to enrich himself. 橄榄工厂与橄榄榨油机的始于以色列迦百农的罗马时代。几个逸事说明泰勒斯并非只是一个思想家；他也参与商业与政治活动。有个故事说的是，在他预测了某年的天气与丰收之后，他购买了米利都的所有橄榄榨油机。此故事的另外一种版本说的是，他购买榨油及不是为了变富，而只是为了向他的米利都同胞证明：他可以使用自己的智慧变富。 Thales political life had mainly to do with the involvement of the Ionians in the defense of Anatolia against the growing power of the Persians, who were then new to the region. A king had come to power in neighboring Lydia, Croesus, who was somewhat too aggressive for the size of his army. He had conquered most of the states of coastal Anatolia, including the cities of the Ionians. The story is told in Herodotus. 泰勒斯的政治生涯主要是参与爱奥尼亚人防卫安纳托利亚免遭日益强大的波斯人的进攻，那时波斯人刚刚来到这一地区。有个国王克里塞斯在邻国莉迪亚上台，由于他军队的数量庞大，由此太有些侵略性。他已经征服了沿海安纳托利亚的多数城邦，包括爱奥尼亚城。这种说法根据的是希罗多德。 Before Thales, the Greeks explained the origin and nature of the world through myths of anthropomorphic gods and heroes. Phenomena such as lightning or earthquakes were attributed to actions of the gods. 在泰勒斯之前，希腊人是通过人格神与英雄的神话来解释世界的起源与性质的。像闪电活地镇这样的现象都被归之于神的活动。 Nature as the principles in the form of matter 根据物质的起源来解释自然 In contrast to these mythological explanations, Thales attempted to find naturalistic explanations of the world, without reference to the supernatural. He explained earthquakes by hypothesizing that the Earth floats on water, and that earthquakes occur when the Earth is rocked by waves. 与那些神话解释相反，泰勒斯企图不考虑超自然的力量找到对世界的自然主义解释。 Water as a first principle 水是第一始基 Thales most famous belief was his cosmological thesis, which held that the world started from water. Aristotle considered this belief roughly equivalent to the later ideas of Anaximenes, who held that everything in the world was composed of air. 泰勒斯最著名的信仰是他的宇宙学观点，认为世界源于水。亚里士多德认为此信仰大致相当于后来阿那克西米尼的观点，阿那克西米尼认为宇宙万物是由空气构成的。 The term, Pre-Socratic, derives ultimately from Aristotle, a qualified philosopher (the father of philosophy), who distinguished the early philosophers as concerning themselves with substance. This is not entirely true. 前苏格拉底这一术语从源头上说肇始于资深哲学家亚里士多德（哲学之父），由于这些早期哲学家关注物质，所以亚里士多德把他们加以区分。但这并不完全正确。 Influence on others Many philosophers followed Thales lead in searching for explanations in nature rather than in the supernatural; others returned to supernatural explanations, but couched them in the language of philosophy rather than of myth or of religion. 很多哲学家沿着泰勒斯的足迹而非超自然力量寻求对自然的解释；有些哲学家又重返到超自然的解释上来，但他们倾向于语言哲学而不是神话或宗教哲学。 Selected Fragments from Thales 泰勒斯片断 Since no writings of the pre-Socratics are extant, what we know of their teachings has come from references made to them by later writers. If the references are seen as direct quotations, they are called fragments, otherwise, they are called testimonies or simply statements about the philosophers in question. 由于没有现存的前苏格拉底哲学家的作品，所以我们对他们的了解都是通过参考后来作家的对他们的讨论。如果资料可以看成是直接引用的，那么他们就被称之为“残篇”，否则就被称之为“证言”或只是有关哲学家的“陈述”。 Thales 泰勒斯 Testimonies 证言 1. Thales is traditionally the first to have revealed the investigation of nature to the Greeks; he had many predecessors, as also Theophrastus thinks, but so far surpassed them as to blot out who came before him. He is said to have left nothing in the form of writings except the so-called Nautical star-guide. 传说泰勒斯是第一个向希腊人展现自然研究的人；正像狄奥弗拉斯特所认为的他有很多前辈， 但是泰勒斯远远超过并掩盖了他的前辈。据说他除了所谓的航海星图没有留下任何文字形式的作品。 2. Yet they do not agree as to the number and the nature of these principles. Thales, the founder of this type of philosophy, says the principle is water (for which reason he declared that the earth rests on water), getting the notion perhaps from seeing that the nutriment of all things is moist, and that heat itself is generated from the moist and kept alive by it (and that from which they come to be is a principle of all things). He got his notion from this fact, and from the fact that the seeds of all things have a moist nature, and that water is the origin of the nature of moist things. 