跨文化交际chapter8ppt课件

大学英语跨文化交际 Chapter8CulturalinfluencesonContexts QuestionsforChapter7 ExplainEdwardT Hall sContext CultureTheory illustratewithexampleswhennecessary ExplainKluckhohnandStrodtbeck sValueOrientationTheory illustratewithexampleswhennecessary ExplainHofstede sDimensionsofCulturalVariabilityTheory illustratewithexampleswhennecessary CulturalInfluencesonContexts BusinessEtiquetteNorms Culture sInfluence RoleBehaviorsofStudentsandTeachers Culture sInfluence FamilyandGenderRoles TheBusinessContext TheEducationalContext TheHealthCareContext CommunicationandContext ClassroomParticipation ConversationalStructuresandLanguage Management TurnTaking Culture sInfluence Communicationisinfluencedbyexternalenvironment allhumaninteractionisinfluencedtosomedegreebythesocial physical andculturalsettingsinwhichitoccurs Thisisknownasthecommunicationcontext Threebasicassumptionsabouthumancommunication Communicationisrulegoverned Contextsspecifytheappropriaterules Rulesareculturallydiversed TEXTACommunicationandContext Chapter8CulturalInfluencesonContext Communicationisrulegoverned Peopleexpectculturallydeterminedpatternsofbehaviororrulestogoverntheirinteractions Therulesdifferdependingonthecontext Chapter8CulturalInfluencesonContext Contextsspecifytheappropriaterules Contextsasaclassroom bank church hospital courtroom wedding orfuneraldeterminewhichcommunicationrulesapply Chapter8CulturalInfluencesonContext bank Chapter8CulturalInfluencesonContext funeral Rulesareculturallydiversed Althoughcultureshavemanyofthesamesocialsettingsorcontexts theymayemploydifferentrules Consequently conceptsofdress time language manners nonverbalbehavior andcontrolofthecommunicationflowcandiffersignificantlyamongcultures Chapter8CulturalInfluencesonContext TEXTBTheBusinessContext Culture sInfluenceontheBusinessContextManagementBusinessEtiquetteNorms Chapter8CulturalInfluencesonContext Culture sInfluenceontheBusinessContext Businessnegotiationisintertwinedwithculturalexchange Thisisduetoglobalization whichisaresultofgrowthinU S andforeignmultinationalindustriessincethe1960s Chapter8CulturalInfluencesonContext Management Management canbevieweddifferentlyfromculturetoculture 1 ManagementInChina2 ManagementintheUnitedStates3 ManagementinGermany4 ManagementinJapan5 ManagementinFrance6 ManagementinMexicoandLatinAmerica Chapter8CulturalInfluencesonContext 1 ManagementInChina Chinesebusinessvaluesemphasizekinship interpersonalconnections respectforelders andhierarchy Chapter8CulturalInfluenceonContexts 2 ManagementintheUnitedStates IntheUnitedStates themanagerisaculturalhero DominantmanagerialvaluesintheUnitedStatesinclude achievementandsuccess beliefinhardwork pragmatism optimism Puritanism rationality impersonalityininterpersonalworkrelationships equalityofopportunity acceptanceofcompetition andindividualism Chapter8CulturalInfluenceonContexts 3 ManagementinGermany InGermany themanagerisnotaculturalhero Infact Germansdonothaveaverystrongconceptofmanagement 权利分散 Chapter8CulturalInfluenceonContexts 4 ManagementinJapan TheJapanesedonotshareastrongsenseofmanagement Managers sectionchiefsordepartmentheads value groupism harmony acceptanceofhierarchyinworkrelationships senseofobligation debtoflowerlevelpersonneltosuperiors andconsensualdecisionmaking Chapter8CulturalInfluenceonContexts 4 ManagementinJapan 日本企业是在60 70年代经济高速发展时期迅速地发展壮大起来的 他们的发展壮大不仅有经济的原因 还有社会的原因 其中也有当时的国际形式带来的好机遇 欧美是十分突出各人作用的 以理性的思维考虑一切问题 往往是六亲不认 而日本人恰恰相反 他们突出的是群体的作用 以 和 为 贵 这种思想来源于中国的儒家学说 在日本 企业经营就是以此作为其理论的依据 Chapter8CulturalInfluenceonContexts 5 ManagementinFrance InFrance managersactinverysuperiorroles Chapter8CulturalInfluenceonContexts 6 ManagementinMexicoandLatinAmerica