2012年考研导学视频班讲义-墨东博(廊坊录制).doc

2012年考研导学班讲义3H阅读AIn 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw-having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.Thats a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the role slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works by Gore Vidal, Henry Wiencek, and Garry Wills reveal the moral compromises made by the nations early leaders and the fragile nature of the countrys infancy. More significant, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong-and yet most did little to fight it.More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery (Jefferson once called it an execrable commerce), they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.Political capital. For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was like having a large bank account, says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the peculiar institution, including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.And the statesmens political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.Still, Jefferson freed Hemingss children-though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the valor of black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia. He suspected the country would eventually come to its moral senses and find the notion of owning other human beings repugnant, says Joseph Ellis, author of the bestselling Founding Brothers. He knew his legacy depended on it. He knew that we were watching.Yet how should we view other framers of independence such as signer of the Declaration of Independence Richard Henry Lee and Patrick Henry, who traded and whipped their slaves? Or James Monroe, who, as governor of Virginia in 1800, after rushed trials, executed nearly 30 slaves after an attempted revolt? For some historians, such actions cloud their legacy. The other founders resisted emancipation, not because it was a mad scheme but because they did not want to relinquish the wealth which slave sales poured into their coffers, says Wiencek.Other scholars believe the Founding Fathers can best be seen squarely within their time. To contextualize is not to excuse, says Rutgers University historian Jan Lewis. Its to show the complexity. Understanding the early leaders severe lapse in judgment over slavery, say Lewis and other historians, makes their ability to found a new and democratic nation all the more incredible.1. George Washingtons dental surgery is mentioned to A show the primitive medical practice in the past.B demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.C stress the role of slaves in the U.S history.D reveal some unknown aspect of his life.2 We may infer from the second paragraph thatA DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.B in its early days the U.S was confronted with delicate situations.C historians deliberately made up some stories of Jeffersons life.D political compromises are easily found in the U.S slavery.3. What can we learn from the text about Jefferson?A His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.B His status as a father made him free the child slaves.C His attitude towards slavery was complex.D His affair with a slave stained his prestige.4. Which of the following is true according to the text?A Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.B Slaves inthe old days did not have the right to vote.C Slave owners usually had large savings accountD Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.5. Washingtons decision to free slaves originated from hisA moral considerations.B military experience.C financial conditions.D political stand.导学建议：阅读BA The technology was developed in 1990s, but the opening of a laboratory in January 2003 in California marked the companys first expansion. We believe the number of people who want this technology is greater than those who have access to it, said Keith L. Blauer, the companys clinical director.B The clinic offers sex selection for two purposes: to help couples avoid passing on a sex-linked genetic disease and to allow those who already have a child to balance their family by having a baby of the opposite sex.C In 1999 when Michel and Carl Meissner decided to have children, they tackled the next big issue: Should they try to have a girl? It was no small matter. Michels brother had become blind from a hereditary condition in his early 20s, and the Meissners had learned that the condition is a disorder passed from mothers to sons. If they had a boy, he would have a 50 per cent chance of having the condition. A girl would be unaffected. The British couples inquiries about sex selection led them to Virginia, US, where a new sperm-separation technique, called Microsoft, was experimental at the time. When Michel became pregnant she gave birth to a daughter. Now they will try to have a second daughter using the same technique.D The technique separates sperm based on the fact that the X chromosome is larger than the Y chromosome. A machine is used to distinguish the size differences and sort the sperm accordingly.E The technique separates sperm into two groups those that carry the X-chromosome (染色体) producing a female baby and those that carry the Y-chromosome producing a male baby. F Blauer said the company has had an impressive success rate: 91 per cent of the women who become pregnant after sorting for a girl are successful, while 76 per cent who sort for a boy and get pregnant are successful. G This is not only a seemingly effective way to select a childs gender. It also brings a host of ethical and practical considerations -especially for the majority of families who use the technique for nonmedical reasons.Order:42D45444341C导学建议：翻译1定语结构This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment can not generally be foreseen in detail.2 倒装结构I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the acitivity of thinking in Socratic way about moral problems.导学建议：完型By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million _1_ of these nations looked _2_ to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism, many of the leaders of independence _3_ the ideals of representative government, careers _4_ to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the _5_ to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. _6_ there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a _7_ set of laws.On the issue of _8_ of religion and the position of the church, _9_, there was less agreement _10_ the leadership Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one _11_ by the Spanish crown, _12_ most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism _13_ the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the _14_ of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying _15_ for the conservative forces.The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had _16_ in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spains _17_ colonies. Early premise to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much _18_ because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies _19_ Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was _20_ self-rule and democracy.1.A natives B inhabitants C peoples D individuals2.A confusedly B cheerfully C worriedly D hopefully3.A shared B forgot C attained D rejected4.A related B close C open D devoted5.A access B succession C right D return6.A Presumable B Incidentally C Obviously D Generally7.A unique B common C particular D typical8.A freedom B origin C impact D reform9.A therefore B however C indeed D moreover10.A with B about C among D by