但是他们在这些始基的数目和性质上意见不一。这种哲学的创建者泰勒斯说始基是水（为此他宣称地球漂浮在水之上），这种看法也许得自这些观察：万物的营养都是潮湿的，热本身也得自潮湿并通过它得以维持（而且，它们的来源都是万物的始基）。他从这一事实得出他的看法，即万物的种子都具有潮湿的性质，水就是潮湿事物性质的来源。 3. For moist natural substance, since it is easily formed into each different thing, is accustomed to undergo very various changes: that part of it which is exhaled is made into air, and the finest part is kindled from air into aither, while when water is compacted and changes into slime it becomes earth. Therefore Thales declared that water, of the four elements, was the most active, as it were, as a cause. 对于潮湿性质的物质，由于它容易形成每种不同的东西，所以通常要历经十分不同的变化：发散出来的部分变成空气，最完善的部分是经过点燃从空气变成以太，而水变稠而成粘土，粘土再变成土。所以泰勒斯宣称，这四种元素中的水是最为活跃的，可以说是原因。 4. Certain thinkers say that soul is intermingled in the whole universe, and it is perhaps for that reason Thales came to the opinion that all things are full of gods. 有些思想家认为，精神贯穿于整个宇宙中，也许就是这个原因，泰勒斯得出这样一个判断：万物都充满了神。 5. Some think he (Thales) was the first to study the heavenly bodies and to foretell eclipses of the sun and solstices, as Eudemus says in his history of astronomy; for which reason both Xenophanes and Herodotus express admiration; and both Heraclitus and Democritus bear witness for him. 有些认为，泰勒斯第一个进行了天体研究并预测日食与至点，欧德摩斯在他的天文学史中就是这样说的；由此，色诺芬尼与希罗多德都表示了钦佩；而且赫拉柯利特与德谟克利特也为他作证。 6. Hieronymus says that he (Thales) actually measured the pyramids by their shadow, having observed the time when our own shadow is equal to our height. 希尔罗尼玛斯说，在观测到我们自己的身高与影子的长度相等时，泰勒斯实际上通过金字塔的影子测量了其高度。Pythagoras 毕达哥拉斯 Birth c. 580 BC 572 BC Death c. 500 BC 490 BC School/tradition 学派/传统 Pythagoreanism 毕达哥拉斯主义 Main interests 主要兴趣 Metaphysics, Music, Mathematics, Ethics, Politics 形而上学、音乐、数学、伦理学、政治学 Notable ideas 著名思想 Musica universalis, Golden ratio, Pythagorean tuning, Pythagorean Theorem 音乐普遍性、黄金比例、毕达哥拉斯调音、毕达哥拉斯定理 Influenced by 所受影响 Thales, Anaximander, Pherecydes 泰勒斯、阿那克西曼德、斐瑞居德斯 Influenced 影响 Philolaus, Alcmaeon, Parmenides, Plato, Euclid, Empedocles, Hippasus, Kepler菲洛劳斯，阿尔克梅翁，巴门尼德，柏拉图，欧几里德、恩培多柯勒、希勃索斯、开普勒 Pythagoras of Samos was an Ionian Greek mathematician and founder of the religious movement called Pythagoreanism. He is often revered as a great mathematician, mystic and scientist; however some have questioned the scope of his contributions to mathematics and natural philosophy. Herodotus referred to him as the most able philosopher among the Greeks. His name led him to be associated with Pythian Apollo; Aristippus explained his name by saying, He spoke (agor-) the truth no less than did the Pythian (Pyth-), and Iamblichus tells the story that the Pythia prophesied that his pregnant mother would give birth to a man supremely beautiful, wise, and beneficial to humankind. 萨默斯岛的毕达哥拉斯是一位爱奥尼亚希拉数学家，也是名之曰毕达哥拉斯主义的宗教运动的创始者。他常常被推崇为伟大的数学家、神秘主义者和科学家；可是也有人怀疑他对数学与自然哲学的贡献范围。希罗多德称他为“希腊最有才干的哲学家”。他的名字把他和达尔菲的太阳神联系在一起；阿里斯提普这样解释他的名字：“他道出的真理不亚于皮提亚希腊神”，杨布里科斯讲了这样一个故事：皮提亚预言他怀孕的母亲将生出一个无比美貌、智慧并有益于人类的儿子。 He is best known for the Pythagorean theorem, which bears his name. Known as the father of numbers, Pythagoras made influential contributions to philosophy and religious teaching in the late 6th century BC. Because legend and obfuscation cloud his work even more than with the other pre-Socratics, one can say little with confidence about his life and teachings. We do know that Pythagoras and his students believed that everything was related to mathematics and that numbers were the ultimate reality and, through mathematics, everything could be predicted and measured in rhythmic patterns or cycles. According to Iamblichus, Pythagoras once said that number is the ruler of forms and ideas and the cause of gods and demons. 