TheMexicanandLatinAmericanmanagerialstylehasoftenbeencharacterizedasautocratic 独裁的 andpaternalistic 家长式作风 Chapter8CulturalInfluenceonContexts BusinessEtiquetteNorms AppointmentseekingTheDateforBusinessGreetingbehaviorGiftgiving Chapter8CulturalInfluencesonContext Appointmentseeking WhendoingbusinessinChina itisimportanttoestablishcontactsbeforeinvestinginatrip InmuchofLatinAmerica appointmentsmustbemadeamonthinadvancebymailortelephoneandthenfolloweduponeweekbeforethemeetingTodobusinessinSaudiArabia youmusthaveasponsoractasanintermediary makeappointment andarrangemeetings Chapter8CulturalInfluenceonContexts TheDateforBusiness InSaudiArabia nobusinessisconductedduringAid al Fitr thethree dayfestivalofbreakingfastattheendofthemonthofRamadan andAid al Adha thethree dayfeastofsacrifice InJapan businessisnotconductedduringNewYear sholidays GoldenWeek April29toMay5 andObon inmid August becausemanypeopletraveltothegravesoftheirancestors InIsrael theJewishholyday theSabbathbeginsatsunsetonFridayandendsatsunsetonSaturday Chapter8CulturalInfluenceonContexts Greetingbehavior Chinesepeopleusuallyofferabriefhandshakeonmeeting butamorecommonformofgreetingisanodorbowfromtheshoulders InAmerican Bothmenandwomenshakehandsonmeetingandleaving Asmallkissonthecheekorahugisappropriatebetweenwomenorbetweenmenandwomenwhohaveknowneachotherforalongtime InSaudiArabia greetingsinvolvenumeroushandshakesandtendtobeexpressiveandelaborate InFinland firmhandshakesarethenormalgreetingformenandwomen InFinland itiscustomaryforwomentobegreetedfirst Chapter8CulturalInfluenceonContexts Chapter8CulturalInfluenceonContexts hug kiss GiftGiving MostAmericansviewgiftgivinginthebusinesssettingasaformofbribery butformanycultures giftgivingisastandardpartofbusiness Chapter8CulturalInfluenceonContexts TEXTCTheEducationalContext CulturalinfluenceontheeducationalcontextRolebehaviorsofstudentsandteacherClassroomParticipationTurntaking Chapter8CulturalInfluencesonContext A Culture sInfluenceontheEducationalContext Allparticipantsintheeducationalcontext teachers students parents schooladministrators andotherstaff bringtheircultures beliefs values norms andsocialpracticeswiththem Chapter8CulturalInfluencesonContext B RoleBehaviorsofStudentsandTeachers WithinmanyAsianandAsianAmericancultures teachersarehighlyrespected Studentsandparentswouldnotopenlyanddirectlyquestiontheauthorityandstatementsofateacher C ClassroomParticipation SomeNativeAmericanchildrenhaveadifficulttimeaskingstraightforwardquestionsandlookingdirectlyattheirteacher Similarly manyNativeAmericanandAsianAmericanstudentsareunwillingtovolunteer speakout orraiseproblemsorconcernsunlesstheteacherspecificallycallsonthembyname Koreanstudentsareoftenunwillingtotalkwiththeirteachersevenwhentheteachershaveincorrectlycalculatedthestudents scoresonanexam Chapter8CulturalInfluenceonContexts D TurnTaking Turntakingwithintheclassroomisalsogovernedbyculturalexpectations Watchhowteachersinyourvariousclassesregulatetheflowofconversationsandcontributions Chapter8CulturalInfluenceonContexts Culture sInfluenceontheHealthFamilyandGenderRolesintheHealthCareContextConversationalStructuresandLanguage D TheHealthCareContext Chapter8CulturalInfluencesonContext Culture sInfluenceinthehealth Magico religious personalisticApproachNaturalistic holisticApproachBiomedical westernApproach Chapter8CulturalInfluencesonContext Magico religious personalisticApproach Inthepersonalisticapproach healthandillnessarecloselylinkedtosupernaturalforces Mysticalpowers typicallyoutsideofhumancontrol causehealthandillness Aperson shealthisthereforeatthemercyofthesepowerfulforcesforgoodorevil Chapter8CulturalInfluenceonContexts Magico religious personalisticApproach Sometimesillnessoccurbecauseofimproperactions