他因以自己名字命名的毕达哥拉斯定理而最为知名。他被称为“数字之父”，毕达哥拉斯在公元前6世纪后期对哲学与宗教工作做出了颇有影响的贡献。由于传说与困惑是我们对他的工作还不如对前苏格拉底哲学家更清楚，所以我们谈论他的生活与教义没有多少信心。我们不知道毕达哥拉斯及其门徒相信一切都与数学联系在一起数是终极实在通过数学，什么都可以预测出来，什么都可以有节奏的样式或循坏加以计量。按阿里斯提普的看法，毕达哥拉斯曾经说过“数是形式和思想的统治者也是众神与魔鬼的目标”。 He was the first man to call himself a philosopher, or lover of wisdom, and Pythagorean ideas exercised a marked influence on Plato. Unfortunately, very little is known about Pythagoras because none of his writings have survived. Many of the accomplishments credited to Pythagoras may actually have been accomplishments of his colleagues and successors. 他是自称哲学家或爱智慧者的第一人，他的思想对柏拉图具有深远影响。不幸的是，由于他没有任何作品幸存下来，因此我们对毕达哥拉斯知之甚少。归之于毕达哥拉斯的许多成就实际上有可能是他的同行和继承者作出的。 The so-called Pythagoreans, who were the first to take up mathematics, not only advanced this subject, but saturated with it, they fancied that the principles of mathematics were the principles of all things. Aristotle, Metaphysics 所谓的毕达哥拉斯主义者，是第一批从事数学的人，他们不仅提出了这门学科，而且投身于它。他们猜测数学的原则乃是万物的原则。 -亚里士多德，形而上学 The organization was in some ways a school, in some ways a brotherhood, and in some ways a monastery. It was based upon the religious teachings of Pythagoras and was very secretive. At first, the school was highly concerned with the morality of society. Members were required to live ethically, love one another, share political beliefs, practice pacifism, and devote themselves to the mathematics of nature. 此组织在某些方面就像一个学派，在某些方面像兄弟会，在某些方面像修道院。它以毕达哥拉斯的宗教教义为基础，非常保密。起初此学派非常关注社会道德，它要求其成员道德地生活，彼此爱护，共享政治信仰，饯行和平主义并把自己贡献给自然的数学。 Pythagorass followers were commonly called Pythagoreans. They are generally accepted as philosophical mathematicians who had an influence on the beginning of axiomatic geometry, which after two hundred years of development was written down by Euclid in The Elements. 毕达哥拉斯的追随者一般被称之为毕达哥拉斯学派。他们被公认为对公理化几何学（此学科在之后的两百年的发展由欧几里德在几何原本中加以总结）的创立有影响的哲学数学家。 The Pythagoreans observed a rule of silence called echemythia, the breaking of which was punishable by death. This was because the Pythagoreans believed that a mans words were usually careless and misrepresented him and that when someone was in doubt as to what he should say, he should always remain silent. Another rule that they had was to help a man in raising a burden, but do not assist him in laying it down, for it is a great sin to encourage indolence, and they said departing from your house, turn not back, for the furies will be your attendants; this axiom reminded them that it was better to learn none of the truth about mathematics, God, and the universe at all than to learn a little without learning all. 毕达哥拉斯学派遵守被称之为“echemythia”的沉默规则，违背这一规则就会被处死。这是因为毕达哥拉斯学派认为，人之言语常有疏漏并歪曲自己。他们也认为一个人“如果不知道应该怎么说，它就应该保持沉默”。他们的另一个规则是帮助“负担加重的人，但不是帮助他放下负担，因为鼓励懒惰是一种巨大的罪恶”，他们说“离开你的家园，不要回头，因为复仇女神将成为你的仆人”；这一格言提醒他们：与根本就不学习而学到一点东西相比，还不如学不到什么有关数学、上帝与宇宙的东西好。 Musical theories and investigations 音乐理论与研究 Pythagoras was very interested in music, and so were his followers. The Pythagoreans were musicians as well as mathematicians. Pythagoras wanted to improve the music of his day, which he believed was not harmonious enough and was too hectic. 毕达哥拉斯与其追随者都对音乐深感兴趣。毕达哥拉斯学派既是音乐家也是数学家。毕达哥拉斯想改进他所处时代的音乐，因为他认为那时的音乐不和谐、太杂乱。 According to legend, the way Pythagoras discovered that musical notes could be translated into mathematical equations was when one day he passed blacksmiths at work, and thought that the sounds emanating from their anvils being hit were beautiful and harmonious and decided that whatever scientific law caused this to happen must be mathematical and could be applied to music. He went to the blacksmiths to learn how this had happened by looking at their tools, he discovered that it was because the anvils were simple ratios of each other, one was half the size of the first, another was 2/3 the size, and so on. 传说毕达哥拉斯是这样发现音符可以转化成数学方程的：有一天他经过铁匠铺的时候就想，从击打铁砧飞出来的声音很好听也很和谐，他就确定：产生这种现象的科学规律必定是数学的而且可以用到音乐中来。他到铁匠那里通过观察它们的工具了解这是怎么回事儿，他发现：这是因为铁砧之间“彼此之间成简单的比利，一个是另一个的一半大小，另一个是2/3大小，等等”。 The Pythagoreans elaborated on a theory of numbers, the exact meaning of which is still debated among scholars. Pythagoras believed in something called the harmony of the spheres. He believed that the planets and stars moved according to mathematical equations, which corresponded to musical notes and thus produced a symphony. 毕达哥拉斯详细叙述数的理论，其准确的含义至今仍在学者中有争议。毕达哥拉斯相信被称之为“天体和谐”的东西。他认为行星与恒星按照数学方程运动，其符合音符因而产生旋律。 Influence 影响 Since the fourth century AD, Pythagoras has commonly been given credit for discovering the Pythagorean theorem, a theorem in geometry that states that in a right-angled triangle the square of the hypotenuse (the side opposite the right angle), c, is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides, b and athat is, a + b = c. 从公元四世纪开始，毕达哥拉斯就被公认为毕达哥拉斯定理的发现者。毕达哥拉斯定理是一个几何定理，说的是直角三角形的斜边的平方（c2）等于另外两边的平方和（a2+b2）即，a2+b2= c2。 Religion and science 宗教与科学 Pythagoras religious and scientific views were, in his opinion, inseparably interconnected. Religiously, Pythagoras was a believer of metempsychosis. He believed in transmigration, or the reincarnation of the soul again and again into the bodies of humans, animals, or vegetables until it became moral. His ideas of reincarnation were influenced by ancient Greek religion. He was one of the first to propose that the thought processes and the soul were located in the brain and not the heart. He himself claimed to have lived four lives that he could remember in detail, and heard the cry of his dead friend in the bark of a dog. 在毕达哥拉斯看来，他的宗教与科学观是不可分割地交织在一起的。在宗教上，毕达哥拉斯是一个轮回转世的信奉者。他相信轮回转世或者是灵魂的反复再生进入人、动物或植物直到变成精神的。他的转世观点受到了古希腊宗教的影响。他是第一批提出思想过程和灵魂处于大脑而不是心脏的人之一。他自称他已经活了四世，能够记得其细节，能够听到狗叫时已死朋友的哭喊。 One of Pythagoras beliefs was that the essence of being is number. Thus, being relies on stability of all things that create the universe. Things like health relied on a stable proportion of elements; too much or too little of one thing causes an imbalance that makes a being unhealthy. Pythagoras viewed thinking as the calculating with the idea numbers. When combined with the Folk theories, the philosophy evolves into a belief that Knowledge of the essence of being can be found in the form of numbers. If this is taken a step further, one can say that because mathematics is an unseen essence, the essence of being is an unseen characteristic that can be encountered by the study of mathematics. 毕达哥拉斯一个信念是“存在的本质是数”。所以存在有赖于创世的所有东西的稳定性。像健康这样的事情就有赖于各种成分的稳定比利；一种东西太多或太少都会引起导致不健康的不平衡。毕达哥拉斯认为思考就是使用观念数进行计算。和民间推测结合在一起，哲学就产生了一种这样的信念：存在本质的知识可以在数的形式中发现。如果再往前走一步，我们可以说，由于数学是隐藏的本质，所以存在的本质就是可以通过数学研究来发现的隐藏特征。 No texts by Pythagoras survive, although forgeries under his name a few of which remain extant did circulate in antiquity. 尽管有很多以毕达哥拉斯名义伪造的作品至今仍有一些留存下来在古代流传，但是毕达哥拉的作品没有遗留下来。 One of Pythagorass major accomplishments was the discovery that music was based on proportional intervals of the numbers one through four. He believed that the number system, and therefore the universe system, was based on the sum of these numbers: ten. Pythagoreans swore by the Tetrachtys of the Decad, or ten, rather than by the gods. Odd numbers were masculine and even were feminine. One member of his order, Hippasos, also discovered irrational numbers, but the idea was unthinkable to Pythagoras, and according to legend, Hippasos was executed. Pythagoras (or the Pythagoreans) also discovered square numbers. They found that if one took, for example, four small stones and arranged them into a square, each side of the square was not