therestorationofhealthisthusarewardforproperconduct Withinthisapproach healthandillnessareusuallyseenasrelatedtothewholecommunity ratherthantoaspecificindividual Theactionsofonepersoncandramaticallyaffectothers Chapter8CulturalInfluenceonContexts Magico religious personalisticApproach Treatmentforillnesswithinthisframeworkaredirectedtowardsoothingorremovingproblematicsupernaturalforcesratherthanchangingsomethingorganicwithintheindividual Healers whoarebestequippedtodealwithboththespiritualandthephysicalworlds performsuchtreatments Chapter8CulturalInfluenceonContexts Magico religious personalisticApproach SomeAfricanculturesbelievethatdemonsandevilspiritscauseillness ManyAsianculturesalsobelieveinthesupernaturalasanimportantsourceofillness WithintheU S A LatinoculturesandAfricanAmericanculturessharesuchbeliefs Chapter8CulturalInfluenceonContexts Holistic naturalisticApproach Humansdesiretomaintainasenseofharmonywiththeforcesofnature Illnessisexplainedinsystemictermsandoccurswhenorgansinthebody suchastheheart lungs liver andkidneys areoutofbalancewithsomeaspectofnature Thereisthusagreatemphasisonthepreventionofillnessbymaintainingasenseofbalanceandgoodhealth Chapter8CulturalInfluenceonContexts Holistic naturalisticApproach Goodhealthmeansmorethanjustanindividual sbiologicalfunctioning Itincludeshisorherrelationshiptothelargersocial political andenvironmentalcircumstances Somediseasesarethoughttobecausedbyexternalclimaticelementssuchaswind cold heat dampness anddryness Chapter8CulturalInfluenceonContexts Holistic naturalisticApproach NativeAmericansoftendefinehealthintermsofaperson srelationshiptothenature Healthoccursifapersonisinharmonywithnature whereassicknessoccursbecauseaprincipleofnaturehasbeenviolated Chapter8CulturalInfluenceonContexts Holistic naturalisticApproach Acommondistinctionwithinthisapproachiscontrastingofbothfoodsanddiseaseaseitherhotorcold Theclassificationofadiseaseashotorascoldlinksitbothtoadiagnosisandtoatreatment TheancientChineseprincipleofYinandYangcapturestheessenceofthisdistinction Chapter8CulturalInfluenceonContexts Biomedical westernApproach Peoplearethoughttobecontrolledbybiochemicalforces Objectiveandphysicaldataaresought Chapter8CulturalInfluenceonContexts Biomedical westernApproach Goodhealthisachievedbyknowingwhichbiochemicalreactionstosetinmotion Diseaseoccurswhenapartofthebodybreaksdown resultinginillnessorinjury Doctorsandnurses whofixthebiochemicalproblem providetreatments ThisapproachisdominantwithintheUnitedStates Chapter8CulturalInfluenceonContexts FamilyandGenderRolesintheHealthCareContext Theroleoftheindividualpatient incontrasttotheroleofthefamily isanimportantdifferenceinthefunctioningofhealthcaresystems ThehealthcaresystemintheUnitedStatestypicallyfocusessolelyontheindividualpatientasthesourceofthemedicalproblemsinneedofacure YetmanyculturesintheUnitedStatesaremorecollectivistandgrouporiented andthisdifferencecanbethebasisforseriousproblems Chapter8CulturalInfluencesonContext FamilyandGenderRolesintheHealthCareContext Culturesthatvaluethecommunityortheextendedfamilymayinfluencepeople swillingnesstokeepimportanthealthcareappointments Navajowomen whooftengiveprioritytofamilymembers needs havebeenknowntoforegoclinicappointmentswhensomeonefromextendedfamilystopsintovisitoraskforhelp CompetenttreatmentforLatinopatientsmayrequiretheinvolvementandagreementofotherfamilymembers notjustthepatient Chapter8CulturalInfluencesonContext FamilyandGenderRolesintheHealthCareContext AmongtheAmishcommunitiesintheUnitedStates thefamilyincludesalarge extendedgroup withadultmembersoftheextendedfamilyhavingobligationsandresponsibilitiestochildrenotherthantheirownbiologicalones Hospitalrulesthatgive